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Arioli M, Basso G, Baud-Bovy G, Mattioni L, Poggi P, Canessa N. Neural bases of loss aversion when choosing for oneself versus known or unknown others. Cereb Cortex 2023:7030624. [PMID: 36748997 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the ubiquitous interdependence between one's own decisions and others' welfare, and the controversial evidence on the behavioral effect of choosing for others, the neural bases of making decisions for another versus oneself remain unexplored. We investigated whether loss aversion (LA; the tendency to avoid losses over approaching equivalent gains) is modulated by (i) choosing for oneself, other individuals, or both; (ii) knowing or not knowing the other recipients; or (iii) an interaction between these factors. We used fMRI to assess the brain activations associated with choosing whether to accept or reject mixed gambles, either for oneself, for another player, or both, in 2 groups of 28 participants who had or had not briefly interacted with the other players before scanning. Participants displayed higher LA for choices involving their payoff compared with those affecting only the payoff of other, known, players. This "social" modulation of decision-making was found to engage the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and its inhibitory connectivity to the middle cingulate cortex. This pattern might underpin decision-making for known others via self-other distinction processes associated with dorsomedial prefrontal areas, with this in turn promoting the inhibition of socially oriented responses through the downregulation of the midcingulate node of the empathy network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arioli
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Piazzale Sant'Agostino 2, Bergamo 24129, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Basso
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, Monza (MB) 20900, Italy
| | - Gabriel Baud-Bovy
- Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences Unit, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy.,Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mattioni
- Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICoN) Center, Piazza della Vittoria 15, Pavia 27100, Italy.,Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Pavia Institute, Via Maugeri 10, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Paolo Poggi
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Radiology Unit of Pavia Institute, Via Maugeri 10, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Nicola Canessa
- Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICoN) Center, Piazza della Vittoria 15, Pavia 27100, Italy.,Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Pavia Institute, Via Maugeri 10, Pavia 27100, Italy
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Shu X, Peng J, Wang G. Deciding Alone or with Others: Employment Anxiety and Social Distance Predict Intuitiveness in Career Decision Making. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1484. [PMID: 36674244 PMCID: PMC9859357 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Intuitive career decisions can influence people's career choices and subsequent job competencies, which are related to their development and happiness. There is evidence that both anxiety and social distance influence intuitive career decisions individually, but it is unclear how employment anxiety and social distance influence intuitive career decisions individually and how they interact to influence intuitive career decisions. Drawing on the cognitive-emotional dual-system model, in this study, 298 college students and 386 senior job-seeking students were tested through behavioral experiments and questionnaires, respectively. The results showed that employment anxious individuals have a higher intuitive level in career decision making, and they also have a higher intuitive level when making career decisions for others at a far social distance. In addition, employment anxiety and social distance interact to influence the intuitiveness of career decision making. When making career decisions for themselves and those who are close to them, the increase in employment anxiety will increase the intuitive level. Therefore, in a non-anxious situation, you can make career decisions on your own or get help from someone close to you, but in anxious situations, you can turn to others who are at a far social distance to help make decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Shu
- School of Education Science, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
- School of Education, Research Institute of Macau Education Development, City University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jun Peng
- School of Education, Research Institute of Macau Education Development, City University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Guilin Wang
- School of Education Science, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
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Xu F, Huang L. The Influence of Trait Emotion and Spatial Distance on Risky Choice Under the Framework of Gain and Loss. Front Psychol 2022; 13:592584. [PMID: 35719468 PMCID: PMC9204226 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.592584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, people are often faced with uncertain risky choice. Risky choice will be affected by different descriptions of the event's gain or loss framework, this phenomenon is known as the framing effect. With the continuous expansion and in-depth study of frame effects in the field of risky choice, researchers have found that the are quite different in different situations. People have different interpretations of the same event at different psychological distances, and will also be affected by their own emotions. Therefore, the current study examines the common influence of task frame, spatial distance, and trait emotion on risky choice through two studies. Study 1 used a 2 (framework: gain vs. loss) × 2 (trait sentiment: high vs. low) inter-subject design, and the dependent variable is the choice of the rescue plan for the classic "Asian disease" problem. The results revealed that trait anger did not predict individuals' risky choice preferences, and high trait anxiety led individuals to be more risk-averse. The framing effect exists in risky choice, and individuals prefer risk seeking in the loss frame. Study 2 used a 2 (spatial distance: distant vs. proximal) × 2 (framework: gain vs. loss) × 2 (trait sentiment: high vs. low) three-factor inter-subject design in which the dependent variable is the choice of rescue plan. The results indicate that the framing effect also exists in risky choice, and individuals prefer risk seeking in a loss frame. High trait anxiety lead individuals to be more risk-averse, while trait anger has no significant predictive effect on risk preference. Distant spatial distance lead individuals to increase their preference for risk-seeking under the gain frame, which leads to the disappearance of the framing effect. In conclusion, trait anxiety and spatial distance have a certain degree of influence on risky choice under the framework of gain and loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuming Xu
