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Allinger J, Bouyeure A, Noulhiane M, Lemaitre F. Monitoring the Breath-Hold Training Load during an Ecological Session: A Pilot Study. Int J Sports Med 2024. [PMID: 39008986 DOI: 10.1055/a-2323-9675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to create a training load index to measure physiological stress during breath-hold (BH) training and examine its relationship with memory performance. Eighteen well-trained BH divers (Age: 35.8±6.6 years, BH training practice: 5.3±4.5 years) participated in this study. During a standard 1.5-hour BH training in the pool, perceived exertion, heart rate, distance, and duration were measured. The training load index was modelled on the basis of a TRIMP (TRaining IMPulse) with four different equations and was used to measure the stress induced by this BH training. A reference value, based on the ratio between the average heart rate during all BHs and the lowest heart rate during BH training, was used for comparing training load index. Memory assessment was conducted both before and after this training. Of the four equations proposed, equation no. 4, named aTRIMP for "apnoea," showed the strongest correlation with our reference value (r=0.652, p<0.01). No difference was found between any of the memory tests before and after the BH training. The aTRIMP was a new representative index for monitoring habitual training of well-trained BH divers. Furthermore, this training had no negative impact on memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Allinger
- CETAPS, Université de Rouen UFR STAPS, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | | | | | - Frederic Lemaitre
- CETAPS, Université de Rouen UFR STAPS, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- CRIOBE UAR 3278, CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Mooréa, Polynésie Française
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2
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Elia A, Barlow MJ, Lees MJ, Petri G, Keramidas ME. Stress biomarker changes following a series of repeated static and dynamic apneas in non-divers. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2024; 323:104228. [PMID: 38309488 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2024.104228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the magnitude of physiological strain imposed by repeated maximal static and dynamic apneas through assessing a panel of stress-related biomarkers. METHODS Eleven healthy men performed on three separate occasions (≥72-h apart): a series of five repeated maximal (i) static (STA) or (ii) dynamic apneas (DYN) or (iii) a static eupneic protocol (CTL). Venous blood samples were drawn at 30, 90, and 180-min after each protocol to determine ischaemia modified albumin (IMA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), myoglobin, and high sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hscTnT) concentrations. RESULTS IMA was elevated after the apnoeic interventions (STA,+86%;DYN,+332%,p ≤ 0.047) but not CTL (p = 0.385). Myoglobin was higher than baseline (23.6 ± 3.9 ng/mL) 30-min post DYN (+70%,38.8 ± 13.3 ng/mL,p = 0.030). A greater myoglobin release was recorded in DYN compared with STA and CTL (p ≤ 0.035). No changes were observed in NSE (p = 0.207) or hscTnT (p = 0.274). CONCLUSIONS Five repeated maximal DYN led to a greater muscle injury compared with STA but neither elicited myocardial injury or neuronal-parenchymal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Elia
- Division of Environmental Physiology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Matthew J Barlow
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Lees
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Georgios Petri
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Michail E Keramidas
- Division of Environmental Physiology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Pena E, San Martin-Salamanca R, El Alam S, Flores K, Arriaza K. Tau Protein Alterations Induced by Hypobaric Hypoxia Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:889. [PMID: 38255962 PMCID: PMC10815386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases whose central feature is dysfunction of the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT). Although the exact etiology of tauopathies is still unknown, it has been hypothesized that their onset may occur up to twenty years before the clear emergence of symptoms, which has led to questions about whether the prognosis of these diseases can be improved by, for instance, targeting the factors that influence tauopathy development. One such factor is hypoxia, which is strongly linked to Alzheimer's disease because of its association with obstructive sleep apnea and has been reported to affect molecular pathways related to the dysfunction and aggregation of tau proteins and other biomarkers of neurological damage. In particular, hypobaric hypoxia exposure increases the activation of several kinases related to the hyperphosphorylation of tau in neuronal cells, such as ERK, GSK3β, and CDK5. In addition, hypoxia also increases the levels of inflammatory molecules (IL-β1, IL-6, and TNF-α), which are also associated with neurodegeneration. This review discusses the many remaining questions regarding the influence of hypoxia on tauopathies and the contribution of high-altitude exposure to the development of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samia El Alam
- High Altitude Medicine Research Center (CEIMA), Arturo Prat University, Iquique 1110939, Chile; (E.P.); (R.S.M.-S.); (K.F.); (K.A.)
