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Alvarado A, Faustino-Rocha AI, Colaço B, Oliveira PA. Experimental mammary carcinogenesis - Rat models. Life Sci 2017; 173:116-134. [PMID: 28188729 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammary cancer is one of the most common cancers, victimizing more than half a million of women worldwide every year. Despite all the studies in this field, the current therapeutic approaches are not effective and have several devastating effects for patients. In this way, the need to better understand the mammary cancer biopathology and find effective therapies led to the development of several rodent models over years. With this review, the authors intended to provide the readers with an overview of the rat models used to study mammary carcinogenesis, with a special emphasis on chemically-induced models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonieta Alvarado
- Área de Patología, Decanato de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Centroccidental "Lisandro Alvarado", UCLA, Lara, Venezuela; Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Colaço
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Zootechnics, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.
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Magaki M, Ishii H, Yamasaki A, Kitai Y, Kametani S, Nakai R, Dabid A, Tsuda H, Ohnishi T. A high-fat diet increases the incidence of mammary cancer inc-Ha- ras proto-oncogene transgenic rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2016; 30:145-152. [PMID: 28458452 PMCID: PMC5406593 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2016-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary cancer is the most common type of cancer and the fifth most common cause of cancer-related deaths among Japanese women. The recent sharp increase in the number of women diagnosed with mammary cancer per year is thought to be associated with increased fat intake resulting from changes in the dietary habits of contemporary Japanese citizens. In this study, human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene transgenic (Hras128) rats, which are highly susceptible to mammary carcinogens, were fed high- or low-fat diets to examine the relationship between fat consumption and the development of mammary cancer. Female 7-week-old Hras128 rats and wild-type littermates were administered benzo[a]pyrene. A week later, the animals were randomly assigned to high-fat or low-fat diet groups (45% or 10% of calories from fat, respectively). After 12 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and autopsied, and mammary tumors were excised and processed for microscopic observation. Mammary tumors were found in 11 of the 12 animals in the high-fat diet group and in 5 of the 12 animals in the low-fat diet group, and the numbers of mammary gland tumors per animal in these groups were 1.7 and 0.7, respectively. Notably, the observed differences in incidence and multiplicity of mammary tumors between the two groups were statistically significant. These results suggest a positive relationship between the incidence of breast cancer and high fat intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Magaki
- Department of Nutrition Management, Faculty of Health Science, Hyogo University, 2301 Shinzaike, Hiraoka-cho, Kakogawa, Hyogo 675-0195, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ishii
- Department of Nutrition Management, Faculty of Health Science, Hyogo University, 2301 Shinzaike, Hiraoka-cho, Kakogawa, Hyogo 675-0195, Japan
| | - Aya Yamasaki
- Department of Nutrition Management, Faculty of Health Science, Hyogo University, 2301 Shinzaike, Hiraoka-cho, Kakogawa, Hyogo 675-0195, Japan
| | - Yurika Kitai
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagawa University and The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Saeda Kametani
- Department of Nutrition Management, Faculty of Health Science, Hyogo University, 2301 Shinzaike, Hiraoka-cho, Kakogawa, Hyogo 675-0195, Japan
| | - Reiko Nakai
- Department of Nutrition Management, Faculty of Health Science, Hyogo University, 2301 Shinzaike, Hiraoka-cho, Kakogawa, Hyogo 675-0195, Japan
| | - Alexander Dabid
- Nanotoxicology Project Lab, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabedohri, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuda
- Nanotoxicology Project Lab, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabedohri, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ohnishi
- Department of Nutrition Management, Faculty of Health Science, Hyogo University, 2301 Shinzaike, Hiraoka-cho, Kakogawa, Hyogo 675-0195, Japan
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Ohnishi T, Fukamachi K, Ohshima Y, Jiegou X, Ueda S, Iigo M, Takasuka N, Naito A, Fujita KI, Matsuoka Y, Izumi K, Tsuda H. Possible Application of Human c-Ha-ras Proto-Oncogene Transgenic Rats in a Medium-Term Bioassay Model for Carcinogens. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 35:436-43. [PMID: 17474063 DOI: 10.1080/01926230701302541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of developing a medium-term assay for screening of environmental carcinogens, we exposed mammary carcinogen sensitive human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene transgenic (Hras128) rats to various carcinogens, including compounds that do not normally induce mammary tumors. Seven-week-old Hras128 rats and wild-type littermates received administrations of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), anthracene, pyrene, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 4-(methyl-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), diethylnitrosamine (DEN) or azoxymethane (AOM) and were sacrificed at week 12 (females) (at week 10 for the 3-MC group) or week 20 (males). Female Hras128 rats receiving NNK, DEN, or DMA showed a significant increase in mammary tumor incidence and/or multiplicity compared to the respective values with olive oil or deionized distilled water (DDW) vehicles. In male Hras128 rats, a significant increase in mammary tumors was also observed in groups administered 3-MC, B[a]P, anthracene, IQ, and NNK. Mutations of transgenes were observed in codons 12 and/or 61 in the induced tumors by PCR-RFLP except in the DEN group in female and in the MeIQx group in male Hras128 rats. Thus various carcinogens, not necessarily limited to those normally targeting the breast, were found to induce mammary carcinomas in Hras128 rats, especially in females, pointing to potential use for medium-term screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Ohnishi
