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Wu Y, Qin F, Zheng X. The Effects of Post-Exercise Cold Water Immersion on Neuromuscular Control of Knee. Brain Sci 2024; 14:555. [PMID: 38928555 PMCID: PMC11201964 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14060555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
To date, most studies examined the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) on neuromuscular control following exercise solely on measuring proprioception, no study explores changes in the brain and muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CWI following exercise on knee neuromuscular control capacity, and physiological and perceptual responses. In a crossover control design, fifteen participants performed an exhaustion exercise. Subsequently, they underwent a 10 min recovery intervention, either in the form of passively seated rest (CON) or CWI at 15 °C. The knee proprioception, oxygenated cerebral hemoglobin concentrations (Δ[HbO]), and muscle activation during the proprioception test, physiological and perceptual responses were measured. CWI did not have a significant effect on proprioception at the post-intervention but attenuated the reductions in Δ[HbO] in the primary sensory cortex and posterior parietal cortex (p < 0.05). The root mean square of vastus medialis was higher in the CWI compared to the CON. CWI effectively reduced core temperature and mean skin temperature and improved the rating of perceived exertion and thermal sensation. These results indicated that 10 min of CWI at 15 °C post-exercise had no negative effect on the neuromuscular control of the knee joint but could improve subjective perception and decrease body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xinyan Zheng
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.W.); (F.Q.)
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Marouvo J, Tavares N, Dias G, Castro MA. The Effect of Ice on Shoulder Proprioception in Badminton Athletes. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2023; 13:671-683. [PMID: 36975403 PMCID: PMC10047308 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe13030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the influence of the application of cryotherapy on shoulder proprioception in badminton athletes. Thirty federated badminton athletes were included in this study, all of whom belonged to three of the teams currently competing in national competitions (Portugal). Their mean ages were 21.00 ± 5.60 years, and their experience in the modality was 8.40 ± 6.93 years. They practiced in an average of 2.93 ± 1.26 training sessions per week. All of them used their right hand to hold the racket. Each participant's dominant shoulder joint position and force senses were evaluated for four consecutive time points through the isokinetic dynamometer Biodex System 3. The experimental procedure consisted of applying ice for 15 min and the control procedure consisted of no therapeutic intervention. The proprioception outcomes were expressed using the absolute error, relative error, and variable error. All statistical analysis was performed using PASW Statistics 18 software (IBM-SPSS Statistics). There were no statistically significant changes in the joint position and force senses after the intervention, as well as during the subsequent 30 min. We conclude that, after this cryotherapy technique, there is no increased risk of injury associated with a proprioception deficit that prevents athletes from immediately returning to badminton practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Marouvo
- RoboCorp, i2A, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Tavares
- RoboCorp, i2A, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Dias
- ESEC-UNICID-ASSERT, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal
- ROBOCORP, IIA, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-256 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIDAF (UID/DTP/04213/2020), Universidade de Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Maria António Castro
- RoboCorp, i2A, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
- Sector of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
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The effects of cryotherapy on athletes’ muscle strength, flexibility, and neuromuscular control: A systematic review of the literature. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2020; 24:175-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kwiecien SY, O'Hara DJ, McHugh MP, Howatson G. Prolonged cooling with phase change material enhances recovery and does not affect the subsequent repeated bout effect following exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 120:413-423. [PMID: 31828479 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this investigation was twofold: (1) to examine the effect of prolonged phase change material (PCM) cooling following eccentric exercise of the quadriceps on indices of muscle damage, and (2) to elucidate whether application of PCM cooling blunted the acute adaptive response to eccentric exercise, known as the repeated bout effect (RBE). METHODS Twenty-six males (25 ± 6 years) performed an initial bout (B1) of 120 eccentric quadriceps contractions on each leg at 90% of their isometric strength and were then randomized to receive PCM packs frozen at 15 °C (treatment) or melted