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4
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Poiret C, Noulhiane M, Clua E, Lemaître F. Breath-hold diving strategies to avoid loss of consciousness: speed is the key factor. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:44-57. [PMID: 33272108 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1820073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of breath-hold diving strategies regarding loss of consciousness (LOC). Three international competitions were examined through video in constant weight diving with (CWT) or without (CNF) fins. We analysed three breath-hold parameters (time, speed, and movements count) for the following phases: active descent, passive descent, turning, and ascent. Divers who had LOC during CNF were slower in the active descent phase, faster in the passive descent phase with a longer turn, and slower in the ascent phase than divers who did not have LOC. They also had lower amplitude and higher frequency. Men were deeper (72.9 m vs. 56.3 m) for a longer dive time (181.1 s vs. 154.6 s), faster, with a greater amplitude than women. In CWT, divers with an LOC had longer dive times (197 s vs. 167 s) with a faster active descent phase. Men had lower amplitude and greater frequency than women. This is the first study showing that breath-hold divers undergoing an LOC event shown differences in efficiency during CWT and CNF regarding velocities, amplitudes, and frequencies. In conclusion, our results suggest that the speed parameter during active descent phase influence the LOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Poiret
- Centre for the Study of Transformations of Physical and Sports Activities, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
- Translational and Applicative Neuroimaging Research Unit, French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, University of Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Mixed Research Unit 1141, Neurodiderot University, Paris, France
| | - Marion Noulhiane
- Translational and Applicative Neuroimaging Research Unit, French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, University of Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Mixed Research Unit 1141, Neurodiderot University, Paris, France
| | - Eric Clua
- Centre for Insular Research and Observatory of the Environment, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Frédéric Lemaître
- Centre for the Study of Transformations of Physical and Sports Activities, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
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5
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Bube B, Zanón BB, Lara Palma AM, Klocke H. Wearable Devices in Diving: Scoping Review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2022; 10:e35727. [PMID: 36066926 PMCID: PMC9490542 DOI: 10.2196/35727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wearables and their benefits for the safety and well-being of users have been widely studied and have had an enormous impact on the general development of these kinds of devices. Yet, the extent of research into the use and impact of wearable devices in the underwater environment is comparatively low. In the past 15 years, there has been an increased interest in research into wearables that are used underwater, as the use of such wearables has steadily grown over time. However, there has so far been no clear indication in the literature about the direction in which efforts for the design and construction of underwater wearable devices are developing. Therefore, the analysis presented in this scoping review establishes a good and powerful basis for the further development and orientation of current underwater wearables within the field. Objective In this scoping review, we targeted wearable devices for underwater use to make a comprehensive map of their capabilities and features and discuss the general direction of the development of underwater wearables and the orientation of research into novel prototypes of these kinds of devices. Methods In September 2021, we conducted an extensive search for existing literature on 4 databases and for grey literature to identify developed prototypes and early-stage products that were described and tested in water, could be worn and interacted with (eg, displays, buttons, etc), and were fully functional without external equipment. The studies were written in English, came from peer-reviewed academic sources, and were published between 2005 and 2021. We reviewed each title and abstract. The data extraction process was carried out by one author and verified by another author. Results In total, 36 relevant studies were included. Among these, 4 different categories were identified; 18 studies dealt primarily with safety devices, 9 dealt with underwater communication devices, 7 dealt with head-up displays, and 2 dealt with underwater human-computer interaction approaches. Although the safety devices seemed to have gained the most interest at the time of this study, a clear trend toward underwater communication wearables was identified. Conclusions This review sought to provide a first insight into the possibilities and challenges of the technologies that have been used in and for wearable devices that are meant for use in the underwater environment. Among these, underwater communication technologies have had the most significant influence on future developments. Moreover, a topic that has not received enough attention but should be further addressed is human-computer interaction. By developing underwater wearables that cover 2 or more of the technology categories that we identified, the extent of the benefits of such devices can be significantly increased in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bube
- Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering Science, University of Applied Sciences Cologne, Gummersbach, Germany
- Departamento de Ingeniera Informática, Escuela Politecnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Bruno Baruque Zanón
- Departamento de Ingeniera Informática, Escuela Politecnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Ana María Lara Palma
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Organización Industrial, Escuela Politecnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Heinrich Klocke
- Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering Science, University of Applied Sciences Cologne, Gummersbach, Germany
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6
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Bailey DM, Bain AR, Hoiland RL, Barak OF, Drvis I, Hirtz C, Lehmann S, Marchi N, Janigro D, MacLeod DB, Ainslie PN, Dujic Z. Hypoxemia increases blood-brain barrier permeability during extreme apnea in humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:1120-1135. [PMID: 35061562 PMCID: PMC9121528 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221075967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Voluntary asphyxia imposed by static apnea challenges blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in humans through transient extremes of hypertension, hypoxemia and hypercapnia. In the present study, ten ultra-elite breath-hold divers performed two maximal dry apneas preceded by normoxic normoventilation (NX: severe hypoxemia and hypercapnia) and hyperoxic hyperventilation (HX: absence of hypoxemia with exacerbating hypercapnia) with measurements obtained before and immediately after apnea. Transcerebral exchange of NVU proteins (ELISA, Single Molecule Array) were calculated as the product of global cerebral blood flow (gCBF, duplex ultrasound) and radial arterial to internal jugular venous concentration gradients. Apnea duration increased from 5 m 6 s in NX to 15 m 59 s in HX (P = <0.001) resulting in marked elevations in gCBF and venous S100B, glial fibrillary acidic protein, ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1 and total tau (all P < 0.05 vs. baseline). This culminated in net cerebral output reflecting mildly increased BBB permeability and increased neuronal-gliovascular reactivity that was more pronounced in NX due to more severe systemic and intracranial hypertension (P < 0.05 vs. HX). These findings identify the hemodynamic stress to which the apneic brain is exposed, highlighting the critical contribution of hypoxemia and not just hypercapnia to BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian M Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, 6654University of South Wales, University of South Wales, Glamorgan, UK
| | - Anthony R Bain
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan L Hoiland
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Otto F Barak
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivan Drvis
- School of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Christophe Hirtz
- LBPC-PPC, University of Montpellier, Institute of Regenerative Medicine-Biotherapy IRMB, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- LBPC-PPC, University of Montpellier, Institute of Regenerative Medicine-Biotherapy IRMB, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Damir Janigro
- Department of Physiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,FloTBI, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David B MacLeod
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, 6654University of South Wales, University of South Wales, Glamorgan, UK.,Center for Heart Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zeljko Dujic
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
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Omori NE, Woo GH, Mansor LS. Exogenous Ketones and Lactate as a Potential Therapeutic Intervention for Brain Injury and Neurodegenerative Conditions. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:846183. [PMID: 36267349 PMCID: PMC9577611 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.846183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction is a ubiquitous underlying feature of many neurological conditions including acute traumatic brain injuries and chronic neurodegenerative conditions. A central problem in neurological patients, in particular those with traumatic brain injuries, is an impairment in the utilization of glucose, which is the predominant metabolic substrate in a normally functioning brain. In such patients, alternative substrates including ketone bodies and lactate become important metabolic candidates for maintaining brain function. While the potential neuroprotective benefits of ketosis have been recognized for up to almost a century, the majority of work has focused on the use of ketogenic diets to induce such a state, which is inappropriate in cases of acute disease due to the prolonged periods of time (i.e., weeks to months) required for the effects of a ketogenic diet to be seen. The following review seeks to explore the neuroprotective effects of exogenous ketone and lactate preparations, which have more recently become commercially available and are able to induce a deep ketogenic response in a fraction of the time. The rapid response of exogenous preparations makes their use as a therapeutic adjunct more feasible from a clinical perspective in both acute and chronic neurological conditions. Potentially, their ability to globally moderate long-term, occult brain dysfunction may also be relevant in reducing lifetime risks of certain neurodegenerative conditions. In particular, this review explores the association between traumatic brain injury and contusion-related dementia, assessing metabolic parallels and highlighting the potential role of exogenous ketone and lactate therapies.
