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Matheson SL, Laurie M, Laurens KR. Substance use and psychotic-like experiences in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2023; 53:305-319. [PMID: 36377500 PMCID: PMC9899577 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722003440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to systematically review and synthesise the available evidence on the prevalence and associations between psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and substance use in children and adolescents aged ⩽17 years, prior to the typical age of development of prodromal symptoms of psychosis. As substance use has been associated with earlier age of psychosis onset and more severe illness, identifying risk processes in the premorbid phase of the illness may offer opportunities to prevent the development of prodromal symptoms and psychotic illness. MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases were searched for chart review, case-control, cohort, twin, and cross-sectional studies. Study reporting was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist, and pooled evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Searches identified 55 studies that met inclusion criteria. Around two-in-five substance users reported PLEs [rate = 0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32-0.51; low quality evidence], and one-in-five with PLEs reported using substances (rate = 0.19, 95% CI 0.12-0.28; moderate-to-high quality evidence). Substance users were nearly twice as likely to report PLEs than non-users [odds ratio (OR) 1.77, 95% CI 1.55-2.02; moderate quality evidence], and those with PLEs were twice as likely to use substances than those not reporting PLEs (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.55-2.41; very low quality evidence). Younger age was associated with greater odds of PLEs in substance users compared to non-users. Young substance users may represent a subclinical at-risk group for psychosis. Developing early detection and intervention for both substance use and PLEs may reduce long-term adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L. Matheson
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, Australia
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), Sydney, Australia
| | - Mallory Laurie
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kristin R. Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
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Malvaso CG, Cale J, Whitten T, Day A, Singh S, Hackett L, Delfabbro PH, Ross S. Associations Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Trauma Among Young People Who Offend: A Systematic Literature Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2022; 23:1677-1694. [PMID: 33960233 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211013132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review synthesized current knowledge about the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among young people known to have offended and examined evidence of associations between ACEs, trauma symptoms, and offending behavior. A systematic search of English-language, peer-reviewed studies published from the year 2000 onwards was conducted. A final pool of 124 studies that reported quantitative data were included in the review. The Cambridge Quality Checklist for the assessment of studies on offending was used to assess methodological quality of included studies. Pooled data indicated that almost 87% of justice-involved young people across 13 countries experienced at least one traumatic event. The odds of experiencing at least one ACE were over 12 times greater for justice-involved young people compared with nonjustice-involved young people. Prevalence of individual ACEs ranged from 12.2% for childhood sexual abuse to 80.4% for parental separation among justice-involved young people. Those who reported both a higher number and multiple types of ACEs were more likely to be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress symptoms. However, when considering only high-quality studies, there was minimal evidence to suggest that a higher incidence of ACEs predicted trauma symptoms or that trauma symptoms mediated the association between ACEs and offending behavior. Further research is needed to elucidate factors that differentiate young people exposed to ACEs who go on to offend from those who do not. This research is essential to understanding whether ACEs and trauma are drivers of offending behavior and for informing prevention and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia G Malvaso
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jesse Cale
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Day
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara Singh
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louisa Hackett
- Department of Human Services, Youth Justice Directorate, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Stuart Ross
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Morales G, Fiero M, Albert J, Di Gennaro J, Gerbino A. Cerebral Arterial Gas Embolism due to Helium Inhalation from a High-Pressure Gas Cylinder. Case Rep Emerg Med 2022; 2022:1847605. [PMID: 35311225 PMCID: PMC8924607 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1847605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral arterial gas embolism (CAGE) is a rare but serious cause for acute neurologic deficit that occurs most often in divers who breathe compressed gas at depth or iatrogenically from a variety of invasive medical procedures. We present a rare case of CAGE caused by inhaling helium from an unregulated, high-pressure gas cylinder. Following inhalation, the patient experienced loss of consciousness, neurologic deficits, pneumomediastinum, and pneumothorax requiring transfer and treatment at a hyperbaric facility with resulting resolution of neurologic symptoms. This case highlights the importance of rapid diagnosis and hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBO), facilitated by close coordination among community emergency departments, pediatric tertiary care centers, hyperbaric facilities, and poison control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Morales
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marie Fiero
- Divsion of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jesselle Albert
- Divsion of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jane Di Gennaro
- Divsion of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anthony Gerbino
- Sections of Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Hyperbaric Medicine, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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van den Hondel KE, Punt P, Dorn T, Ceelen M, Aarts F, van der Zande D, van Kuijk S, Duijst W, Stumpel R, van Mesdag T, Vervoort W, IJzermans A, de Vries P, Verweij J, van Remmen J, Van Hooren R, Kruyver B, Buster M, Reijnders UJL. Suicide by helium inhalation in the Netherlands between 2012 and 2019. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 318:110566. [PMID: 33168418 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2012 and 2013 a movie and a book about a 'dignified end of life' were published in the Netherlands. These items described suicide using an 'exit bag' to establish asphyxiation using helium (the helium method). 'Right-to-die-organisations' inform the elderly about this method. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the use of suicidal asphyxiation by means of the helium method substituted other, related, methods following its publication in the Netherlands. MATERIAL AND METHODS We analysed suicides in the Netherlands over the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2019. We compared the number of deaths caused by the helium method with other, related, cases. Secondly, we related these deaths to the total number of inhabitants and suicides recorded by Statistics Netherlands. RESULTS The study showed a stable trend in the use of the helium method in the period 2012-2019 and this was the same for the other, related methods. Individuals using the helium method were significantly younger than those using other, related, methods. At the scene of death, information about suicide and suicide notes were found more often at 'helium method' cases than with the 'other, related, methods' cases. Family was significantly more often present during a helium method suicide than during suicide by other, related, methods. DISCUSSION The number of suicides by the helium method and other, related, cases is stable in the Netherlands over the past years. Therefore, we conclude that there is no substitution effect within this category of suicides. Whilst 'right-to-die-organisations' strive to inform the old and sick of the helium method, it is noteworthy that the individuals using the helium method are significantly younger than the individuals who choose other, related, methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priscilla Punt