packs (control) worn directly on the skin under shorts for 6 h. The protocol was repeated 14 days later (B2) with all participants receiving the control condition. RESULTS PCM cooling provided protection against strength loss in B1 (P = 0.005) with no difference in strength between treatment groups in B2 (P = 0.172; bout by treatment by time P = 0.008). PCM cooling reduced soreness in B1 (P = 0.009) with no difference between treatment groups in B2 (P = 0.061). Soreness was overall lower following B2 than B1 (P < 0.001). CK was elevated in B1 (P < 0.0001) and reduced in B2 (P < 0.001) with no difference between treatments. The damage protocol did not elevate hsCRP in B1, with no difference between treatments or between bouts. CONCLUSIONS This work provides further evidence that PCM cooling enhances recovery of strength and reduces soreness following eccentric exercise. Importantly, these data show for the first time that prolonged PCM cooling does not compromise the adaptive response associated with the RBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Y Kwiecien
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, 210 East 64 Street, 5th Floor, NISMAT, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Denis J O'Hara
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, 210 East 64 Street, 5th Floor, NISMAT, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Malachy P McHugh
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, 210 East 64 Street, 5th Floor, NISMAT, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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The Thermal Effects of Water Immersion on Health Outcomes: An Integrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16071280. [PMID: 30974799 PMCID: PMC6479732 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrotherapy is widely used for the treatment and rehabilitation of patients, but it can also be applied to prevent diseases in healthy people. This review investigates the health effects of water immersion, a form of hydrotherapy, and the mechanisms by which the properties of water elicit such an effect. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL to identify relevant articles, of which 13 met the inclusion criteria. Various factors of water immersion were investigated in the 13 selected articles, including water temperature, immersion height, and application area. With respect to health effects, warm and cold water immersion affects the cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems, respectively. Nine articles focused on the effects of warm water immersion, explaining its thermal effect in relation to changes in disease-related serum substance levels and hemodynamic changes. While the sample population in most studies comprised young adults, two articles applied partial water immersion to the legs of elderly subjects to assess its effect on sleep. Because the water immersion protocols applied in the 13 articles were inconsistent, the health benefits could not be clearly explained. However, we expect the present findings to be beneficial for providing research guidelines for studies on the application of water immersion.
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Alexander J, Richards J, Attah O, Cheema S, Snook J, Wisdell C, May K, Selfe J. Delayed effects of a 20-min crushed ice application on knee joint position sense assessed by a functional task during a re-warming period. Gait Posture 2018; 62:173-178. [PMID: 29554515 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Delayed effects of a 20-min crushed ice application on knee joint position sense assessed by a functional task during a re-warming period. INTRODUCTION The effect of cryotherapy on joint positioning presents conflicting debates as to whether individuals are at an increased risk of injury when returning to play following cryotherapy application at the lower limb. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate whether a 20 min application of crushed ice at the knee affects knee joint kinematics immediately post and up to 20 mins post ice removal, during a small knee bend. METHOD 17 healthy male participants took part in the study performing a functional task. Using three-dimensional motion analysis (Qualisys Medical AB Gothenburg, Sweden), kinematics of the knee were measured during a weight bearing functional task pre and immediately post, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min post cryotherapy intervention. Skin surface temperature (Tsk) cooling was measured via infrared non-contact thermal imaging (Flir Systems, Danderyd, Sweden) over the anterior and medial aspect of the knee. RESULTS Results demonstrated significant reductions in the ability to accurately replicate knee joint positioning. A significant increase (P ≧ 0.05) in rotational movement in the transverse plane occurred, 20 min post ice removal. DISCUSSION A 20-min application of crushed ice to the anterior aspect of the non-dominant knee has an adverse effect on knee joint repositioning and dynamic stability, 20 min after ice is removed. In consideration of returning a land-based athlete to dynamic functional activities, post cryotherapeutic intervention at the knee, clinicians should consider these findings due to the potential increase risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Alexander
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom.
