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Enzyme Immobilization and Co-Immobilization: Main Framework, Advances and Some Applications. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are outstanding (bio)catalysts, not solely on account of their ability to increase reaction rates by up to several orders of magnitude but also for the high degree of substrate specificity, regiospecificity and stereospecificity. The use and development of enzymes as robust biocatalysts is one of the main challenges in biotechnology. However, despite the high specificities and turnover of enzymes, there are also drawbacks. At the industrial level, these drawbacks are typically overcome by resorting to immobilized enzymes to enhance stability. Immobilization of biocatalysts allows their reuse, increases stability, facilitates process control, eases product recovery, and enhances product yield and quality. This is especially important for expensive enzymes, for those obtained in low fermentation yield and with relatively low activity. This review provides an integrated perspective on (multi)enzyme immobilization that abridges a critical evaluation of immobilization methods and carriers, biocatalyst metrics, impact of key carrier features on biocatalyst performance, trends towards miniaturization and detailed illustrative examples that are representative of biocatalytic applications promoting sustainability.
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Rasbold LM, Delai VM, da Cruz Kerber CM, Simões MR, Heinen PR, da Conceição Silva JL, de Cássia Garcia Simão R, Kadowaki MK, Maller A. Production, immobilization and application of invertase from new wild strain Cunninghamella echinulata PA3S12MM. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2832-2843. [PMID: 34850500 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to determine the best conditions to produce invertase by Cunninghamella echinulata PA3S12MM and to immobilize and apply the enzyme. METHODS AND RESULTS The maximum production was verified in 8 days of cultivation at 28°C supplemented with 10 g L-1 apple peel, reaching 1054.85 U ml-1 . The invertase was purified from the DEAE-Sephadex column. The derivative immobilized in alginate-gelatin-calcium phosphate showed reusability >50% for 19 cycles. The derivative immobilized in glutaraldehyde-chitosan showed greater thermostability and at a different pH. The hydrolysis of 15 ml of sucrose 500 g L-1 in a fixed bed reactor (total volume of 31 ml) produced 24.44 µmol min-1 of glucose and fructose at a residence time of 30 min and a conversion factor of 0.5. CONCLUSIONS The new wild strain C. echinulata PA3S12MM presents high invertase production in medium supplemented with an agro-industrial residue and the immobilized enzyme showed high thermal stability and resistance at a different pH. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The fungus C. echinulata PA3S12MM is an excellent producer of invertases in Vogel medium supplemented with apple peel. The enzyme is promising for industrial application since it has good performance in reusability and inverted sugar production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Mara Rasbold
- Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vitória Maciel Delai
- Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Regina Simões
- Centro de Engenharias e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Toledo, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rita de Cássia Garcia Simão
- Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marina Kimiko Kadowaki
- Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Maller
- Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
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Kuribayashi LM, do Rio Ribeiro VP, de Santana RC, Ribeiro EJ, Dos Santos MG, Falleiros LNSS, Guidini CZ. Immobilization of β-galactosidase from Bacillus licheniformis for application in the dairy industry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3601-3610. [PMID: 33937931 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The food industry has developed a wide range of products with reduced lactose to allow people with intolerance to consume dairy products. Although β-galactosidase has extensive applications in the food, pharma, and biotechnology industries, the enzymes are high-cost catalysts, and their use makes the process costly. Immobilization is a viable strategy for enzyme retention inside a reactor, allowing its reuse and application in continuous processes. Here, we studied the immobilization of β-galactosidase from Bacillus licheniformis in ion exchange resin. A central composite rotational design (CCRD) was proposed to evaluate the immobilization process in relation to three immobilization solution variables: offered enzyme activity, ionic strength, and pH. The conditions that maximized the response were offered enzyme activity of 953 U, 40 mM ionic strength, and pH 4.0. Subsequently, experiments were performed to provide additional stabilization