- School of Education Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Long Huang
- School of Humanities and Management, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
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Strough J, Stone ER, Parker AM, Bruine de Bruin W. Perceived Social Norms Guide Health Care Decisions for Oneself and Others: A Cross-Sectional Experiment in a US Online Panel. Med Decis Making 2022; 42:326-340. [PMID: 34961398 PMCID: PMC8923988 DOI: 10.1177/0272989x211067223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global aging has increased the reliance on surrogates to make health care decisions for others. We investigated the differences between making health care decisions and predicting health care decisions, self-other differences for made and predicted health care decisions, and the roles of perceived social norms, emotional closeness, empathy, age, and gender. METHODS Participants (N = 2037) from a nationally representative US panel were randomly assigned to make or to predict a health care decision. They were also randomly assigned to 1 of 5 recipients: themselves, a loved one 60 y or older, a loved one younger than 60 y, a distant acquaintance 60 y or older, or a distant acquaintance younger than 60 y. Hypothetical health care scenarios depicted choices between relatively safe lower-risk treatments with a good chance of yielding mild health improvements versus higher-risk treatments that offered a moderate chance of substantial health improvements. Participants reported their likelihood of choosing lower- versus higher-risk treatments, their perceptions of family and friends' approval of risky health care decisions, and their empathy. RESULTS We present 3 key findings. First, made decisions involved less risk taking than predicted decisions, especially for distant others. Second, predicted decisions were similar for others and oneself, but made decisions were less risk taking for others than oneself. People predicted that loved ones would be less risk taking than distant others would be. Third, perceived social norms were more strongly associated than empathy with made and predicted decisions. LIMITATIONS Hypothetical scenarios may not adequately represent emotional processes in health care decision making. CONCLUSIONS Perceived social norms may sway people to take less risk in health care decisions, especially when making decisions for others. These findings have implications for improving surrogate decision making. HIGHLIGHTS People made less risky health care decisions for others than for themselves, even though they predicted others would make decisions similar to their own. This has implications for understanding how surrogates apply the substituted judgment standard when making decisions for patients.Perceived social norms were more strongly related to decisions than treatment-recipient (relationship closeness, age) and decision-maker (age, gender, empathy) characteristics. Those who perceived that avoiding health care risks was valued by their social group were less likely to choose risky medical treatments.Understanding the power of perceived social norms in shaping surrogates' decisions may help physicians to engage surrogates in shared decision making.Knowledge of perceived social norms may facilitate the design of decision aids for surrogates.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoNell Strough
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Eric R Stone
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Wändi Bruine de Bruin
- Sol Price School of Public Policy, Dornsife Department of Psychology, Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Development of decision making based on internal and external information: A hierarchical Bayesian approach. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500008482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn decision making, people may rely on their own information as well as on information from external sources, such as family members, peers, or experts. The current study investigated how these types of information are used by comparing four decision strategies: 1) an internal strategy that relies solely on own information; 2) an external strategy that relies solely on the information from an external source; 3) a sequential strategy that relies on information from an external source only after own information is deemed inadequate; 4) an integrative strategy that relies on an integration of both types of information. Of specific interest were individual and developmental differences in strategy use. Strategy use was examined via Bayesian hierarchical mixture model analysis. A visual decision task was administered to children and young adolescents (N=305, ages 9–14). Individual differences but no age-related changes were observed in either decision accuracy or strategy use. The internal strategy was dominant across ages, followed by the integrative and sequential strategy, respectively, while the external strategy was extremely rare. This suggests a reluctance to rely entirely on information provided by external sources. We conclude that there are individual differences but not developmental changes in strategy use pertaining to perceptual decision-making in 9- through 14-year-olds. Generalizability of these findings is discussed with regard to different forms of social influence and varying perceptions of the external source. This study provides stepping stones in better understanding and modeling decision making processes in the presence of both internal and external information.