| | - Jim Richards
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Obed Attah
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Cheema
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Snook
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Wisdell
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Karen May
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - James Selfe
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Department of Health Professions, Manchester, Brooks Building, M15 6GX, United Kingdom
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Furmanek MP, Słomka KJ, Sobiesiak A, Rzepko M, Juras G. The Effects of Cryotherapy on Knee Joint Position Sense and Force Production Sense in Healthy Individuals. J Hum Kinet 2018; 61:39-51. [PMID: 29599858 PMCID: PMC5873335 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The proprioceptive information received from mechanoreceptors is potentially responsible for controlling the joint position and force differentiation. However, it is unknown whether cryotherapy influences this complex mechanism. Previously reported results are not universally conclusive and sometimes even contradictory. The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of local cryotherapy on knee joint position sense (JPS) and force production sense (FPS). The study group consisted of 55 healthy participants (age: 21 ± 2 years, body height: 171.2 ± 9 cm, body mass: 63.3 ± 12 kg, BMI: 21.5 ± 2.6). Local cooling was achieved with the use of gel-packs cooled to -2 ± 2.5°C and applied simultaneously over the knee joint and the quadriceps femoris muscle for 20 minutes. JPS and FPS were evaluated using the Biodex System 4 Pro apparatus. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) did not show any statistically significant changes of the JPS and FPS under application of cryotherapy for all analyzed variables: the JPS’s absolute error (p = 0.976), its relative error (p = 0.295), and its variable error (p = 0.489); the FPS’s absolute error (p = 0.688), its relative error (p = 0.193), and its variable error (p = 0.123). The results indicate that local cooling does not affect proprioceptive acuity of the healthy knee joint. They also suggest that local limited cooling before physical activity at low velocity did not present health or injury risk in this particular study group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz P Furmanek
- Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Department of Human Motor Behavior, Katowice, Poland
| | - Kajetan J Słomka
- Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Department of Human Motor Behavior, Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sobiesiak
- University of Windsor, Department of Mechanical, Automotive & Materials Engineering Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marian Rzepko
- University of Rzeszow, Faculty of Physical Education, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Juras
- Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Department of Human Motor Behavior, Katowice, Poland
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Chang YW, Wu HW. Effect of cryotherapy on ankle proprioception and balance in subjects with chronic ankle instability. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-170657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Chang
- Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Wen Wu
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
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Özkan Tuncay F, Mollaoğlu M. Effect of the cooling suit method applied to individuals with multiple sclerosis on fatigue and activities of daily living. J Clin Nurs 2017; 26:4527-4536. [PMID: 28252819 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of cooling suit on fatigue and activities of daily living of individuals with multiple sclerosis. BACKGROUND Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms in people with multiple sclerosis and adversely affects their activities of daily living. Studies evaluating fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis have reported that most of the fatigue cases are related to the increase in body temperature and that cooling therapy is effective in coping with fatigue. DESIGN This study used a two sample, control group design. METHODS The study sample comprised 75 individuals who met the inclusion criteria. Data were collected with study forms. After the study data were collected, cooling suit treatment was administered to the experimental group. During home visits paid at the fourth and eighth weeks after the intervention, the aforementioned scales were re-administered to the participants in the experimental and control groups. RESULTS The analyses performed demonstrated that the severity levels of fatigue experienced by the participants in the experimental group wearing cooling suit decreased. The experimental group also exhibited a significant improvement in the participants' levels of independence in activities of daily living. CONCLUSIONS The cooling suit worn by individuals with multiple sclerosis was determined to significantly improve the participants' levels of fatigue and independence in activities of daily living. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE The cooling suit therapy was found to be an effective intervention for the debilitating fatigue suffered by many multiple sclerosis patients, thus significantly improving their level of independence in activities of daily living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Özkan Tuncay
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mukadder Mollaoğlu
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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Alexander J, Selfe J, Oliver B, Mee D, Carter A, Scott M, Richards J, May K. An exploratory study into the effects of a 20 minute crushed ice application on knee joint position sense during a small knee bend. Phys Ther Sport 2016; 18:21-26. [PMID: 26822165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effect of cryotherapy on joint positioning presents conflicting debates as to whether individuals are at an increased risk of injury when returning to play or activity immediately following cryotherapy application at the knee. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a 20 min application of crushed ice at the knee immediately affects knee joint position sense during a small knee bend. DESIGN Pre- and post-intervention. SETTING University movement analysis laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Eleven healthy male participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Kinematics of the knee were measured during a weight bearing functional task pre and post cryotherapy intervention using three-dimensional motion analysis (Qualisys Medical AB Gothenburg, Sweden). Tissue cooling was measured via a digital thermometer at the knee. RESULTS Results demonstrated significant reductions in the ability to accurately replicate knee joint positioning in both sagittal (P = .035) and coronal (P = .011) planes during the descent phase of a small knee bend following cryotherapy. CONCLUSION In conclusion a 20 min application of crushed ice to the knee has an adverse effect on knee joint repositioning. Team doctors, clinicians, therapists and athletes should consider these findings when deciding to return an athlete to functional weight bearing tasks immediately following ice application at the knee, due to the potential increase risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Alexander
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom.
