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Time-dependent affective disturbances in abstinent patients with methylphenidate use disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:564. [PMID: 35996130 PMCID: PMC9394023 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylphenidate (MPH), also called Ritalin, is used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients. With occasional reports of subjects suffering from Methylphenidate use disorder (MPHUD), few studies analyzed the neuropsychological changes in this population. PURPOSE This study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of individuals with MPHUD. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 61 MPH patients (aged 16-27 years) admitted to the Beijing Gaoxin Hospital drug rehabilitation program from Jan 2017 to Mar 2019. The drug use history and drug abuse motivation scale were collected at admission. Clinicians rated the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and DSM-5 Stimulant use disorder criteria each week during the 4 weeks rehabilitation program. Correlation analyses were conducted between drug use history and affective disturbances. RESULTS The results showed that the adolescent period is the peak for MPH exposure, and 1/3 of patients got their first exposure to MPH from their parents. MPH abstinence accompanies severe anxiety and depression symptoms, significantly alleviating after four weeks of treatment. CONCLUSIONS MPHUD is associated with substantial affective disturbances, which warrants a more considerable sample investigation.
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2
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Carolan D. ADHD stimulant medication misuse and considerations for current prescribing practice: a literature review. Ir J Med Sci 2021; 191:313-320. [PMID: 33559870 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-020-02502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stimulant medications have been prescribed to effectively treat childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) since the 1960's, with improved outcomes observed in the three core symptom domains. Over the course of these decades researchers and clinicians have debated the issue of negative outcomes with regard to later development of substance use disorders (SUD) for these children. AIMS To chronicle the development of medical and scientific opinion on the subject of SUD outcomes in ADHD and to appraise most recently published research in this sphere. METHODS A systematic search of the literature was conducted over 4 databases. Removal of duplicates, application of exclusion criteria and inclusion of publications identified through manual and citation-based search yielded 9 papers. RESULTS Prescriptions for stimulant medications are increasing worldwide and in tandem the prevalence of stimulant misuse. Much research focuses on non-medical stimulant misuse as a study aid; however, they are also used as recreational drugs with action on dopaminergic neurotransmitter pathways implicated in addiction disorders. Considering the risks and benefits of stimulant prescribing on later SUD development research in recent decades has produced inconsistent results. Current research supports the hypothesis of improved SUD outcomes for young people treated early and intensely, with poorer outcomes for those with less robust treatment histories. CONCLUSIONS Consideration of the impact that variable treatment trajectories may have on the risk of later SUD development is recommended, with further research potentially leading to the development of different management pathways based on an individual's multivariate treatment profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Carolan
- Department of Psychiatry, Health Service Executive South, Cork, Ireland.
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3
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Blau-Most M, Nemet AY, Kidron D, Birnboim G, Kassem F. Methylphenidate (Ritalin) abuse as new etiology of midline destructive lesions of the sinonasal tract: first report. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2021; 11:1140-1143. [PMID: 33438333 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Blau-Most
- Department of Ophthalmology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Arie Y Nemet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dvora Kidron
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Pathology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Galit Birnboim
- Department of Orthodontics, Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Firas Kassem
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
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4