for biocatalyst, using a buffer solution pH 9.0 at 25 °C for 24 h, and crosslinking with different concentrations of glutaraldehyde. The stabilization step drastically impacted the activity of the immobilized enzyme, and the reticulation with different concentrations of glutaraldehyde showed significant influence on the activity of the immobilized enzyme. In spite of substantially affecting the initial activity of the immobilized enzyme, higher reagent concentrations (3.5 g L-1) were effective for maintaining stability related to the number of cycles of the enzyme immobilized. The β-galactosidase from Bacillus licheniformis immobilized in Duolite A568 is a promising technique to produce reduced or lactose-free dairy products, as it allows reuse of the biocatalyst, decreasing operational costs.Key Points• Immobilization of β-galactosidase from Bacillus licheniformis in batch reactor• Influence of buffer pH and ionic concentration and offered enzyme activity on immobilization• Influence of glutaraldehyde on operational stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Mayumi Kuribayashi
- Multidisciplinary Research, Science and Technology Network (RMPCT), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Getúlio Vargas, 230, Centro, Patos de Minas, MG, 38700-126, Brazil
| | - Victoria Pires do Rio Ribeiro
- Multidisciplinary Research, Science and Technology Network (RMPCT), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Getúlio Vargas, 230, Centro, Patos de Minas, MG, 38700-126, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Corrêa de Santana
- Multidisciplinary Research, Science and Technology Network (RMPCT), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Getúlio Vargas, 230, Centro, Patos de Minas, MG, 38700-126, Brazil
| | - Eloízio Júlio Ribeiro
- Multidisciplinary Research, Science and Technology Network (RMPCT), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Getúlio Vargas, 230, Centro, Patos de Minas, MG, 38700-126, Brazil
| | - Milla Gabriela Dos Santos
- Multidisciplinary Research, Science and Technology Network (RMPCT), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Getúlio Vargas, 230, Centro, Patos de Minas, MG, 38700-126, Brazil
| | - Larissa Nayhara Soares Santana Falleiros
- Multidisciplinary Research, Science and Technology Network (RMPCT), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Getúlio Vargas, 230, Centro, Patos de Minas, MG, 38700-126, Brazil
| | - Carla Zanella Guidini
- Multidisciplinary Research, Science and Technology Network (RMPCT), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Getúlio Vargas, 230, Centro, Patos de Minas, MG, 38700-126, Brazil.
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Ureta MM, Martins GN, Figueira O, Pires PF, Castilho PC, Gomez-Zavaglia A. Recent advances in β-galactosidase and fructosyltransferase immobilization technology. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2659-2690. [PMID: 32590905 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1783639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The highly demanding conditions of industrial processes may lower the stability and affect the activity of enzymes used as biocatalysts. Enzyme immobilization emerged as an approach to promote stabilization and easy removal of enzymes for their reusability. The aim of this review is to go through the principal immobilization strategies addressed to achieve optimal industrial processes with special care on those reported for two types of enzymes: β-galactosidases and fructosyltransferases. The main methods used to immobilize these two enzymes are adsorption, entrapment, covalent coupling and cross-linking or aggregation (no support is used), all of them having pros and cons. Regarding the support, it should be cost-effective, assure the reusability and an easy recovery of the enzyme, increasing its stability and durability. The discussion provided showed that the type of enzyme, its origin, its purity, together with the type of immobilization method and the support will affect the performance during the enzymatic synthesis. Enzymes' immobilization involves interdisciplinary knowledge including enzymology, nanotechnology, molecular dynamics, cellular physiology and process design. The increasing availability of facilities has opened a variety of possibilities to define strategies to optimize the activity and re-usability of β-galactosidases and fructosyltransferases, but there is still great place for innovative developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Micaela Ureta
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA, CCT-CONICET La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Onofre Figueira
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Pedro Filipe Pires
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | | | - Andrea Gomez-Zavaglia
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA, CCT-CONICET La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
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