| | - James Selfe
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Oliver
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Mee
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Carter
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Scott
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Richards
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Karen May
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
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MONTGOMERY ROGERE, HARTLEY GEOFFREYL, TYLER CHRISTOPHERJ, CHEUNG STEPHENS. Effect of Segmental, Localized Lower Limb Cooling on Dynamic Balance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:66-73. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd S Ellenbecker
- ATP World Tour, Physiotherapy Associates Scottsdale Sports Clinic, , Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
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The effects of cryotherapy on proprioception system. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:696397. [PMID: 25478573 PMCID: PMC4244933 DOI: 10.1155/2014/696397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Proprioception plays an important role in the complex mechanism of joint control. Contemporary sport activities impose extremely high physical demands on athletes. Winter sports are played in areas with excessively low temperatures. Moreover, many athletes are subjected to treatments that involve local lowering of the body temperature before, during, and after physical activity. This work reviews the current knowledge regarding the influence of local cryotherapy on the proprioception system. The reviewed literature identified several tests that evaluate different aspects of proprioception. There is no universally agreed protocol, or clear set of criteria for test conditions. The outcomes of different tests and assessments of cryotherapy procedures using different cold modalities are poorly correlated. In general, the published results on the mechanism of cryotherapy effects on proprioception are not uniquely conclusive and are frequently contradictory. Additional high-quality research is required to explicitly answer the following questions: (1) whether local cryotherapy influences all aspects of proprioception; (2) whether the current methods of evaluation are adequate for the exploration of the relationship between cryotherapy and proprioception; and (3) whether the application of local cryotherapy is safe for athletes regarding proprioception. The review clearly showed that there is no comprehensive model relating cryotherapy and proprioception.
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Fukuchi CA, da Rocha ES, Stefanyshyn DJ. Effects of cold water immersion on lower extremity joint biomechanics during running. J Sports Sci 2014; 33:449-56. [PMID: 25259552 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.946952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of cryotherapy on lower extremity running biomechanics. Twenty-six healthy male volunteers were randomised into two intervention groups: cold water (cold water at ~11°C) or tepid water (tepid water at ~26°C). They were required to run at 4.0 ± 0.2 m · s(-1) before and after they underwent water immersion for 20 min. Differences between pre- and post-intervention were used to compare the influence of water intervention during running. Peak joint angles, peak joint moments, peak ground reaction forces (GRF) and contact time (CT) were calculated using three-dimensional gait analysis. Independent t-tests were applied with a significant alpha level set at 0.05. Decreased peak propulsive and vertical GRF, decreased plantarflexion moments, increased hip flexion angle and longer CT were observed following cold water immersion. Although cold water immersion (cryotherapy) affected the running movement, none of the alterations have been related to running biomechanical patterns associated with injuries. Therefore, our results indicated that cold water immersion appears safe prior to running activities.
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Lee EC, Watson G, Casa D, Armstrong LE, Kraemer W, Vingren JL, Spiering BA, Maresh CM. Interleukin-6 responses to water immersion therapy after acute exercise heat stress: a pilot investigation. J Athl Train 2013. [PMID: 23182014 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-47.5.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cold-water immersion is the criterion standard for treatment of exertional heat illness. Cryotherapy and water immersion also have been explored as ergogenic or recovery aids. The kinetics of inflammatory markers, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), during cold-water immersion have not been characterized. OBJECTIVE To characterize serum IL-6 responses to water immersion at 2 temperatures and, therefore, to initiate further research into the multidimensional benefits of immersion and the evidence-based selection of specific, optimal immersion conditions by athletic trainers. DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. SETTING Human performance laboratory Patients or Other Participants: Eight college-aged men (age = 22 ± 3 years, height = 1.76 ± 0.08 m, mass = 77.14 ± 9.77 kg, body fat = 10% ± 3%, and maximal oxygen consumption = 50.48 ± 4.75 mL·kg(-1) min(-1)). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participants were assigned randomly to receive either cold (11.70°C ± 2.02°C, n = 4) or warm (23.50°C ± 1.00°C, n = 4) water-bath conditions after exercise in the heat (temperature = 37°C, relative humidity = 52%) for 90 minutes or until volitional cessation. RESULTS Whole-body cooling rates were greater in the cold water-bath condition for the first 6 minutes of water immersion, but during the 90-minute, postexercise recovery, participants in the warm and cold water-bath conditions experienced similar overall whole-body cooling. Heart rate responses were similar for both groups. Participants in the cold water-bath condition experienced an overall slight increase (30.54% ± 77.37%) in IL-6 concentration, and participants in the warm water-bath condition experienced an overall decrease (-69.76% ± 15.23%). CONCLUSIONS We have provided seed evidence that cold-water immersion is related to subtle IL-6 increases from postexercise values and that warmer water-bath temperatures might dampen this increase. Further research will elucidate any anti-inflammatory benefit associated with water-immersion treatment and possible multidimensional uses of cooling therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C Lee
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, 2095 Hillside Road, U-1110, Storrs, CT 06269-1110, USA.