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8
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Rosén A, Gennser M, Oscarsson N, Kvarnström A, Sandström G, Seeman-Lodding H, Simrén J, Zetterberg H. Protein tau concentration in blood increases after SCUBA diving: an observational study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:993-1005. [PMID: 35142945 PMCID: PMC8926952 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04892-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose It is speculated that diving might be harmful to the nervous system. The aim of this study was to determine if established markers of neuronal injury were increased in the blood after diving. Methods Thirty-two divers performed two identical dives, 48 h apart, in a water-filled hyperbaric chamber pressurized to an equivalent of 42 m of sea water for 10 min. After one of the two dives, normobaric oxygen was breathed for 30 min, with air breathed after the other. Blood samples were obtained before and at 30–45 and 120 min after diving. Concentrations of glial fibrillary acidic, neurofilament light, and tau proteins were measured using single molecule array technology. Doppler ultrasound was used to detect venous gas emboli. Results Tau was significantly increased at 30–45 min after the second dive (p < 0.0098) and at 120 min after both dives (p < 0.0008/p < 0.0041). Comparison of matching samples showed that oxygen breathing after diving did not influence tau results. There was no correlation between tau concentrations and the presence of venous gas emboli. Glial fibrillary acidic protein was decreased 30–45 min after the first dive but at no other point. Neurofilament light concentrations did not change. Conclusions Tau seems to be a promising marker of dive-related neuronal stress, which is independent of the presence of venous gas emboli. Future studies could validate these results and determine if there is a quantitative relationship between dive exposure and change in tau blood concentration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00421-022-04892-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Rosén
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Gennser
- Swedish Aerospace Physiology Centre, Division of Environmental Physiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicklas Oscarsson
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Kvarnström
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Sandström
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swedish Armed Forces, Center for Defence Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helen Seeman-Lodding
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joel Simrén
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
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Andreou D, Jørgensen KN, Nerland S, Smelror RE, Wedervang-Resell K, Johannessen CH, Myhre AM, Andreassen OA, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Agartz I. Lower plasma total tau in adolescent psychosis: Involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 144:255-261. [PMID: 34700214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is thought to be a neurodevelopmental disorder with neuronal migration, differentiation and maturation disturbances. Tau is a microtubule-associated protein with a crucial role in these processes. Lower circulating tau levels have been reported in adults with schizophrenia, but this association has not been investigated in adolescent psychosis. We aimed to test the hypotheses that a) adolescents with early-onset psychosis (EOP; age of onset <18 years) display lower plasma tau concentrations compared to healthy controls, and b) among patients with psychosis, tau levels are linked to structural brain measures associated with the microtubule-associated tau (MAPT) gene and psychosis. We included 37 adolescent patients with EOP (mean age 16.4 years) and 59 adolescent healthy controls (mean age 16.2 years). We investigated putative patient-control differences in plasma total tau concentrations measured by a Single molecule array (Simoa) immunoassay. We explored the correlations between tau and selected structural brain measures based on T1-weighted MRI scans processed in FreeSurfer v6.0. We found significantly lower plasma tau concentrations in patients compared to healthy controls (p = 0.017, partial eta-squared = 0.061). Tau was not associated with antipsychotic use or the antipsychotic dosage. Among patients but not healthy controls, tau levels were positively correlated with the cortical orbitofrontal surface area (p = 0.013, R-squared = 0.24). The results are suggestive of a tau-related neurodevelopmental disturbance in adolescent psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Andreou
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kjetil Nordbø Jørgensen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stener Nerland
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Runar Elle Smelror
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Wedervang-Resell
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Unit, Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cecilie Haggag Johannessen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Margrethe Myhre