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Sun Q, Polman E, Zhang H. On prospect theory, making choices for others, and the affective psychology of risk. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Wang Z, Yang X, Chan AP, Liu J. Are project-based organizations willing to learn compliance lessons from sanctioned organizations close to them? The moderating effect of knowledge base compatibility and strength of the event. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Mayiwar L, Björklund F. Fear From Afar, Not So Risky After All: Distancing Moderates the Relationship Between Fear and Risk Taking. Front Psychol 2021; 12:674059. [PMID: 34248771 PMCID: PMC8267060 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.674059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing line of research has shown that individuals can regulate emotional biases in risky judgment and decision-making processes through cognitive reappraisal. In the present study, we focus on a specific tactic of reappraisal known as distancing. Drawing on appraisal theories of emotion and the emotion regulation literature, we examine how distancing moderates the relationship between fear and risk taking and anger and risk taking. In three pre-registered studies (Ntotal = 1,483), participants completed various risky judgment and decision-making tasks. Replicating previous results, Study 1 revealed a negative relationship between fear and risk taking and a positive relationship between anger and risk taking at low levels of distancing. Study 2 replicated the interaction between fear and distancing but found no interaction between anger and distancing. Interestingly, at high levels of distancing, we observed a reversal of the relationship between fear and risk taking in both Study 1 and 2. Study 3 manipulated emotion and distancing by asking participants to reflect on current fear-related and anger-related stressors from an immersed or distanced perspective. Study 3 found no main effect of emotion nor any evidence of a moderating role of distancing. However, exploratory analysis revealed a main effect of distancing on optimistic risk estimation, which was mediated by a reduction in self-reported fear. Overall, the findings suggest that distancing can help regulate the influence of incidental fear on risk taking and risk estimation. We discuss implications and suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewend Mayiwar
- Department of Leadership and Organizational Behaviour, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Batteux E, Ferguson E, Tunney RJ. Do We Become More Cautious for Others When Large Amounts of Money Are at Stake? Exp Psychol 2021; 68:32-40. [PMID: 34109805 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A considerable proportion of financial decisions are made by agents acting on behalf of other people. Although people are more cautious for others when making medical decisions, this does not seem to be the case for economic decisions. However, studies with large amounts of money are particularly absent from the literature, which precludes a clear comparison to studies in the medical domain. To address this gap, we investigated the effect of outcome magnitude in two experiments where participants made choices between safe and risky options. Decision-makers were not more cautious for others over large amounts. In fact, risk-taking was accentuated for large amounts in the gain domain. We did not find self-other differences in the loss domain for either outcome magnitude. This suggests that the caution observed in medical decisions does not replicate in financial decisions with large amounts, or at least not in the same way. These results echo the concerns that have been raised about excessive risk-taking by financial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Batteux
- Centre for the Study of Decision-Making Uncertainty, University College London, UK
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10
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Sun Q, Lu J, Zhang H, Liu Y. Social Distance Reduces the Biases of Overweighting Small Probabilities and Underweighting Large Probabilities. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2020; 47:1309-1324. [PMID: 33331239 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220969051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
People often exhibit biases in probability weighting such as overweighting small probabilities and underweighting large probabilities. Our research examines whether increased social distance would reduce such biases. Participants completed valuation and choice tasks of probabilistic lotteries under conditions with different social distances. The results showed that increased social distance reduced these biases in both hypothetical (Studies 1 and 2) and incentivized (Study 3) settings. This reduction was accompanied by a decrease in emotional intensity and an increase in the attention to probability in the decision-making process (Study 4). Moreover, the bias-buffering effect of social distance was stronger in the gain domain than in the loss domain (Studies 1-4). These results suggest that increasing the social distance from the beneficiaries of the decisions can reduce biases in probability weighting and shed light on the relationship between social distance and the emotional-cognitive process in decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhou Sun