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Costello JT, Culligan K, Selfe J, Donnelly AE. Muscle, skin and core temperature after -110°c cold air and 8°c water treatment. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48190. [PMID: 23139763 PMCID: PMC3491015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to elucidate the reductions in muscle, skin and core temperature following exposure to −110°C whole body cryotherapy (WBC), and compare these to 8°C cold water immersion (CWI). Twenty active male subjects were randomly assigned to a 4-min exposure of WBC or CWI. A minimum of 7 days later subjects were exposed to the other treatment. Muscle temperature in the right vastus lateralis (n = 10); thigh skin (average, maximum and minimum) and rectal temperature (n = 10) were recorded before and 60 min after treatment. The greatest reduction (P<0.05) in muscle (mean ± SD; 1 cm: WBC, 1.6±1.2°C; CWI, 2.0±1.0°C; 2 cm: WBC, 1.2±0.7°C; CWI, 1.7±0.9°C; 3 cm: WBC, 1.6±0.6°C; CWI, 1.7±0.5°C) and rectal temperature (WBC, 0.3±0.2°C; CWI, 0.4±0.2°C) were observed 60 min after treatment. The largest reductions in average (WBC, 12.1±1.0°C; CWI, 8.4±0.7°C), minimum (WBC, 13.2±1.4°C; CWI, 8.7±0.7°C) and maximum (WBC, 8.8±2.0°C; CWI, 7.2±1.9°C) skin temperature occurred immediately after both CWI and WBC (P<0.05). Skin temperature was significantly lower (P<0.05) immediately after WBC compared to CWI. The present study demonstrates that a single WBC exposure decreases muscle and core temperature to a similar level of those experienced after CWI. Although both treatments significantly reduced skin temperature, WBC elicited a greater decrease compared to CWI. These data may provide information to clinicians and researchers attempting to optimise WBC and CWI protocols in a clinical or sporting setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Thomas Costello
- Centre for Physical Activity and Health Research, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland.
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Bleakley CM, Costello JT. Do thermal agents affect range of movement and mechanical properties in soft tissues? A systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012; 94:149-63. [PMID: 22885279 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of thermal agents on the range of movement (ROM) and mechanical properties in soft tissue and to discuss their clinical relevance. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and EMBASE) were searched from their earliest available record up to May 2011 using Medical Subjects Headings and key words. We also undertook related articles searches and read reference lists of all incoming articles. STUDY SELECTION Studies involving human participants describing the effects of thermal interventions on ROM and/or mechanical properties in soft tissue. Two reviewers independently screened studies against eligibility criteria. DATA EXTRACTION Data were extracted independently by 2 review authors using a customized form. Methodologic quality was also assessed by 2 authors independently, using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. DATA SYNTHESIS Thirty-six studies, comprising a total of 1301 healthy participants, satisfied the inclusion criteria. There was a high risk of bias across all studies. Meta-analyses were not undertaken because of clinical heterogeneity; however, effect sizes were calculated. There were conflicting data on the effect of cold on joint ROM, accessory joint movement, and passive stiffness. There was limited evidence to determine whether acute cold applications enhance the effects of stretching, and further evidence is required. There was evidence that heat increases ROM, and a combination of heat and stretching is more effective than stretching alone. CONCLUSIONS Heat is an effective adjunct to developmental and therapeutic stretching techniques and should be the treatment of choice for enhancing ROM in a clinical or sporting setting. The effects of heat or ice on other important mechanical properties (eg, passive stiffness) remain equivocal and should be the focus of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Bleakley
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster Sports Academy, University of Ulster, Co Antrim, Ireland.
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