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Fukamachi K, Imada T, Ohshima Y, Xu J, Tsuda H. Purple corn color suppresses Ras protein level and inhibits 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in the rat. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:1841-6. [PMID: 18616524 PMCID: PMC11159976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins belong to the class of phenolic compounds collectively named flavonoids. Many anthocyanins are reported to have inhibitory effects on carcinogenesis. Purple corn color (PCC), an anthocyanin containing extract of purple corn seeds, is used as a food colorant. The major anthocyanin in PCC is cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside (C3-G). The present study was conducted to assess the influence of dietary PCC on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats. PCC significantly inhibited DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis in human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene transgenic (Hras128) rats and in their non-transgenic counterparts. PCC and C3-G also inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis in mammary tumor cells derived from Hras128 rat mammary carcinomas. At the molecular level, PCC and C3-G treatment resulted in a preferential activation of caspase-3 and reduction of Ras protein levels in tumor cells. It is proposed that C3-G could act as a chemopreventive and possibly chemotherapeutic agent for cancers with mutations in ras. Secondly, the in vitro-in vivo system used in this study can be utilized for screening for cancer preventive compounds that act via Ras down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Fukamachi
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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Matsuoka Y, Hamaguchi T, Fukamachi K, Yoshida M, Watanabe G, Taya K, Tsuda H, Tsubura A. Molecular analysis of rat mammary carcinogenesis: an approach from carcinogenesis research to cancer prevention. Med Mol Morphol 2007; 40:185-90. [PMID: 18085376 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-007-0369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A rat strain carrying the human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene is highly susceptible to chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis. All the transgenic rats develop preneoplastic mammary lesions within 20 days of an injection of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, and mammary carcinomas appear within 8 weeks of treatment with a variety of chemical carcinogens. In this review, we summarize molecular aspects of mammary carcinogenesis in transgenic rats and the potential application of this model for studies of breast cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Matsuoka
- Second Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono-cho, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan.
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Hamaguchi T, Matsuoka Y, Bechberger J, Ohnishi T, Fujita KI, Naus CC, Kusunoki M, Tsubura A, Tsuda H. Establishment of an apoptosis-sensitive rat mammary carcinoma cell line with a mutation in the DNA-binding region of p53. Cancer Lett 2006; 232:279-88. [PMID: 15876486 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Revised: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Seven mammary carcinoma cell lines were established from 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced tumors developed in a human c-Ha-ras transgenic rat. Without apoptotic stimuli, a large amount of p53 protein was detected in the C11 cell line (C11), whereas all cell lines expressed variable levels of the assayed death receptor/ligand, bcl-2 family and p53 cascade-related genes. The p53 gene in C11 had a mutation at codon 246, in the DNA-binding region of p53. Transcriptional activity of the mutant protein appeared to be lower than that of the wild-type p53. Despite the presence of p53 mutation, C11 was more sensitive to apoptosis triggered by etoposide, paclitaxel and staurosporine than the cell lines expressing wild-type p53. These data suggest that the apoptosis induced by intracellular injury occurs via the transcriptionally impaired mutant p53 in C11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hamaguchi
- Second Department of Surgery, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-0001, Japan
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Tsuda H, Fukamachi K, Ohshima Y, Ueda S, Matsuoka Y, Hamaguchi T, Ohnishi T, Takasuka N, Naito A. High susceptibility of human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene transgenic rats to carcinogenesis: a cancer-prone animal model. Cancer Sci 2005; 96:309-16. [PMID: 15958052 PMCID: PMC11158793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic animals carrying human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene, v-Ha-ras transgenic mice, pim-1 transgenic mice and several knockout mice deficient of tumor suppressor genes, such as p53, have been shown to exhibit increased carcinogen susceptibility. As a result, studies into practical application and medium-term screening of environmental carcinogens are under way. Given the advantages of rat models characterized by larger organ size, abundant information regarding preneoplasias and virus-free constitution, we have concentrated on the generation of transgenic rats bearing copies of the human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene and shown the Hras128 strain to be extremely sensitive to the induction of mammary carcinomas, and to a lesser extent, lesions in the urinary bladder, esophagus and skin. In most, if not all, the mammary cancers mutations of the transgene but not the endogenous H-ras gene are present, appearing to occur early in the process of tumorigenesis, which involves proliferation of cells in TEB and intraductal hyperplasia before carcinomas arise. Preliminary findings suggest that this is independent of endogenous ovarian hormones, although inhibited by soy isoflavones and promoted by atrazine and nonylphenols. Although further studies of the mechanisms are clearly necessary, the model appears to have great potential for screening purposes, not only for modifiers active in the breast, but also other organs where tumors characterized by ras gene mutations develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tsuda