- School of Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyi Lu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanren Zhang
- Department of Business and Economics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Yongfang Liu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Li H, Yang Y, Liu D, Xie X. Risk preferences in self–other decisions: The effect of payoff allocation framing. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health Peking University Beijing China
| | - Yimo Yang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health Peking University Beijing China
| | - Dingrui Liu
- Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xiaofei Xie
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health Peking University Beijing China
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12
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Yinling ZHANG, Zhen YU, Xiaoqin MAI. The influence of social value orientation on self-other risk decision-making and its mechanisms. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2020.00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ZHANG Yinling
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - YU Zhen
- School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - MAI Xiaoqin
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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Guo H, Song H, Liu Y, Xu K, Shen H. Social distance modulates the process of uncertain decision-making: evidence from event-related potentials. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2019; 12:701-714. [PMID: 31686926 PMCID: PMC6709518 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s210910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Social distance affects risk perception in uncertain decision-making, but how this effect works and the mechanism of how social distance influences the early processing stages of uncertain decision-making are still unclear. This investigation aimed to explore how social distance influences risk-taking during uncertain decision-making using the Iowa Gambling Task with recording of event-related potentials. Methods A total of 57 healthy subjects (36 female) participated in the modified single-choice Iowa Gambling Task when they gambled based on three quantified social distances (self, friend, and stranger). The social distance between participant and beneficiary was quantified on a scale of 0–100 points, with 0 representing self, 5 representing a close friend, and 100 representing a stranger. Results Three stages of uncertain decision-making were analyzed. Behavioral results showed that social distance worked interactively with choice frame, and high social distance made people choose a more advantageous deck and a less disadvantageous deck than low social distance. The P300 in the choice-evaluation stage, which reflects stimulus discrimination, directly proved this result by showing that gambling for a stranger caused higher P300 when evaluating an advantageous deck and lower P300 when evaluating a disadvantageous deck than for others. Decision preceding negativity in the response-selection stage represents the anticipation of risky choices: this was larger with high social distance when choosing a disadvantageous deck. Feedback-related negativity and feedback-related P300 had motivational significance, showing smaller amplitudes when gambling for a stranger than for oneself. Conclusion These results provide evidence that social distance works interactively with choice frames of uncertain decision-making. People at high social distance are more risk-taking in an advantageous frame and more risk-avoid ant in a disadvantageous frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Guo
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Song
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Xu
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Heyong Shen
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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14
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Sun Q, Jiang T, Zhang J, Wu Q, Zhao L, Hu F. Riskier for me or for others? The role of domain and probability in self-other differences, in risky decision-making. The Journal of General Psychology 2019; 147:169-185. [PMID: 31530234 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2019.1664388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In social and economic interactions, people often decide differently for others, as against for themselves, under situations involving risks. This sometimes leads to conflicts or contradictions. Although previous studies have explored such contradictions, the findings have been inconsistent. To reconcile these inconsistencies, this paper investigates the role played by the different domains and probabilities in the self-other differences under risk. Two groups of participants completed a gambling task combining different domains (gain vs. loss) and probabilities (small vs. large). One group made decisions for others and the other group made decisions for themselves. The results revealed a four pattern of discrepancy: the ones who made decisions for others were less risk-seeking than those who made decisions for themselves over the small probability gains. This was reversed over the large probability gains. Conversely, the participants who made decisions for others were more risk-seeking than those who made decisions for themselves over the small probability losses. The results were reversed over the large probability losses. These results reconcile the contradictory findings of the previous studies and suggest the significant role played by contextual factors in such discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lei Zhao
