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Kilic MD, Yayla M, Mercan S. Detection of gasoline residues on household materials up to 60 days: Comparison of two extinguishing methods. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 364:112222. [PMID: 39276628 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Detection of ignitable liquid residues in a fire scene is essential for determining the origin. Although studies are focused on the detection of residues of accelerants depending on time or matrices, the time-dependent effect of the water extinguishing method in a fire has not yet been investigated. Experimental studies are needed to determine how long ignitable liquid residues can be detected in water-extinguished evidence compared to the smothering method. In this study, the effects of both extinguishing methods on gasoline residues were investigated after burning of carpet, sofa fabric, tablecloth, and towel by Solid Phase Micro Extraction- Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) technique. Four mandatory and 14 additional compounds were considered to prove the gasoline residue after the monitoring of possible interferences. Results showed that gasoline residues on the burned carpet and sofa fabric samples were successfully detected in both extinguishing methods up to 60 and 30 days after fire exposure, respectively due to multi-layered structures of related substrates. Additionally, the prolonged detection time of the water-extinguishing method made it particularly beneficial for single-layered products like tablecloths, where gasoline residues were found after an hour in this substrate. This is the first study investigating the effects of the extinguishing methods depending on time for textile products, which are the most used materials in houses. In addition, the fact that acrylamide-containing sofa fabric was investigated for the first time and that gasoline residues in carpet samples can be detected up to 60 days makes this study stand out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihriban Dilan Kilic
- Istanbul University - Cerrahpaşa Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul 34500, Turkiye
| | - Murat Yayla
- Istanbul University - Cerrahpaşa Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul 34500, Turkiye
| | - Selda Mercan
- Istanbul University - Cerrahpaşa Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul 34500, Turkiye.
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Wang L, Cheng Y, Wu C, Luo F, Lin Z, Naidu R. Rapid on-site detection of underground petroleum pipeline leaks and risk assessment using portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and solid phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1696:463980. [PMID: 37060855 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Locating underground pipeline leaks can be challenging due to their hidden nature and variable terrain conditions. To sample soil gas, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was employed, and a portable gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to detect the presence and concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbon volatile organic compounds (pH-VOCs), including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). We optimized the extraction method through benchtop studies using SPME. The appropriate fibre materials and exposure time were selected for each BTEX compound. Before applying SPME, we preconditioned the soil vapour samples by keeping the temperature at around 4 °C and using ethanol as a desorbing agent and moisture filters to minimize the impact of moisture. To conduct this optimisation, airbags were applied to condition the soil vapour samples and SPME sampling. By conditioning the samples using this method, we were able to improve analytical efficiency and accuracy while minimizing environmental impacts, resulting in more reliable research data in the field. The study employed portable GC/MS data to assess the concentration distribution of BTEX in soil vapour samples obtained from 1.5 m below the ground surface at 10 subsurface vapour monitoring locations at the leak site. After optimization, the detection limits of BTEX were almost 100 µg/m3, and the measurement repeatabilities were approximately 5% and 15% for BTEX standards in the laboratory and soil vapour samples in the field, respectively. The soil vapour samples showed a hotspot region with high BTEX concentrations, reaching 30 mg/m3, indicating a diesel return pipeline leak caused by a gasket failure in a flange. The prompt detection of the leak source was critical in minimizing environmental impact and worker safety hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Ying Cheng
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Cuiqin Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fjian 350108, China
| | - Zhenyu Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fjian 350108, China
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Valdes NB, Almirall JR. Sampling and recovery of ignitable liquid residues (ILRs) from fire debris using capillary microextraction of volatiles (CMV) for on-site analysis. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:629-637. [PMID: 36715133 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A new, fast, and ultra-sensitive headspace sampling method using the Capillary Microextraction of Volatiles (CMV) device is demonstrated for the analysis of ignitable liquid residues (ILRs) in fire debris. This headspace sampling method involves the use of a heated can (60°C) to aid in the recovery of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from medium and heavy petroleum distillates. Our group has previously reported the utility of CMV to extract gasoline at ambient temperature in less than 5 min in the field. This work evaluates the recovery and analysis of low mass loadings (tens of ng) of VOCs from charcoal lighter fluid, kerosene, and diesel fuel. Nonane, decane, undecane, tridecane, tetradecane, and pentadecane were selected for evaluation of recovery to represent these ILR classes. The face-down heated can headspace sampling technique was compared to the previously reported, non-heated, paper cup headspace sampling technique. Mass recovery improvements of 50%-200% for five of the six target compounds in diesel fuel were achieved compared to the non-heated sampling method. The average relative standard deviation (reported as % RSD) between the replicate trials decreased from an average of 28% to 6% when using the heated can method. Ignitable liquids were spiked onto burned debris in a live burn exercise and sampled using the heated can and paper cup headspace sampling techniques. The heated sampling technique reported here, for the first time, demonstrates an effective extraction method that when coupled to a portable GC-MS instrument allows for a sampling and analysis protocol in the field in less than 30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Valdes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Advanced Research in Forensic Science, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - José R Almirall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Advanced Research in Forensic Science, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
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Wang J, Pursell ME, DeVor A, Awoyemi O, Valentine SJ, Li P. Portable mass spectrometry system: instrumentation, applications, and path to 'omics analysis. Proteomics 2022; 22:e2200112. [PMID: 36349734 PMCID: PMC10278091 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an information rich analytical technique and plays a key role in various 'omics studies. Standard mass spectrometers are bulky and operate at high vacuum, which hinder their adoption by the broader community and utility in field applications. Developing portable mass spectrometers can significantly expand the application scope and user groups of MS analysis. This review discusses the basics and recent advancements in the development of key components of portable mass spectrometers including ionization source, mass analyzer, detector, and vacuum system. Further, major areas where portable mass spectrometers are applied are also discussed. Finally, a perspective on the further development of portable mass spectrometers including the potential benefits for 'omics analysis is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Madison E. Pursell
