1
|
de Assis GG, Murawska-Ciałowicz E. Exercise and Weight Management: The Role of Leptin-A Systematic Review and Update of Clinical Data from 2000-2022. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4490. [PMID: 37445524 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A well-balanced metabolism means a lower risk for metabolism-related neuropsychiatric disorders. Leptin is a secretory adipokine involved in the central control of appetite that appears to play a role in the etiology of feeding-related disorders. Additionally, the influence of exercise on feeding behaviors potentially modulates the circulation of metabolites that signal through the central nervous system. In this systematic review, we collected the recent clinical evidence on the effect of exercise on leptin concentrations in health individuals published from 2000 to 20 September 2022, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA 2020 statement). Six hundred and thirty-eight papers were retrieved and forty-eight papers were included in the qualitative synthesis. Data supports that exercise positively influences appetite via enhancing peripheral and central leptin signaling (reuptake), especially during weight loss. Exercise modulation of leptin signaling through leptin receptors helps to stabilize increases in food intake during periods of negative energy balance, prior to a decrease in the body fat tissue content. At a high intensity, exercise appears to counteract leptin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilmara Gomes de Assis
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Araraquara 14801-903, Brazil
| | - Eugenia Murawska-Ciałowicz
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alvero-Cruz JR, Brikis M, Chilibeck P, Frings-Meuthen P, Vico Guzmán JF, Mittag U, Michely S, Mulder E, Tanaka H, Tank J, Rittweger J. Age-Related Decline in Vertical Jumping Performance in Masters Track and Field Athletes: Concomitant Influence of Body Composition. Front Physiol 2021; 12:643649. [PMID: 33868010 PMCID: PMC8047469 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.643649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertical jumping power declines with advancing age, which is theoretically explicable by loss of muscle mass and increases in body fat. However, the results of previous cross-sectional studies remain inconsistent on these relationships. The present study included 256 masters athletes who competed at the 2018 track and field world championships in Málaga, Spain. We assessed body composition with bioelectrical impedance (Inbody S10) and vertical jumping power with a Leonardo ground reaction force platform. Relationships between age, jumping power, and body composition were analyzed by correlation and regression analyses. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate effects of each factor on vertical jumping power. Age-related rates of decreases in maximal power and jump height were similar between male and female athletes. Percent fat-free mass and percent body fat were negatively and positively, respectively, associated with age in masters athletes and were comparable to those previously observed in the general population. Moreover, these effects in body composition can, to a great extent, explain the age-related decline in jumping power, an effect that seems at least partly independent of age. Finally, the multiple regression model to determine independent predictors of vertical jump performance yielded an overall R2 value of 0.75 with the inclusion of (1) athletic specialization in power events, (2) percent fat-free mass, and (3) phase angle. However, partial regression yielded significant effects of age, but not gender, on peak power, even when adjusting for athletic specialization, percent fat-free mass, and phase angle. We concluded that loss of skeletal muscle mass and changes in bio-impedance phase angle are important contributors to the age-related reduction in anaerobic power, even in adults who maintain high levels of physical activity into old age. However, age per se remains a significant predictor of vertical jump performance, further demonstrating deteriorated muscle quality at old age (sarcosthenia).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José R Alvero-Cruz
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mieszko Brikis
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Phil Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Petra Frings-Meuthen
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jose F Vico Guzmán
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Uwe Mittag
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah Michely
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Edwin Mulder
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Jens Tank
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mathisen TF, Heia J, Raustøl M, Sandeggen M, Fjellestad I, Sundgot‐Borgen J. Physical health and symptoms of relative energy deficiency in female fitness athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:135-147. [PMID: 31593622 PMCID: PMC6916539 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Competing in aesthetic sports increases the risk of low energy availability and associated health impairments. Fitness physique sport is a popular, but understudied aesthetic sport. We evaluated health and symptoms of relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-s) in female fitness athletes (FA) and female references (FR) during a competitive season. METHODS Totally, 25 FA and 26 FR, mean (SD) age of 28.9 (5.7), were included. Assessments were at baseline (T1), 2-weeks pre-competition (T2), and 1-month post-competition (T3), by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan, indirect calorimetry, diet