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Liu Y, Smith NDL, Lloyd SL, Striley CW, Cottler LB. Prescription Stimulant Use and Associated Risk Factors for Non-oral Use among 10 to 18 Year Olds. J Psychoactive Drugs 2020; 52:421-432. [PMID: 32723035 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2020.1795326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-medical use, especially non-oral use, of prescription stimulants is a public health concern. This study analyzed data from the National Monitoring of Adolescent Prescription Stimulants Study (N-MAPSS). Users (n = 723) were categorized as oral medical only users (n = 330, 45.6%), any oral non-medical users (n = 270, 37.3%), and any non-oral users (n = 123, 17.0%). The associations between patterns of stimulant use and risk factors were examined using logistic regression. Of the 123 any non-oral users, 79 reported using stimulants intranasally and orally, which was the most prevalent pattern of non-oral use. Among any non-oral users, the most common source of stimulants was from school (63.4%). Non-oral users primarily used stimulants to get high (74.4%) compared to 27.1% among other users. Negative consequences significantly associated with any non-oral use but not with oral non-medical use included needing stimulants to "feel ok," having trouble with teachers, bosses or friends due to stimulant use, and having anxiety and depression symptoms. In this study, non-oral use of prescription stimulants was associated with additional risks of adverse mental health outcomes compared to medical only use and other forms of non-medical use. Stimulant non-oral use interventions should emphasize the risks of intranasal use of stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nathan D L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shawnta L Lloyd
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Catherine W Striley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Linda B Cottler
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
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5
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Kalinowski L, Connor C, Somanesan R, Carias E, Richer K, Smith L, Martin C, Mackintosh M, Popoola D, Hadjiargyrou M, Komatsu DE, Thanos PK. Brief and extended abstinence from chronic oral methylphenidate treatment produces reversible behavioral and physiological effects. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 62:170-180. [PMID: 31456229 PMCID: PMC7028498 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MP) is a commonly prescribed psychostimulant to individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and is often used illicitly among healthy individuals with intermittent breaks to coincide with breaks from school. This study examined how intermittent abstinence periods impact the physiological and behavioral effects of chronic oral MP self-administration in rats, and whether these effects persist following prolonged abstinence from the drug. Rats were treated orally with water, low-dose (LD), or high-dose (HD) MP, beginning at PND 28. This daily access continued for three consecutive weeks followed by a 1-week abstinence; after three repeats of this cycle, there was a 5-week abstinence period. Throughout the study, we examined body weight, food intake, locomotor activity, and anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. During the treatment phase, HD MP decreased body weight, food intake, and depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, while it increased locomotor activity. During intermittent abstinence, the effects of MP on locomotor activity were eliminated. During prolonged abstinence, most of the effects of HD MP were ameliorated to control levels, with the exception of weight loss and anxiolytic effects. These findings suggest that intermittent exposure to chronic MP causes physiological and behavioral effects that are mostly reversible following prolonged abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna Kalinowski
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- University at Buffalo, Department of Psychology, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Carly Connor
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rathini Somanesan
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Emily Carias
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kaleigh Richer
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- University at Buffalo, Department of Psychology, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lauren Smith
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Connor Martin
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Macauley Mackintosh
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Popoola
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael Hadjiargyrou
- New York Institute of Technology, Department of Life Sciences, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - David E. Komatsu
- Stony Brook University, Department of Orthopedics, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- University at Buffalo, Department of Psychology, Buffalo, NY, USA
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6
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di Giannantonio M, Negri A, Schiavone S, Vannini C, Pettorruso M, De-Giorgio F, Verrastro V, Trabace L, Corbo M, Gottardo R, Camuto C, Mazzarino M, Barra A, De Berardis D, Lopez JI, Del Villar CM, Schifano F, Martinotti G. Prescription Drug Misuse in "Clubbers" and Disco Goers in Ibiza. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:592594. [PMID: 33384628 PMCID: PMC7770108 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.592594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prescription drug misuse and its related risks are considered a worldwide public health issue. Current trends show that the extent of such phenomenon may not be limited to subjects with psychiatric disorders, as it also spreads to dance party and nightclub attendees, who often consume prescription drugs in combination with alcohol and psychoactive substances. This study aims to report the sociodemographic data and the psychiatric and clinical features of a sample of clubbers reporting prescription drugs use. Methods: Patients admitted to the psychiatry ward of the Can Misses Hospital in Ibiza were recruited for the study during a span of four consecutive years (2015-2018). The inclusion criteria were age 18-75 years old and the intake of psychoactive substances or more than five alcohol units during the previous 24 h. Substance use habits, psychopathological features, and use of unprescribed pharmaceuticals were investigated. Urine samples were collected and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results: A total of 110 subjects with psychoactive substance intoxication were recruited for the study. Among these, 37 (40%) disclosed the use of prescription drugs without medical supervision. The most common compounds were benzodiazepines (66%), antiepileptic drugs (8%), antidepressants (6%), opioids (6%), antipsychotics (6%), stimulants (6%), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, 2%). Prescription drug misuse was negatively associated with the use of psychodysleptics (two-tailed Fisher's exact test p = 0.018, ρ = -0.262). Conclusions: The use of prescription drugs is also common among clubbers, usually characterized by low propensity to be prescribed benzodiazepines, antipsychotics, or antidepressants. Prescription drugs may be an alternative to classic and novel psychoactive compounds or may be used to tamper and self-medicate the effects determined by the use of substances. Party goers should be adequately informed about possible risks of co-intake of psychoactive substances and prescription drugs to prevent serious medical and psychiatric consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo di Giannantonio
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, Clinical Sciences, University G.d'Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Attilio Negri
- Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life & Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom.,Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Chiara Vannini
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, Clinical Sciences, University G.d'Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Mauro Pettorruso
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, Clinical Sciences, University G.d'Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Fabio De-Giorgio
- Department of Health Care Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Legal Medicine, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Verrastro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Mariangela Corbo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, Clinical Sciences, University G.d'Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Rossella Gottardo
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristian Camuto
- Department of Health Care Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Legal Medicine, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Barra
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale Potenza, Potenza, Italy
| | - Domenico De Berardis
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service for Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini," ASL 4, Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabrizio Schifano
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse & Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life & Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, Clinical Sciences, University G.d'Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy.,Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse & Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life & Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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7
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Methamphetamine psychosis: Lack of association with stimulant prescription ADHD medications. Am J Emerg Med 2019; 37:1802-1803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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8
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Liu Y, Elliott AL, Striley CW, Gurka KK, Cottler LB. Motives for prescription stimulant use by patterns of non-medical use. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2019; 24:455-460. [PMID: 31814798 DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2019.1604838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Understanding motivations behind non-medical use of prescription stimulants (NMUPS) is important to prevent such use. Methods Adult participants from St. Louis, MO, who endorsed NMUPS on 5 or more days in the past 12 months (n=60) were asked about their motivations for use. Associations between motives for use and patterns of non-medical use in the past 12 months were assessed using multivariable logistic regression, controlling for demographic factors and non-medical use of other prescription drugs. Results On average, 5.5 different motives for stimulant use were endorsed. Compared to those who only used someone else's stimulants, adults who only used stimulants other than prescribed were less likely to endorse use "to get high" (aOR=0.48, 95%CI 0.26-0.90) and more likely to endorse use "to function" (aOR=1.97, 95%CI 1.04-3.75); adults who were engaged in both patterns of NMUPS were more likely to endorse use "to function" (aOR=4.12, 95%CI 1.56-10.88) and "to modify the effects of other drugs" (aOR=2.29, 95%CI 1.13-4.61). Conclusion Although using stimulants for performance enhancement is common, most people who used diverted stimulants reported using stimulants to get high. Prevention and harm reduction strategies should consider these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions & College of Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Amy L Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions & College of Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Catherine W Striley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions & College of Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Kelly K Gurka