- Zhejiang University of Technology
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15
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Batteux E, Ferguson E, Tunney RJ. Do our risk preferences change when we make decisions for others? A meta-analysis of self-other differences in decisions involving risk. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216566. [PMID: 31067283 PMCID: PMC6505775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Are we more risk-averse or risk-seeking when we make decisions on behalf of other people as opposed to ourselves? So far, findings have not been able to provide a clear and consistent answer. METHOD We propose a meta-analysis to assess whether self-other differences vary according to particular features of the decision. We reviewed 78 effect sizes from 49 studies (7,576 participants). RESULTS There was no overall self-other difference, but there were moderating effects of domain and frame. Decisions in the interpersonal domain were more risk-averse for self than for other. Decisions in the medical domain were more risk-seeking for self than for other. There were no overall self-other differences in the financial domain, however there was a moderating effect of frame: decisions in a gain frame were more risk-averse for self than other whereas decisions in a loss frame were more risk-seeking for self than other. This effect of frame was slightly different overall and in the medical domain, where self-other differences occurred in a loss frame but not in a gain frame. CONCLUSION Future work should continue to investigate how the specific content and context of the decision impacts self-other differences in order to understand the effects of domain and frame we report.
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16
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Batteux E, Ferguson E, Tunney RJ. Do we make decisions for other people based on our predictions of their preferences? evidence from financial and medical scenarios involving risk. THINKING & REASONING 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2019.1592779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Popovic NF, Pachur T, Gaissmaier W. The gap between medical and monetary choices under risk persists in decisions for others. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie F. Popovic
- Graduate School of Decision Sciences and ZukunftskollegUniversity of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Thorsten Pachur
- Center for Adaptive RationalityMax Planck Institute for Human Development Berlin Germany
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18
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Zhang X, Li S, Liu Y, Chen X, Shang X, Qi F, Wang X, Guo X, Chen J. Gain-loss situation modulates neural responses to self-other decision making under risk. Sci Rep 2019; 9:632. [PMID: 30679764 PMCID: PMC6345784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although self-other behavioral differences in decision making under risk have been observed in some contexts, little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying such differences. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and the cups task, in which participants choose between risky and sure options for themselves and others in gain and loss situations, we found that people were more risk-taking when making decisions for themselves than for others in loss situations but were equally risk-averse in gain situations. Significantly stronger activations were observed in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and anterior insula (AI) when making decisions for the self than for others in loss situations but not in gain situations. Furthermore, the activation in the dmPFC was stronger when people made sure choices for others than for themselves in gain situations but not when they made risky choices, and was both stronger when people made sure and risky choices for themselves than for others in loss situations. These findings suggest that gain-loss situation modulates self-other differences in decision making under risk, and people are highly likely to differentiate the self from others when making decisions in loss situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Zhang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Shijia Li
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yongfang Liu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China. .,Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Xiyou Chen
- Changsha Experimental Middle School, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Xuesong Shang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Fangzhu Qi
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xiuyan Guo
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province and Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.