- Forensic Physicians Rotterdam Rijnmond, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tina Dorn
- Public Health Service, Department of Epidemiology, Health Promotion & Health Care Innovation/Department of Forensic Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manon Ceelen
- Public Health Service, Department of Epidemiology, Health Promotion & Health Care Innovation/Department of Forensic Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Francée Aarts
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dianne van der Zande
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Sieb van Kuijk
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - Wilma Duijst
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - René Stumpel
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Bussum, the Netherlands
| | - Taco van Mesdag
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Will Vervoort
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Anke IJzermans
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Den Bosch, the Netherlands
| | - Philip de Vries
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Verweij
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacquo van Remmen
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Gelderland Midden, the Netherlands
| | - Roland Van Hooren
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Kruyver
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hollands Noorden, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Buster
- Public Health Service, Department of Epidemiology, Health Promotion & Health Care Innovation/Department of Forensic Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Udo J L Reijnders
- Public Health Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Forrester MB. Helium inhalation injuries managed at emergency departments. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2020; 59:138-141. [PMID: 32527163 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1776871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Helium is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless inert gas. Inhaling helium can temporarily result in a high-pitched, squeaky voice. Individuals also may inhale helium to become intoxicated or commit suicide. The objective of this study was to characterize helium inhalations managed at emergency departments (EDs). METHODS Data were obtained from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), a database of consumer product-related injuries collected from the EDs of approximately 100 United States hospitals. Helium inhalation-related injuries reported during 2000-2019 were identified by reviewing the record narratives for the term "helium." The distribution of the national estimate was determined for selected variables. RESULTS A total of 89 helium inhalation-related injuries were identified, resulting in a national estimate of 2,186 injuries. The estimated number of injuries was 99 during 2000-2004, 305 during 2005-2009, 864 during 2010-2014, and 918 during 2015-2019. The age distribution was 75 (3.4%) 0-5 years, 1,427 (65.3%) 6-12 years, 586 (26.8%) 13-19 years, and 98 (4.5%) 20 years or older; 1446 (66.1%) of the patients were male. The most commonly reported symptoms or injuries were 1500 (68.6%) syncope, 615 (28.1%) non-concussion head injury, 299 (13.7%) dizziness/lightheaded, 267 (12.2%) contusion/abrasion, and 236 (10.8%) concussion. The patient was treated or evaluated and released in 2149 (98.3%) estimated injuries. CONCLUSION The majority of patients with helium inhalation-related injuries treated at United States EDs were age 6-12 years and male. Most of the patients experienced either syncope or dizziness/lightheadedness and were released from the ED.
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Helium poisoning: new procedure for sampling and analysis. Int J Legal Med 2019; 133:1809-1818. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Snyder SM, Howard MO. Patterns of Inhalant Use among Incarcerated Youth. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135303. [PMID: 26333159 PMCID: PMC4557982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalant use is especially prevalent among antisocial youth and can have serious health consequences. However, the extant literature has not investigated how use of various inhalants may co-occur among incarcerated youth. This study begins to address this gap in the literature by using latent class analyses to form distinct typologies of inhalant use. Study participants were residents (N = 723) of 27 Missouri Division of Youth Services facilities. Interviews assessed psychiatric symptoms, antisocial traits, delinquency, trauma, suicidality, and substance use behaviors. The mean age of the mostly male, ethnically diverse sample was 15.5 (S.D. = 1.2) years old. The study revealed the following classes of inhalant use: (1) severe polyinhalant use; (2) moderate polyinhalant use; (3) gas and permanent marker use; and (4) low-use. Compared to the low-use class, members of the severe polyinhalant use class had experienced more than double the rate of head injuries, the highest rates of traumatic experiences, and the highest rates of mental illness diagnoses. The gas and markers class had the highest rate of reporting hearing voices, followed by the severe polyinhalant use class, and the moderate polyinhalant use class. Results of this study underscore the need to address the high rate of head injuries and mental health diagnoses that contribute to severe polyinhalant use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M. Snyder
- School of Social Work, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew O. Howard
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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Death by self-inflicted asphyxia with helium – First case reports from Norway and review of the literature. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/sjfs-2013-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
An increasing number of asphyxia suicides by inhalation of inert gases have been reported from different parts of the world over
the last decade. So far this phenomenon has not been described in our country. This article presents the first two case reports from
Norway of presumed suicide by asphyxiation due to helium inhalation from a closed plastic bag over the head. In both cases a forensic
autopsy, which included comprehensive toxicological analysis, was requested and performed. In the two cases death was attributed to
asphyxia due to helium inhalation, and suffocation due to a plastic bag over the head and aspiration of gastric contents, respectively.
Toxicological analysis revealed no findings contributing to the deaths. The absence of toxicological and autopsy findings to determine
the cause of death in such cases may represent challenges of clinical and forensic significance. In contrast to the promotion of this
method by euthanasia interest groups for the terminally ill reported suicides by helium asphyxiation primarily involve relatively young
individuals suffering from psychiatric and/or substance use disorders, and not from terminal illness.
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