registration, The Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire, The Beck Depression Inventory, and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q). RESULTS A history of eating disorders was reported by 35% FA and 12% FR. There were no between-group differences at T1, besides less mean (99% CI) fat mass (FM) of 3.1 kg (-0.4, 6.5) in FA (P = .02). At T2, FA had lower BW of 6.7 kg (-12.0, -1.3), fat mass of -9.0 kg (-12.5, -5.5), and resting heart rate of -8.0 beats per minute (-14.5, -1.5) compared to FR (P ≤ .006). FA reduced resting metabolic rate by -191 kcal (-11, -371) and increased symptoms of gastrointestinal dysfunction (GD) by 1.4 points (0.3, 2.5) and prevalence of amenorrhea from 8% to 24%, (P < .003). At T3, there was a between-group difference in fat mass, and a high number of FA with amenorrhea and GD. CONCLUSION Manifestation of symptoms of RED-s, some with persistence one-month post-competition, raises concern for the health of FA and those complying with the fit body ideal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Josefine Heia
- Department of Sports MedicineNorwegian School of Sport SciencesOsloNorway
| | - Marius Raustøl
- Department of Sport PerformanceNorwegian School of Sport SciencesOsloNorway
| | - Mari Sandeggen
- School of Clinical and Applied SciencesLeeds Beckett UniversityLeedsUK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Retired Athletes and the Intersection of Food and Body: A Systematic Literature Review Exploring Compensatory Behaviours and Body Change. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061395. [PMID: 31234314 PMCID: PMC6627291 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Retirement from elite sport is a unique transition that influences significant identity, body, and lifestyle changes. This mixed-studies systematic literature review reports on athletic retirement, maladaptive eating behaviours, and body dissatisfaction. Methods: The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed to search the following databases: Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, EBSCO Host, Sport Discus, and CINAHL. Sixteen studies were synthesised and contrasted through thematic analysis to develop three overarching themes. Results: The three themes that arose include body dissatisfaction and grief, disordered eating and compensation, and long term influence of sporting culture. Maladaptive and compensatory behaviours can arise from sustained athletic identity, body grief, lack of education, and contradictory body ideals. Conclusion: The concept Athletic Body Transition is defined as exploring how a lack of body acceptance may lead to maladaptive behaviours related to food, exercise, and body arising in this transitory period. This review identifies the need for sporting organisations and health professionals to acknowledge this significant transition in regards to athletes’ relationship with food and body subsequent to a sporting career.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sung YC, Liao YH, Chen CY, Chen YL, Chou CC. Acute changes in blood lipid profiles and metabolic risk factors in collegiate elite taekwondo athletes after short-term de-training: a prospective insight for athletic health management. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:143. [PMID: 28738856 PMCID: PMC5525308 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study used a short-term de-training model to mimic the physiological weight changes during the early retirement stage in Taekwondo (TKD) athletes. This study investigates whether the negative changes in body composition, blood lipid profiles, and metabolic biomarkers occur in elite collegiate TKD athletes when experiencing a two-months de-training period. METHODS Fourteen collegiate Division Ι elite TKD athletes (age: 21.1 ± 0.2 years, BMI: 22.3 ± 1.1 kg/m2; 10 males and 4 females) participated in this study. The body composition, blood lipid profiles, atherogenic dyslipidemia indexes, metabolic biomarkers and baseline systemic inflammation states were measured before and after two-months de-training. RESULTS The body weight and BMI did not change after de-training in these elite TKD athletes. The total muscle mass displayed a significant decline after de-training (-2.0%, p = 0.019), with an increase in fat mass (+24.3%, p < 0.01). The blood triglyceride did not change, but the total cholesterol was higher after de-training (+8.3%, p = 0.047). The CHOL-to-HDL and LDL-to-HDL ratios increased by 12.4% (p < 0.001) and 13.2% (p = 0.002) after de-training, respectively. The blood platelet number, plateletcrit, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio increased significantly by 5.0% (p = 0.013), 7.3% (p = 0.009), and 20.6% (p = 0.018) after de-training, respectively. The McAuley's Index decreased (-6.9%, p = 0.025) after de-training. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that a two-months de-training period resulted in adverse effects on early atherogenic dyslipidemia development, progressing insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation, and visceral adiposity in young elite TKD athletes. Our findings provide clear insights into the possible deleterious impacts at early stage retirement in former combative sports athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Sung
- Department of Chinese Martial Arts, Chinese Culture University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Liao
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Chen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chung Chou