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Desmoulins-Lebeault F, Meunier L. Moment Risks: Investment for Self and for a Firm. DECISION ANALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1287/deca.2018.0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luc Meunier
- Grenoble École de Management, 38000 Grenoble, France; and Université de Savoie, IREGE, 74944 Annecy le Vieux Cedex, France
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20
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Sun Q, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhang X. Why Can't We Accurately Predict Others' Decisions? Prediction Discrepancy in Risky Decision-Making. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2190. [PMID: 30483196 PMCID: PMC6242966 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals often fail to accurately predict others' decisions in a risky environment. In this paper, we investigate the characteristics and causes of this prediction discrepancy. Participants completed a risky decision-making task mixed with different domains (gain vs. loss) and probabilities (small vs. large), with some participants making decisions for themselves (the actor) and the others predicting the actors' decisions (the predictor). The results demonstrated a prediction discrepancy: predictions were more risk-averse than the actual decisions over small-probability gains and more risk-seeking over large-probability gains, while these patterns were reversed in the loss domain. Reported and predicted levels of emotional stimulation revealed a pattern that is consistent with the notion of risk-as-feelings and empathy gaps. Mediation analysis provided strong evidence that such prediction discrepancy is driven mainly by the predictor's underestimate of the intensity (not the impact) of the actor's emotional state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhou Sun
- College of Economics and Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanren Zhang
- Department of Business and Economics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Economics and Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhang
- College of Economics and Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Suzuki S. Effects of psychological distance on attraction effect. The Journal of Social Psychology 2018; 159:561-574. [PMID: 30300108 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2018.1526772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrated that psychological distance influences the attraction effect by changing the weights of the attributes of options. Construal level theory proposes that the weight of a superordinate attribute increases with psychological distance, whereas the weight of a subordinate attribute decreases with psychological distance. The present hypothesis proposed that an asymmetrical change of weights of attributes would influence the relationship between options, and, consequently, the attraction effect would vary. The present study comprised two studies. In study 1, participants made choices among three lotteries in near and distant future conditions. Study 2 asked the participants to choose among three events in similar and dissimilar other conditions. The results showed that the choice of the asymmetrically dominating option, which was superior in superordinate attributes, increased as the psychological distance increased, whereas the choice of the asymmetrically dominating option, which was superior in subordinate attributes, decreased or stayed static.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Suzuki
- Department of Psychology, Hokkai-Gakuen University , Japan
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22
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Sun Q, Zhang H, Sai L, Hu F. Self-Distancing Reduces Probability-Weighting Biases. Front Psychol 2018; 9:611. [PMID: 29951009 PMCID: PMC6009209 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have abundant evidence that people exhibit biases in weighting probability information. The current study aims to examine whether self-distancing would reduce these biases. Participants in this study were instructed to use either a self-distancing or a self-immersing strategy to regulate their reasoning when they indicated their valuations of different lotteries. The results show that, compared to the baseline group, participants in the self-distancing group exhibited less distortion in the probability-weighting function, while those in the self-immersing group exhibited more distortion. These results offer evidence for the power of self-distancing in reducing probability-weighting biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhou Sun
- Institute of Brain and Management Sciences, College of Economics and Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huanren Zhang
- Social Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Liyang Sai
- Institute of Psychological Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengpei Hu
- Institute of Brain and Management Sciences, College of Economics and Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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23
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Zhang X, Liu Y, Chen X, Shang X, Liu Y. Decisions for Others Are Less Risk-Averse in the Gain Frame and Less Risk-Seeking in the Loss Frame Than Decisions for the Self. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1601. [PMID: 28966604 PMCID: PMC5605664 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that people make decisions for others as often as they make decisions for themselves, little is known about how decisions for others are different from those made for the self. In two experiments, we investigated the effect of social distance (i.e., making decisions for oneself, a friend, or a stranger) on risk preferences in both gain and loss situations. We found that people were more risk averse in gain situations when they made decisions for themselves than for a stranger (Studies 1 and 2), but were equally risk averse for themselves and their friends (Study 2). However, people were more risk seeking in loss situations when they made decisions for themselves than for their friends as well as for a stranger, and were more risk seeking for their friends than for a stranger (Study 2). Furthermore, the effect of social distance on risk preferences was stronger in loss than in gain situations. Mediation analysis indicated that outcome-induced loss aversion was responsible for effects of social distance on risk preferences. These findings demonstrate that social distance influences risk preferences via perceived loss aversion, which sheds new light on self-other differences in decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Zhang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xiyou Chen
- Changsha Experimental Middle SchoolChangsha, China
| | - Xuesong Shang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yongfang Liu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal UniversityShanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal UniversityShanghai, China
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