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Amanda DeVor
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Olanrewaju Awoyemi
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Stephen J. Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Evaluation of capillary microextraction of volatiles (CMV) coupled to a person-portable gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC–MS) for the analysis of gasoline residues. Forensic Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lam R, Lennard C, Kingsland G, Johnstone P, Symons A, Wythes L, Fewtrell J, O'Brien D, Spikmans V. Rapid on-site identification of hazardous organic compounds at fire scenes using person-portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-part 2: water sampling and analysis. Forensic Sci Res 2020; 5:150-164. [PMID: 32939431 PMCID: PMC7476632 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2019.1662648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Building and factory fires pose a great risk to human and environmental health, due to the release of hazardous by-products of combustion. These hazardous compounds can dissipate into the environment through fire water run-off, and the impact can be immediate or chronic. Current laboratory-based methods do not report hazardous compounds released from a fire scene at the time and location of the event. Reporting of results is often delayed due to the complexities and logistics of laboratory-based sampling and analysis. These delays pose a risk to the health and wellbeing of the environment and exposed community. Recent developments in person-portable instrumentation have the potential to provide rapid analysis of samples in the field. A portable gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was evaluated for the on-site analysis of water samples for the identification of hazardous organic compounds at fire scenes. The portable GC-MS was capable of detecting and identifying a range of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in fire water run-off, and can be used in conjunction with conventional laboratory analysis methods for a comprehensive understanding of hazardous organics released at fire scenes. Deployment of this portable instrumentation provides first responders with a rapid, on-site screening tool to appropriately manage the run-off water from firefighting activities. This ensures that environmental and human health is proactively protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rylee Lam
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Chris Lennard
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Graham Kingsland
- Fire Investigation and Research Unit, Fire & Rescue NSW, Greenacre, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Johnstone
- Operations Capability Directorate, Fire & Rescue NSW, Greenacre, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Symons
- Environment Protection Science Branch, Office of Environment and Heritage, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia
| | - Laura Wythes
- Hazardous Incidents and Environmental Health Branch, New South Wales Environment Protection Authority, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeremy Fewtrell
- Strategic Capability, Fire & Rescue NSW, Greenacre, NSW, Australia
| | - David O'Brien
- Fire Investigation and Research Unit, Fire & Rescue NSW, Greenacre, NSW, Australia
| | - Val Spikmans
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
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Torres MN, Valdes NB, Almirall JR. Comparison of portable and benchtop GC–MS coupled to capillary microextraction of volatiles (CMV) for the extraction and analysis of ignitable liquid residues. Forensic Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2020.100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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He X, Wang J, Niu F, Fan L, Teng X, Zhang C, He X. Characterization of Heroin and Its Additives by Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) – Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Multivariate Analysis. ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1751181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong He
- School of Investigation and Forensic Science, People’s Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jifen Wang
- School of Investigation and Forensic Science, People’s Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Niu
- Tian ‘anmen Branch of Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau, Beijing, China
| | - Linyuan Fan
- School of Investigation and Forensic Science, People’s Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xuewei Teng
- School of Investigation and Forensic Science, People’s Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Chuyue Zhang
- School of Investigation and Forensic Science, People’s Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu He
- School of Investigation and Forensic Science, People’s Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
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Spikmans V. The evolution of environmental forensics: From laboratory to field analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/wfs2.1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Val Spikmans
- Western Sydney University School of Science and Health Penrith NSW Australia
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10
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de Araujo WR, Cardoso TM, da Rocha RG, Santana MH, Muñoz RA, Richter EM, Paixão TR, Coltro WK. Portable analytical platforms for forensic chemistry: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1034:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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11
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Lam R, Lennard C, Kingsland G, Johnstone P, Symons A, Wythes L, Fewtrell J, O’Brien D, Spikmans V. Person-portable equipment in environmental forensic investigations: application to fire scenes. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2018.1424242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rylee Lam
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Chris Lennard
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Graham Kingsland
- Fire and Investigation Research Unit, Fire & Rescue New South Wales, Greenacre, Australia
| | - Paul Johnstone
- Operational Capability Directorate, Fire & Rescue New South Wales, Greenacre, Australia
| | - Andrew Symons
- Environment Protection Science Branch, Office of Environment and Heritage, Lidcombe, Australia
| | - Laura Wythes
- Hazardous Incidents and Environmental Health Branch, New South Wales Environment Protection Authority, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeremy Fewtrell
- Operational Capability Directorate, Fire & Rescue New South Wales, Greenacre, Australia
| | - David O’Brien
- Fire and Investigation Research Unit, Fire & Rescue New South Wales, Greenacre, Australia
| | - Val Spikmans
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
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Reyes-Garcés N, Gionfriddo E, Gómez-Ríos GA, Alam MN, Boyacı E, Bojko B, Singh V, Grandy J, Pawliszyn J. Advances in Solid Phase Microextraction and Perspective on Future Directions. Anal Chem 2017; 90:302-360. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Md. Nazmul Alam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Ezel Boyacı
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Varoon Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Jonathan Grandy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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