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Elia A, Woods DR, Barlow MJ, Lees MJ, O'Hara JP. Cerebral, cardiac and skeletal muscle stress associated with a series of static and dynamic apnoeas. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:233-241. [PMID: 34597427 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study sought to explore, for the first time, the effects of repeated maximal static and dynamic apnoeic attempts on the physiological milieu by assessing cerebral, cardiac and striatal muscle stress-related biomarkers in a group of elite breath-hold divers (EBHD). METHODS Sixteen healthy males were recruited (EBHD = 8; controls = 8). On two separate occasions, EBHD performed two sets of five repeated maximal static apnoeas (STA) or five repeated maximal dynamic apnoeas (DYN). Controls performed a static eupnoeic protocol to negate any effects of water immersion and diurnal variation on haematology (CTL). Venous blood samples were drawn at 30, 90, and 180 min after each protocol to determine S100β, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), myoglobin, and high sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hscTNT) concentrations. RESULTS S100β and myoglobin concentrations were elevated following both apnoeic interventions (p < 0.001; p ≤ 0.028, respectively) but not after CTL (p ≥ 0.348). S100β increased from baseline (0.024 ± 0.005 µg/L) at 30 (STA, +149%, p < 0.001; DYN, +166%, p < 0.001) and 90 min (STA, +129%, p < 0.001; DYN, +132%, p = 0.008) following the last apnoeic repetition. Myoglobin was higher than baseline (22.3 ± 2.7 ng/ml) at 30 (+42%, p = 0.04), 90 (+64%, p < 0.001) and 180 min (+49%, p = 0.013) post-STA and at 90 min (+63%, p = 0.016) post-DYN. Post-apnoeic S100β and myoglobin concentrations were higher than CTL (STA, p < 0.001; DYN, p ≤ 0.004). NSE and hscTNT did not change from basal concentrations after the apnoeic (p ≥ 0.146) nor following the eupnoeic (p ≥ 0.553) intervention. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that a series of repeated maximal static and dynamic apnoeas transiently disrupt the blood-brain barrier and instigate muscle injury but do not induce neuronal-parenchymal damage or myocardial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Elia
- Division of Environmental Physiology, School of Chemistry, Bioengineering and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - David R Woods
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Matthew J Lees
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John P O'Hara
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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Physiology, pathophysiology and (mal)adaptations to chronic apnoeic training: a state-of-the-art review. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1543-1566. [PMID: 33791844 PMCID: PMC8144079 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04664-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breath-hold diving is an activity that humans have engaged in since antiquity to forage for resources, provide sustenance and to support military campaigns. In modern times, breath-hold diving continues to gain popularity and recognition as both a competitive and recreational sport. The continued progression of world records is somewhat remarkable, particularly given the extreme hypoxaemic and hypercapnic conditions, and hydrostatic pressures these athletes endure. However, there is abundant literature to suggest a large inter-individual variation in the apnoeic capabilities that is thus far not fully understood. In this review, we explore developments in apnoea physiology and delineate the traits and mechanisms that potentially underpin this variation. In addition, we sought to highlight the physiological (mal)adaptations associated with consistent breath-hold training. Breath-hold divers (BHDs) are evidenced to exhibit a more pronounced diving-response than non-divers, while elite BHDs (EBHDs) also display beneficial adaptations in both blood and skeletal muscle. Importantly, these physiological characteristics are documented to be primarily influenced by training-induced stimuli. BHDs are exposed to unique physiological and environmental stressors, and as such possess an ability to withstand acute cerebrovascular and neuronal strains. Whether these characteristics are also a result of training-induced adaptations or genetic predisposition is less certain. Although the long-term effects of regular breath-hold diving activity are yet to be holistically established, preliminary evidence has posed considerations for cognitive, neurological, renal and bone health in BHDs. These areas should be explored further in longitudinal studies to more confidently ascertain the long-term health implications of extreme breath-holding activity.
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12
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Biomarkers of neuronal damage in saturation diving-a controlled observational study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2773-2784. [PMID: 32975632 PMCID: PMC7674315 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose A prospective and controlled observational study was performed to determine if the central nervous system injury markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAp), neurofilament light (NfL) and tau concentrations changed in response to a saturation dive. Methods The intervention group consisted of 14 submariners compressed to 401 kPa in a dry hyperbaric chamber. They remained pressurized for 36 h and were then decompressed over 70 h. A control group of 12 individuals was used. Blood samples were obtained from both groups before, during and after hyperbaric exposure, and from the intervention group after a further 25–26 h. Results There were no statistically significant changes in the concentrations of GFAp, NfL and tau in the intervention group. During hyperbaric exposure, GFAp decreased in the control group (mean/median − 15.1/ − 8.9 pg·mL−1, p < 0.01) and there was a significant difference in absolute change of GFAp and NfL between the groups (17.7 pg·mL−1, p = 0.02 and 2.34 pg·mL−1, p = 0.02, respectively). Albumin decreased in the control group (mean/median − 2.74 g/L/ − 0.95 g/L, p = 0.02), but there was no statistically significant difference in albumin levels between the groups. In the intervention group, haematocrit and mean haemoglobin values were slightly increased after hyperbaric exposure (mean/median 2.3%/1.5%, p = 0.02 and 4.9 g/L, p = 0.06, respectively). Conclusion Hyperbaric exposure to 401 kPa for 36 h was not associated with significant increases in GFAp, NfL or tau concentrations. Albumin levels, changes in hydration or diurnal variation were unlikely to have confounded the results. Saturation exposure to 401 kPa seems to be a procedure not harmful to the central nervous system. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03192930.