- Physical Education Office, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd, Taipei City, 10608, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liao YH, Sung YC, Chou CC, Chen CY. Eight-Week Training Cessation Suppresses Physiological Stress but Rapidly Impairs Health Metabolic Profiles and Aerobic Capacity in Elite Taekwondo Athletes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160167. [PMID: 27463519 PMCID: PMC4963096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in an athlete’s physiological and health metabolic profiles after detraining have not been studied in elite Taekwondo (TKD) athletes. To enable a better understanding of these physiological changes to training cessation, this study examined the effects of 8-weeks detraining on the aerobic capacity, body composition, inflammatory status and health metabolic profile in elite TKD athletes. Sixteen elite TKD athletes (age: 21.0 ± 0.8 yrs, BMI: 22.4 ± 3.9 kg/m2; Mean ± SD; 11 males and 5 females) participated in this study. Physical activity level assessment using computerized physical activity logs was performed during the competitive preparation season (i.e. one-week before national competition) and at two week intervals throughout the detraining period. Participant aerobic capacity, body fat, and blood biomarkers were measured before and after detraining, and the blood biomarker analyses included leukocyte subpopulations, blood glucose, insulin, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S), and cortisol. Eight-week detraining increased DHEA-S/cortisol ratio (+57.3%, p = 0.004), increased insulin/cortisol ratio (+59.9%, p = 0.004), reduced aerobic power (–2.43%, p = 0.043), increased body fat accumulation (body fat%: +21.3%, p < 0.001), decreased muscle mass (muscle mass%: –4.04%, p < 0.001), and elevated HOMA-IR (the biomarker of systemic insulin resistance; +34.2%, p = 0.006). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a systemic inflammatory index, increased by 48.2% (p = 0.005). The change in aerobic capacity was correlated with the increased fat mass (r = –0.429, p = 0.049) but not with muscle loss. An increase in the NLR was correlated to the changes in HOMA-IR (r = 0.44, p = 0.044) and aerobic capacity (r = –0.439, p = 0.045). We demonstrate that 8-week detraining suppresses physiological stress but rapidly results in declines in athletic performance and health metabolic profiles, including reduced aerobic capacity, increased body fat, muscle loss, insulin resistance development and elevated systemic inflammatory status in these young elite TKD athletes. The inflammation state was positively associated with insulin resistance development, fat mass, WHR (the index for central fat accumulation), and the decline in VO2max.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hung Liao
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yu-Chi Sung
- Department of Chinese Martial Arts, Chinese Culture University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chung Chou
- Physical Education Office, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Chen
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, University of Taipei, Taipei City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Akbarpour M. The effect of aerobic training on serum adiponectin and leptin levels and inflammatory markers of coronary heart disease in obese men. Biol Sport 2013; 30:21-7. [PMID: 24744461 PMCID: PMC3944554 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1029817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic training on the serum levels of adiponectin and leptin and on inflammatory markers of coronary heart disease in obese men. Sixteen non-athlete obese men were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups. The experimental group underwent aerobic training consisting of three sessions per week for 12 weeks, while the control group did not participate in the training programme during the study period. Five millilitres of venous blood was taken from each participant at the beginning of the study, during week six and at the end of week 12 to measure the levels of leptin, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α. The findings showed that aerobic training led to decreases in the levels of CRP (P = 0.002), IL-6 (P = 0.001) and leptin (P = 0.003) and an increase in the level of adiponectin (P = 0.002) in the experimental group relative to the control group. In addition, the level of TNF-α decreased in the experimental group after the 12-week aerobic training period, although this change was not statistically significant. According to the results of this study, regular aerobic exercise decreases the potential risk of coronary heart disease by improving the plasma levels of IL-6, adiponectin, leptin and CRP. Additionally, aerobic exercise can be used as effective non-pharmacological treatment to prevent diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Akbarpour
- Department of Physical Education, University of Qom, Qom, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Graaf-Roelfsema E, Keizer HA, van Breda E, Wijnberg ID, van der Kolk JH. Effects of intensified training and subsequent reduced training on glucose metabolism rate and peripheral insulin sensitivity in Standardbreds. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1386-93. [PMID: 22924720 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.9.