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
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Naito A, Suzuki A, Ueda S, Nomoto H, Toriyama-Baba H, Asamoto M, Tsuda H. Preferential mammary carcinogenic effects of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene transgenic rats. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:399-403. [PMID: 15132766 PMCID: PMC11158656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2004] [Revised: 03/03/2004] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to clarify the susceptibility of the Hras128 rat harboring copies of the human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene to 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), Hras128 rats were intragastically treated with 100 mg/kg PhIP 8 times (females) or 80 mg/kg PhIP 10 times (males) over a 9-week period, then sacrificed at weeks 12 and 30. Multiple mammary tumors of adenocarcinoma type were induced in all females, while 83% of treated males developed adenocarcinomas, sarcomas and transitional carcinosarcomas, as evidenced by casein and vimentin immunoreactivity. All tumors examined had mutations in the c-Ha-ras transgene, while the endogenous rat c-Ha-ras gene was intact. Our results indicate that 1) Hras128 rats of both sexes are preferentially susceptible to mammary carcinogenesis with PhIP; 2) activation of the transgene, but not the endogenous c-Ha-ras gene, may be important in this regard; 3) the variety of tumor types evident in male rats indicates that immature mammary gland cells of the terminal end buds may be a target of PhIP; 4) although the transgene is expressed in all organs, susceptibility to PhIP is limited to mammary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Naito
- Experimental Pathology and Chemotherapy Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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Park CB, Fukamachi K, Takasuka N, Han BS, Kim CK, Hamaguchi T, Fujita KI, Ueda S, Tsuda H. Rapid induction of skin and mammary tumors in human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene transgenic rats by treatment with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene followed by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:205-10. [PMID: 15016318 PMCID: PMC11158931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb02204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established a transgenic rat line carrying 3 copies of the human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene with its own promoter region (Jcl/SD-TgN(HrasGen)128Ncc) (Hras128 rat), expression being detectable in almost all organs. We have already demonstrated that the rat is highly sensitive to mammary, esophagus and bladder carcinogenesis. In the present study, male and female transgenic and wild-type littermates were topically treated with 2.5 mg of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) dissolved in 1.0 ml of acetone on the back skin at 50 days after birth. Starting 1 week thereafter, they were again topically treated with 100 nmol of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) dissolved in 0.5 ml of acetone 3 times weekly for the following 31 weeks. In males treated with DMBA and/or TPA, skin tumors, including both squamous cell papillomas (SCP) and carcinomas (SCC), were preferentially induced at the DMBA-TPA painting sites: DMBA-TPA, 15/15 (100%); DMBA, 6/8 (75%); TPA, 1/6 (16.7%). They were also, unexpectedly, induced on remote scrotal skin: DMBA-TPA, 13/15 (86.7%); DMBA, 5/8 (62.5%); TPA, 0/6 (0%). Lesions were thus more frequent in the DMBA-TPA group than with DMBA or TPA alone. In females, adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the mammary glands were preferentially induced: DMBA-TPA, 12/14 (85.7%); DMBA, 6/8 (75%); TPA, 3/6 (50%), with only a few small skin papillomas at painting sites. Incidences and numbers of the mammary and skin tumors were much greater in Hras128 rats than in their wild-type counterparts. PCR-RFLP analysis of the transgene indicated that the percentage of the cell populations harboring a mutation in codons 12 and/or 61 ranged from 2% to 60% in individual tumors; skin tumors showed more mutations in codon 61 in the DMBA-treated groups. In contrast, no mutations were detected in the endogenous rat c-Ha-ras gene. These results indicate that the Hras128 rat is highly susceptible to DMBA-TPA skin and mammary carcinogenesis, thus providing a unique painting model for skin as well as mammary gland carcinogenesis, that would be suitable for investigating the role of transgene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Beom Park
- Experimental Pathology and Chemotherapy Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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Imaoka M, Satoh H, Furuhama K. Lack of Carcinogenicity of Reserpine in Transgenic Mice Carrying a Human Prototype c-Ha-ras Gene (RasH2 Mice). J Toxicol Pathol 2004. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.17.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masako Imaoka
- Drug Safety Research Laboratory, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Hiroshi Satoh
- Drug Safety Research Laboratory, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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