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13
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Bailey DM. Oxygen and brain death; back from the brink. Exp Physiol 2020; 104:1769-1779. [PMID: 31605408 DOI: 10.1113/ep088005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS • What is the topic of this review? To explore the unique evolutionary origins of the human brain and critically appraise its energy budget, including limits of oxygen and glucose deprivation during anoxia and ischaemia. • What advances does it highlight? The brain appears to be more resilient to substrate depletion than traditionally thought, highlighting greater resilience and an underappreciated capacity for functional recovery. ABSTRACT The human brain has evolved into an unusually large, complex and metabolically expensive organ that relies entirely on a continuous supply of O2 and glucose. It has traditionally been assumed that its exorbitant energy budget, combined with little to no energy reserves, renders it especially vulnerable to anoxia and ischaemia, with substrate depletion and progression towards cell death largely irreversible and rapid. However, new and exciting evidence suggests that neurons can survive for longer than previously thought, highlighting an unexpected resilience and underappreciated capacity for functional recovery that has changed the way we think about brain cell death. Nature has the potential to unlock some of the mysteries underlying ischaemic survival, with select vertebrates having solved the problem of anoxia-hypoxia tolerance over millions of years of evolution. Better understanding of their survival strategies, including remarkable adaptations in brain physiology and redox homeostasis, might help to identify new therapeutic targets for human diseases characterized by O2 deprivation, ischaemia-reperfusion injury and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian M Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Glamorgan, UK
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14
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Rosén A, Oscarsson N, Kvarnström A, Gennser M, Sandström G, Blennow K, Seeman-Lodding H, Zetterberg H. Serum tau concentration after diving - an observational pilot study. Diving Hyperb Med 2019; 49:88-95. [PMID: 31177514 DOI: 10.28920/dhm49.2.88-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increased concentrations of tau protein are associated with medical conditions involving the central nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury and hypoxia. Diving, by way of an elevated ambient pressure, can affect the nervous system, however it is not known whether it causes a rise in tau protein levels in serum. A prospective observational pilot study was performed to investigate changes in tau protein concentrations in serum after diving and also determine their relationship, if any, to the amount of inert gas bubbling in the venous blood. METHODS Subjects were 10 navy divers performing one or two dives per day, increasing in depth, over four days. Maximum dive depths ranged from 52-90 metres' sea water (msw). Air or trimix (nitrogen/oxygen/helium) was used as the breathing gas and the oxygen partial pressure did not exceed 160 kPa. Blood samples taken before the first and after the last dives were analyzed. Divers were monitored for the presence of venous gas emboli (VGE) at 10 to15 minute intervals for up to 120 minutes using precordial Doppler ultrasound. RESULTS Median tau protein before diving was 0.200 pg·mL⁻¹ (range 0.100 to 1.10 pg·mL⁻¹) and after diving was 0.450 pg·mL⁻¹ (range 0.100 to 1.20 pg·mL⁻¹; P = 0.016). Glial fibrillary acidic protein and neurofilament light protein concentrations analyzed in the same assay did not change after diving. No correlation was found between serum tau protein concentration and the amount of VGE. CONCLUSION Repeated diving to between 52-90 msw is associated with a statistically significant increase in serum tau protein concentration, which could indicate neuronal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Rosén
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Corresponding author: Anders Rosén, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborgsvägen 31, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden,
| | | | - Andreas Kvarnström
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Gennser
- Department of Environmental Physiology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Sandström
- Swedish Armed Forces, Center for Defence Medicine, Gothenburg
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Swedish Armed Forces, Center for Defence Medicine, Gothenburg.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg
| | - Helen Seeman-Lodding
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London
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15
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Wang HW, Jiang X, Zhang Y, Wang J, Xie J, Wang YQ, Li YH. FGF21 Protects Against Hypoxia Injury Through Inducing HSP72 in Cerebral Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:101. [PMID: 30842736 PMCID: PMC6391338 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a member of a family of atypical FGFs, functions as cytokine to control endocrinology and metabolism. Recently, the roles of FGF21 in cardio-cerebral-vascular diseases have been gradually uncovered. In the present study, we investigated the effect of FGF21 on bEnd.3 cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) upon hypoxia stress. Methods and Results: CMECs were cultured in the condition of 1% O2 for 8 h to induce hypoxia stimuli. For FGF21 treatment, recombinant FGF21 (50 nM) was added into the culture medium. Various biomedical assays were used to evaluate the hypoxia-induced injury in CMECs. Under normoxia condition, FGF21 had no obvious effect on cell viability and did not cause any cytotoxicity on CMECs. Under hypoxia condition, FGF21 significantly attenuated the hypoxia-induced injury, evidenced by the influences of FGF21 on CMEC viability and LDH release. TUNEL staining assay and immunoblotting of caspase-3 showed that FGF21 reduced hypoxia-induced apoptosis in CMECs. Mechanistically, FGF21 treatment compromised the hypoxia-induced changes of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, total antioxidant activity, and total superoxide dismutase levels. FGF21 administration decreased hypoxia-induced matrix metalloprotein 3 and matrix metalloprotein 2/9 activity in CMECs. Activities of cyclooxygenase-2 and NF-κB-p65, two pro-inflammatory factors, were also upregulated by hypoxia but suppressed by FGF21. At last, we found that FGF21 increased heat shock protein family A member 1A (HSP72) mRNA and protein expression. Blockade of HSP72 by a pharmacological inhibitor VER155008 or specific siRNA-mediated knockdown abrogated the protection of FGF21 against hypoxia in CMECs. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that FGF21 protects against hypoxia stress-induced injury in CMECs by inducing HSP72 expression, suggesting a therapeutic value of FGF21 in hypoxia-related brain diseases such as ischemic stroke and acute mountain sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Hua Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Zhang X, Fu Z, Meng L, He M, Zhang Z. The Early Events That Initiate β-Amyloid Aggregation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:359. [PMID: 30542277 PMCID: PMC6277872 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the development of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) consisting of aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau, respectively. The amyloid hypothesis has been the predominant framework for research in AD for over two decades. According to this hypothesis, the accumulation of Aβ in the brain is the primary factor initiating the pathogenesis of AD. However, it remains elusive what factors initiate Aβ aggregation. Studies demonstrate that AD has multiple causes, including genetic and environmental factors. Furthermore, genetic factors, many age-related events and pathological conditions such as diabetes, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and aberrant microbiota also affect the aggregation of Aβ. Here we provide an overview of the age-related early events and other pathological processes that precede Aβ aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihui Fu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingyang He
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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17
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Bain AR, Ainslie PN, Hoiland RL, Barak OF, Drvis I, Stembridge M, MacLeod DM, McEneny J, Stacey BS, Tuaillon E, Marchi N, Fayd'Herbe De Maudave A, Dujic Z, MacLeod DB, Bailey DM. Competitive apnea and its effect on the human brain: focus on the redox regulation of blood-brain barrier permeability and neuronal-parenchymal integrity. FASEB J 2018; 32:2305-2314. [PMID: 29191963 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701031r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Static apnea provides a unique model that combines transient hypertension, hypercapnia, and severe hypoxemia. With apnea durations exceeding 5 min, the purpose of the present study was to determine how that affects cerebral free-radical formation and the corresponding implications for brain structure and function. Measurements were obtained before and following a maximal apnea in 14 divers with transcerebral exchange kinetics, measured as the product of global cerebral blood flow (duplex ultrasound) and radial arterial to internal jugular venous concentration differences ( a-vD). Apnea increased the systemic (arterial) and, to a greater extent, the regional (jugular venous) concentration of the ascorbate free radical, resulting in a shift from net cerebral uptake to output ( P < 0.05). Peroxidation (lipid hydroperoxides, LDL oxidation), NO bioactivity, and S100β were correspondingly enhanced ( P < 0.05), the latter interpreted as minor and not a pathologic disruption of the blood-brain barrier. However, those changes were insufficient to cause neuronal-parenchymal damage confirmed by the lack of change in the a-vD of neuron-specific enolase and human myelin basic protein ( P > 0.05). Collectively, these observations suggest that increased cerebral oxidative stress following prolonged apnea in trained divers may reflect a functional physiologic response, rather than a purely maladaptive phenomenon.-Bain, A. R., Ainslie, P. N., Hoiland, R. L., Barak, O. F., Drvis, I., Stembridge, M., MacLeod, D. M., McEneny, J., Stacey, B. S., Tuaillon, E., Marchi, N., De Maudave, A. F., Dujic, Z., MacLeod, D. B., Bailey, D. M. Competitive apnea and its effect on the human brain: focus on the redox regulation of blood-brain barrier permeability and neuronal-parenchymal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Bain
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
- Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ryan L Hoiland
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Otto F Barak
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivan Drvis
- School of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Cardiff Centre for Exercise & Health, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jane McEneny
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin S Stacey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
| | - Eduoard Tuaillon
- Unit Mixte de Recherche (UMR), INSERM l'Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS), Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicola Marchi
- UMR, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Mechanisms of Brain Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INSERM, Institute of Functional Genomics, Montpellier, France; and
| | - Alexis Fayd'Herbe De Maudave
- UMR, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Mechanisms of Brain Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INSERM, Institute of Functional Genomics, Montpellier, France; and
| | - Zeljko Dujic
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - David B MacLeod
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Damian M Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
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18
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Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer's Disease: The Cerebrovascular Link. EBioMedicine 2018; 28:21-30. [PMID: 29396300 PMCID: PMC5835563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are devastating neurological disorders, whose complex relationship is not completely understood. Cerebrovascular pathology, a key element in both conditions, could represent a mechanistic link between Aβ/tau deposition after TBI and the development of post concussive syndrome, dementia and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). In addition to debilitating acute effects, TBI-induced neurovascular injuries accelerate amyloid β (Aβ) production and perivascular accumulation, arterial stiffness, tau hyperphosphorylation and tau/Aβ-induced blood brain barrier damage, giving rise to a deleterious feed-forward loop. We postulate that TBI can initiate cerebrovascular pathology, which is causally involved in the development of multiple forms of neurodegeneration including AD-like dementias. In this review, we will explore how novel biomarkers, animal and human studies with a focus on cerebrovascular dysfunction are contributing to the understanding of the consequences of TBI on the development of AD-like pathology. Cerebrovascular dysfunction (CVD) is emerging as a key element in the development of neurodegeneration after TBI. We propose that TBI initiates CVD, accelerating Aβ/tau deposition and leading to neurodegeneration and dementias. Clarifying this connection will support the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutic approaches for both TBI and AD.