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of intensified training and subsequent reduced training on glucose metabolism rate and peripheral insulin sensitivity in horses and identify potential markers indicative of early overtraining. ANIMALS 12 Standardbred geldings. PROCEDURES Horses underwent 4 phases of treadmill-based training. In phase 1, horses were habituated to the treadmill. In phase 2, endurance training was alternated with high-intensity exercise training. In phase 3, horses were divided into control and intensified training groups. In the intensified training group, training intensity, duration, and frequency were further increased via a protocol to induce overtraining; in the control group, these factors remained unaltered. In phase 4, training intensity was reduced. Standardized exercise tests were performed after each phase and hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC) tests were performed after phases 2, 3, and 4. RESULTS 10 of 12 horses completed the study. Dissociation between mean glucose metabolism rate and mean glucose metabolism rate-to-plasma insulin concentration ratio (M:I) was evident in the intensified training group during steady state of HEC testing after phases 3 and 4. After phase 4, mean glucose metabolism rate was significantly decreased (from 31.1 ± 6.8 μmol/kg/min to 18.1 ± 3.4 μmol/kg/min), as was M:I (from 1.05 ± 0.31 to 0.62 ± 0.17) during steady state in the intensified training group, compared with phase 3 values for the same horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dissociation between the glucose metabolism rate and M:I in horses that underwent intensified training may reflect non-insulin-dependent increases in glucose metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen de Graaf-Roelfsema
- Department of Equine Sciences, Medicine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ratel S, Gryson C, Rance M, Penando S, Bonhomme C, Le Ruyet P, Duclos M, Boirie Y, Walrand S. Detraining-induced alterations in metabolic and fitness markers after a multicomponent exercise-training program in older men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 37:72-9. [DOI: 10.1139/h11-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a 8-week detraining period after a 16-week multicomponent training program including strength and aerobic exercises on the main determinants of aerobic fitness, muscle strength and some metabolic markers in 24 older subjects (60.2 ± 3.0 years). The oxygen uptake at the second ventilatory threshold (VO2VT2) and at the end of exercise (VO2max), maximum voluntary contraction force (MVC) of knee extensors and some metabolic indexes, i.e., insulin sensitivity, blood lipid profile, inflammatory cytokines, and endothelial function, were evaluated at baseline and after the training and detraining periods. The training program induced significant improvements in VO2VT2 (16%, p < 0.05), VO2max (14%, p < 0.05), MVC (6.5%, p < 0.05), insulin sensitivity (16%, p < 0.05), and endothelial function (p < 0.05) but induced no significant change in lipid profile and inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, VO2VT2 and VO2max (mL·min–1·kg–1) scores remained significantly above pretraining values after the 8-week detraining period. However, the detraining period reversed MVC values, the insulin sensitivity and endothelial function to baseline levels. To conclude, the 8-week detraining partially reversed the major components of aerobic fitness but totally abolished the gains in muscle strength and some metabolic indexes after a 16-week multicomponent training program in older men. Taken as a whole, the results of this study emphasize the importance of exercise prescriptions for older subjects and the need not to interrupt exercise-training over a prolonged period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Ratel
- Laboratory of Exercise Biology (BAPS, EA 3533), University of Blaise Pascal, UFR STAPS, 63172 Aubière, France
| | - Céline Gryson
- INRA, UMR1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63001 France
| | - Mélanie Rance
- Laboratory of Exercise Biology (BAPS, EA 3533), University of Blaise Pascal, UFR STAPS, 63172 Aubière, France
| | - Stéphane Penando
- University Hospital (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Hospital G. Montpied, Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63003 France
| | | | | | - Martine Duclos
- INRA, UMR1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63001 France
- University Hospital (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Hospital G. Montpied, Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63003 France
| | - Yves Boirie
- INRA, UMR1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63001 France
| | - Stéphane Walrand
- INRA, UMR1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63001 France
- Laboratoire de Nutrition Humaine, 58 rue Montalembert – BP321, 63009 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 1, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kanda H, Wang P, Okamura T, Wuyun G, Wu H, Su X, Hayakawa T, Amamoto K, Ueshima H. Fasting Plasma Insulin is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Farmers but not in Nomads among the Mongolian Population, China. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 18:291-7. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.5843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
11
|
Summermatter S, Baum O, Santos G, Hoppeler H, Handschin C. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {gamma} coactivator 1{alpha} (PGC-1{alpha}) promotes skeletal muscle lipid refueling in vivo by activating de novo lipogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:32793-32800. [PMID: 20716531 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.145995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise induces a pleiotropic adaptive response in skeletal muscle, largely through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α). PGC-1α enhances lipid oxidation and thereby provides energy for sustained muscle contraction. Its potential implication in promoting muscle refueling remains unresolved, however. Here, we investigated a possible role of elevated PGC-1α levels in skeletal muscle lipogenesis in vivo and the molecular mechanisms that underlie PGC-1α-mediated de novo lipogenesis. To this end, we studied transgenic mice with physiological overexpression of PGC-1α and human muscle biopsies pre- and post-exercise. We demonstrate that PGC-1α enhances lipogenesis in skeletal muscle through liver X receptor α-dependent activation of the fatty acid synthase (FAS) promoter and by increasing FAS activity. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we establish a direct interaction between PGC-1α and the liver X receptor-responsive element in the FAS promoter. Moreover, we show for the first time that increased glucose uptake and activation of the pentose phosphate pathway provide substrates for RNA synthesis and cofactors for de novo lipogenesis. Similarly, we observed increased lipogenesis and lipid levels in human muscle biopsies that were obtained post-exercise. Our findings suggest that PGC-1α coordinates lipogenesis, intramyocellular lipid accumulation, and substrate oxidation in exercised skeletal muscle in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Summermatter
- From the Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Baum
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, CH-3009 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gesa Santos
- From the Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Hoppeler
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, CH-3009 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Handschin
- From the Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hunter GR, Brock DW, Byrne NM, Chandler-Laney PC, Del Corral P, Gower BA. Exercise training prevents regain of visceral fat for 1 year following weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:690-5. [PMID: 19816413 PMCID: PMC2913900 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine what effect aerobic and resistance exercise training has on gain of visceral fat during the year following weight loss. After being randomly assigned to aerobic training, resistance training, or no exercise training, 45 European-American (EA) and 52 African-American (AA) women lost 12.3 +/- 2.5 kg on a 800 kcal/day diet. Computed tomography was used to measure abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue, whereas total fat and regional fat (leg, arm, and trunk) were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry after weight loss and 1 year following the weight loss. Because not all the subjects adhered to the 2 time/week 40 min/day exercise training during the 1-year follow-up, subjects were divided into five groups for analysis: aerobic adherers, aerobic nonadherers, resistance adherers, resistance nonadherers, and no exercise. No significant differences were observed between the aerobic training and resistance training adherers for any variable. However, the aerobic (3.1 kg) and resistance (3.9 kg) exercise adherers gained less weight than any of the other three groups (all >6.2 kg). In addition, the two exercise adherence groups did not significantly increase visceral fat (<0.8%) as compared with the 38% increase for the two nonadhering exercise groups and the 25% for the nonexercise group. In conclusion, as little as 80 min/week aerobic or resistance training had modest positive effects on preventing weight regain following a diet-induced weight loss. More importantly, both aerobic and resistance training prevented regain of potentially harmful visceral fat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Hunter
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen YL, Liu YF, Huang CY, Lee SD, Chan YS, Chen CC, Harris B, Kuo CH. Normalization effect of sports training on blood pressure in hypertensives. J Sports Sci 2010; 28:361-7. [DOI: 10.1080/02640410903508862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
14
|
Chen YL, Huang CY, Lee SD, Chou SW, Hsieh PS, Hsieh CC, Huang YG, Kuo CH. Discipline-specific insulin sensitivity in athletes. Nutrition 2009; 25:1137-42. [PMID: 19596184 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 03/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Weight status and abnormal liver function are the two factors that influence whole-body insulin sensitivity. The main goal of the study was to compare insulin sensitivity in athletes (n=757) and physically active controls (n=670) in relation to the two factors. METHODS Homeostatic metabolic assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), weight status, and abnormal liver function (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) were determined from 33 sports disciplines under morning fasted condition. This study was initiated in autumn 2006 and repeated in autumn 2007 (n=1508) to ensure consistency of all observations. RESULTS In general, HOMA-IR and blood pressure levels in athletes were significantly greater than those in physically active controls but varied widely with sport disciplines. Rowing and short-distance track athletes had significantly lower HOMA-IR values and archery and field-throwing athletes had significantly higher values than the control group. Intriguingly, athletes from 22 sports disciplines displayed significantly greater body mass index values above control values. Multiple regression analysis showed that, for non-athlete controls, body mass index was the only factor that contributed to the variations in HOMA-IR. For athletes, body mass index and alanine aminotransferase independently contributed to the variation of HOMA-IR. CONCLUSION This is the first report documenting HOMA-IR values in athletes from a broad range of sport disciplines. Weight status and abnormal liver function levels appear to be the major contributors predicting insulin sensitivity for the physically active population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Liang Chen
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Taipei Physical Education College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|