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions & College of Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Linda B Cottler
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions & College of Medicine, University of Florida
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9
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Piper BJ, Ogden CL, Simoyan OM, Chung DY, Caggiano JF, Nichols SD, McCall KL. Trends in use of prescription stimulants in the United States and Territories, 2006 to 2016. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206100. [PMID: 30485268 PMCID: PMC6261411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stimulants are considered the first-line treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the US and they are used in other indications. Stimulants are also diverted for non-medical purposes. Ethnic and regional differences in ADHD diagnosis and in stimulant use have been identified in earlier research. The objectives of this report were to examine the pharmacoepidemiological pattern of these controlled substances over the past decade and to conduct a regional analysis. METHODS Data (drug weights) reported to the US Drug Enforcement Administration's Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System for four stimulants (amphetamine, methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine, and methamphetamine) were obtained from 2006 to 2016 for Unites States/Territories. Correlations between state level use (mg/person) and Hispanic population were completed. RESULTS Amphetamine use increased 2.5 fold from 2006 to 2016 (7.9 to 20.0 tons). Methylphenidate use, at 16.5 tons in 2006, peaked in 2012 (19.4 tons) and subsequently showed a modest decline (18.6 tons in 2016). The consumption per municipality significantly increased 7.6% for amphetamine and 5.5% for lisdexamfetamine but decreased 2.7% for methylphenidate (all p < .0005) from 2015 to 2016. Pronounced regional differences were also observed. Lisdexamfetamine use in 2016 was over thirty-fold higher in the Southern US (43.8 mg/person) versus the Territories (1.4 mg/person). Amphetamine use was about one-third lower in the West (48.1 mg/person) relative to the Northeastern (75.4 mg/person, p < .05) or the Midwestern (69.9 mg/person, p ≤ .005) states. States with larger Hispanic populations had significantly lower methylphenidate (r(49) = -0.63), lisdexamfetamine (B, r(49) = -0.49), and amphetamine (r(49) = -0.43) use. CONCLUSIONS Total stimulant usage doubled in the last decade. There were dynamic changes but also regional disparities in the use of stimulant medications. Future research is needed to better understand the reasons for the sizable regional and ethnic variations in use of these controlled substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Piper
- Department of Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christy L. Ogden
- Department of Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Olapeju M. Simoyan
- Department of Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Geisinger Marworth Alcohol and Chemical Dependency Treatment Center, Waverly, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel Y. Chung
- Department of Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James F. Caggiano
- Department of Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stephanie D. Nichols
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Husson University School of Pharmacy, Bangor, Maine, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kenneth L. McCall
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of New England College of Pharmacy, Portland, Maine, United States of America
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10
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Wojciechowski TW. Illicit Stimulant Use Development in Adolescence and Early Adulthood Among Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors Predicting Heterogeneity. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0022042618803066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this article are to identify groups of trajectories of stimulant use across adolescence and early adulthood among juvenile offenders and to identify risk factors predicting development. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify developmental subgroups of stimulant users during the study period. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine baseline covariates’ relevance for predicting assignment to identified trajectory groups. A six-group model of stimulant use was found to best fit the data. Race, history of direct victimization at baseline, gender, low school commitment at baseline, low religiosity at baseline, and other substance use at baseline were all identified as predictors of trajectory group assignment. Juvenile offenders, particularly White and female offenders, are at elevated risk of illicit stimulant use during adolescence and early adulthood. Despite this, the vast majority of juvenile offenders in the sample had desisted by age 23, differing from research on other substances using this same sample.