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19
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Billaut F, Gueit P, Faure S, Costalat G, Lemaître F. Do elite breath-hold divers suffer from mild short-term memory impairments? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:247-251. [PMID: 29053942 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Repeated apneas are associated with severe hypoxemia that may ultimately lead to loss of consciousness in some breath-hold divers. Despite increasing number of practitioners, the relationship between apnea-induced hypoxia and neurocognitive functions is still poorly understood in the sport of free diving. To shed light onto this phenomenon, we examined the impact of long-term breath-hold diving training on attentional processing, short-term memory, and long-term mnesic and executive functions. Thirty-six men matched for age, height, and weight were separated into the following 3 groups: (i) 12 elite breath-hold divers (EBHD), mean static apnea best time 371 s, 105 months mean apnea experience; (ii) 12 novice breath-hold divers, mean best time 243 s, 8.75 months mean apnea experience; and (iii) 12 physical education students with no breath-hold diving experience; all of these participants performed varied written and computerized neuropsychological tasks. Compared with the 2 other groups, the EBHD group was slower to complete the interference card during a Stroop test (F[1,33] = 4.70, p < 0.05), and presented more errors on the interference card (F[1,33] = 2.96, p < 0.05) and a lower total interference score (F[1,33] = 5.64, p < 0.05). The time to complete the interference card test was positively correlated with maximal static apnea duration (r = 0.73, p < 0.05) and the number of years of breath-hold diving training (r = 0.79, p < 0.001). These findings suggest that breath-hold diving training over several years may cause mild, but persistent, short-term memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Billaut
- a Département de kinésiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, 2300, rue de la Terrasse, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Patrice Gueit
- b Centre d'Etudes des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives, EA n°3832, Faculté des Sciences du Sport et de l'Education Physique de Rouen, Université de Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan 76130, France
| | - Sylvane Faure
- c Laboratoire d'Anthropologie et de Psychologie Cognitives et Sociales, EA 7278, Université Nice - Sophia-Antipolis, Nice 06357, France
| | - Guillaume Costalat
- d Laboratoire Adaptations Physiologiques à l'Exercice et Réadaptation à l'effort (APERE), EA n°3300, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens 80025, France
| | - Frédéric Lemaître
- b Centre d'Etudes des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives, EA n°3832, Faculté des Sciences du Sport et de l'Education Physique de Rouen, Université de Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan 76130, France
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20
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Bailey DM, Willie CK, Hoiland RL, Bain AR, MacLeod DB, Santoro MA, DeMasi DK, Andrijanic A, Mijacika T, Barak OF, Dujic Z, Ainslie PN. Surviving Without Oxygen: How Low Can the Human Brain Go? High Alt Med Biol 2017; 18:73-79. [DOI: 10.1089/ham.2016.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Damian M. Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher K. Willie
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ryan L. Hoiland
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anthony R. Bain
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David B. MacLeod
- Human Pharmacology and Physiology Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Maria A. Santoro
- Human Pharmacology and Physiology Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniel K. DeMasi
- Human Pharmacology and Physiology Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Andrea Andrijanic
- School of Management, Libertas International University, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Otto F. Barak
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Zeljko Dujic
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Philip N. Ainslie
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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Dinh TL, Ngan KC, Shoemaker CB, Walt DR. Using Antigen–antibody Binding Kinetic Parameters to Understand Single-Molecule Array Immunoassay Performance. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11335-11339. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trinh L. Dinh
- Department
of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Kevin C. Ngan
- Department
of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Charles B. Shoemaker
- Department
of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, United States
| | - David R. Walt
- Department
of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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