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11
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Silveira ML, Conway KP, Green VR, Kasza KA, Sargent JD, Borek N, Stanton CA, Cohn A, Hilmi N, Cummings KM, Niaura RS, Lambert EY, Brunette MF, Zandberg I, Tanski SE, Reissig CJ, Callahan-Lyon P, Slavit WI, Hyland AJ, Compton WM. Longitudinal associations between youth tobacco and substance use in waves 1 and 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 191:25-36. [PMID: 30077053 PMCID: PMC6239207 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While evidence suggests bidirectional associations between cigarette use and substance (alcohol or drug) use, how these associations are reflected across the range of currently available tobacco products is unknown. This study examined whether ever tobacco use predicted subsequent substance use, and ever substance use predicted subsequent tobacco use among 11,996 U.S. youth (12-17 years) from Waves 1 (2013-2014) and 2 (2014-2015) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. METHODS Ever use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, traditional cigars, cigarillos, filtered cigars, pipe, hookah, snus pouches, smokeless tobacco excluding snus pouches, dissolvable tobacco, bidis, kreteks, alcohol, marijuana, prescription drugs, and other drugs (cocaine and other stimulants, heroin, inhalants, solvents, and hallucinogens) was assessed at Wave 1 followed by past 12-month use assessments at Wave 2. The analyses included covariates (demographics, mental health, sensation seeking, prior use) to mitigate confounding. RESULTS Ever tobacco use predicted subsequent substance use. The magnitude of the associations was lowest for alcohol, higher for marijuana, and highest for other drugs. Ever substance use also predicted subsequent tobacco use. Specifically, ever alcohol, marijuana, and non-prescribed Ritalin/Adderall use predicted tobacco-product use. Ever e-cigarette and cigarette use exclusively and concurrently predicted subsequent any drug (including and excluding alcohol) use. E-cigarette and cigarette use associations in the opposite direction were also significant; the strongest associations were observed for exclusive cigarette use. CONCLUSION Tobacco and substance use prevention efforts may benefit from comprehensive screening and interventions across tobacco products, alcohol, and drugs, and targeting risk factors shared across substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marushka L Silveira
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 6001 Executive Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Kelly Government Solutions, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Kevin P Conway
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 6001 Executive Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victoria R Green
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 6001 Executive Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Kelly Government Solutions, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Karin A Kasza
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, 665 Elm St, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - James D Sargent
- Cancer Control Research Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Rubin 8 Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Nicolette Borek
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | | | - Amy Cohn
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, Fourth Floor, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Nahla Hilmi
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 6001 Executive Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Kelly Government Solutions, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - K Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, MSC 861, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Raymond S Niaura
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, Fourth Floor, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Elizabeth Y Lambert
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 6001 Executive Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mary F Brunette
- Cancer Control Research Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Rubin 8 Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Izabella Zandberg
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Susanne E Tanski
- Cancer Control Research Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Rubin 8 Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Chad J Reissig
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Priscilla Callahan-Lyon
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Wendy I Slavit
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Andrew J Hyland
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, 665 Elm St, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Wilson M Compton
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 6001 Executive Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Spillane NS, Weyandt L, Oster D, Treloar H. Social contextual risk factors for stimulant use among adolescent American Indians. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:167-173. [PMID: 28787693 PMCID: PMC5772949 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stimulants are the most common and efficacious treatment for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). We examined the relationship between stimulant misuse and social factors that could be malleable to prevention among American Indian (AI) adolescents. METHOD Participants were AI students (N=3498) sampled from 33 schools in 11 states. Participants completed the American Drug and Alcohol Survey. A multilevel analytic approach was used to evaluate the effects of participant-level (level 1) variables (i.e., gender, grade, peer, school, family, stimulant prescribed by doctor) on lifetime and current simulant use to 'get high.' RESULTS Nearly 7% of our sample had been prescribed stimulants and nearly 6% of the sample reported using stimulants to get high. Age [OR=1.22; 95% CI=1.09, 1.36, p<0.001], perception of peer substance use [OR=1.19; 95% CI=1.14, 1.23, p<0.001], parental monitoring [OR=0.96; 95% CI=0.92, 1.99, p=0.04], and stimulants prescribed by a doctor [OR=8.79, 95% CI=5.86, 13.18, p<0.001] were associated with ever using stimulants to get high. Perception of peer substance use, [b=0.09, SE=0.02, p<0.001, 95%CI [0.05, 0.13], and having stimulants prescribed by a doctor, [b=0.58, SE=0.21, p=0.006, 95%CI [0.17, 0.99], were associated with frequency of past month use to get high. There was also a significant quadratic effect for parental monitoring, suggesting that low and high levels were associated with increased stimulant use. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a need for prevention efforts to be directed to AI youth who are prescribed stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Weyandt
- Psychology Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Danielle Oster
- Psychology Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Hayley Treloar
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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