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Krylova E, Bogomazova A, Kirsanova N, Putintseva A, Gorbacheva N, Prasolova O, Soltynskaya I, Ivanova O. Development and Validation of PCR Diagnostic Assays for Detection of Avibacterium paragallinarum and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale. Vet Sci 2023; 11:7. [PMID: 38250913 PMCID: PMC10819020 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
PCR is the most effective method for detecting difficult-to-cultivate pathogens and pathogens that are part of mixed infections in animals, such as Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, which causes bird ornithobacteriosis, or Avibacterium paragallinarum, which causes infectious coryza. In this work, we developed and validated two efficient and sensitive diagnostic assays for the rapid and accurate detection of A. paragallinarum and O. rhinotracheale DNA in bacterial isolates and clinical samples using real-time PCR with TaqMan-like probes. When designing the PCR assays, we performed in silico analysis, optimized DNA isolation methods and PCR conditions, and assessed the analytical and diagnostic performance of PCR. We designed primers and probes that have no mismatches with published whole-genome sequences of bacteria. The optimization of conditions showed that the PCR assays are sufficiently robust to changes in temperature and oligonucleotide concentration. The validation showed that the developed assays have high analytical and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. These assays are expected to improve the differential diagnosis of respiratory diseases in chickens and turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Krylova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Russian State Center for Quality and Standardization of Veterinary Drugs and Feed (VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.); (A.P.); (O.P.)
| | - Alexandra Bogomazova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Russian State Center for Quality and Standardization of Veterinary Drugs and Feed (VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.); (A.P.); (O.P.)
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of FMBA of Russia (Lopukhin FRCC PCM), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya Kirsanova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Russian State Center for Quality and Standardization of Veterinary Drugs and Feed (VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.); (A.P.); (O.P.)
| | - Anastasiya Putintseva
- Department of Molecular Biology, Russian State Center for Quality and Standardization of Veterinary Drugs and Feed (VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.); (A.P.); (O.P.)
| | - Natalia Gorbacheva
- Department of Molecular Biology, Russian State Center for Quality and Standardization of Veterinary Drugs and Feed (VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.); (A.P.); (O.P.)
| | - Olga Prasolova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Russian State Center for Quality and Standardization of Veterinary Drugs and Feed (VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.); (A.P.); (O.P.)
| | - Irina Soltynskaya
- Department of Molecular Biology, Russian State Center for Quality and Standardization of Veterinary Drugs and Feed (VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.); (A.P.); (O.P.)
| | - Olga Ivanova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Russian State Center for Quality and Standardization of Veterinary Drugs and Feed (VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.); (A.P.); (O.P.)
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Buter R, Feberwee A, de Wit S, Heuvelink A, da Silva A, Gallardo R, Soriano Vargas E, Swanepoel S, Jung A, Tödte M, Dijkman R. Molecular characterization of the HMTp210 gene of Avibacterium paragallinarum and the proposition of a new genotyping method as alternative for classical serotyping. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:362-376. [PMID: 37470411 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2239178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Avibacterium paragallinarum (A. paragallinarum) is the aetiological agent of infectious coryza (IC) in chickens and characterized by acute respiratory distress and severe drop in egg production. Vaccination is important in the control of IC outbreaks and the efficacy of vaccination is dependent on A. paragallinarum serovars included in the vaccine. Classical serotyping of A. paragallinarum is laborious and hampered by poor availability of antigens and antisera. The haemagglutinin, important in classical serotyping, is encoded by the HMTp210 gene. HMTp210 gene analysis has been shown to have potential as alternative to classical serotyping. The aim of the present study was to further investigate the potential of sequence analyses of partial region 1 of the HMTp210 gene, the HMTp210 hypervariable region and the concatenated sequences of both fragments. For this analysis, 123 HMTp210 gene sequences (field isolates, A. paragallinarum serovar reference strains and vaccine strains) were included. Evaluation of serovar references and vaccine strains revealed a need for critical evaluation, especially within Page serovar B and C. Phylogenetic analysis of HMTp210 region 1 resulted in a separation of Page serovar A, B and C strains. Analysis of the HMTp210 HVR alone was not sufficient to discriminate all nine different Kume serovar references. The concatenated sequences of HMTp210 region 1 and HMTp210 HVR resulted in 14 clusters with a high correlation with Page serovar and with the nine currently known Kume serovars and is therefore proposed as a novel genotyping method that could be used as an alternative for classical serotyping of A. paragallinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sjaak de Wit
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands
- Department of Population Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ana da Silva
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Edgardo Soriano Vargas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Stefan Swanepoel
- Deltamune, Unit 34, Oxford Business Park, Centurion, South Africa
| | - Arne Jung
- Klinik für Geflügel, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Etterlin PE, Comin A, Eriksson H, Bagge E, Jinnerot T, Jonare L, Jansson DS. Questionnaire study suggests grave consequences of infectious laryngotracheitis, infectious coryza and mycoplasmosis in small chicken flocks. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:39. [PMID: 37710285 PMCID: PMC10500715 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00703-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing number of people in western countries keep small chicken flocks. In Sweden, respiratory disease is a common necropsy finding in chickens from such flocks. A respiratory real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) panel was applied to detect infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), Avibacterium paragallinarum (A. paragallinarum) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallisepticum) in chickens from small flocks which underwent necropsy in 2017-2019 and had respiratory lesions. Owners (N = 100) of PCR-positive flocks were invited to reply to a web-based questionnaire about husbandry, outbreak characteristics and management. RESULTS Response rate was 61.0%. The flocks were from 18 out of Sweden's 21 counties indicating that respiratory infections in small chicken flocks are geographically widespread in Sweden. Among participating flocks, 77.0% were coinfected by 2-3 pathogens; 91.8% tested positive for A. paragallinarum, 57.4% for M. gallisepticum and 50.8% for ILTV. Larger flock size and mixed-species flock structure were associated with PCR detection of M. gallisepticum (P = 0.00 and P = 0.02, respectively). Up to 50% mortality was reported by 63.9% of respondents. Euthanasia of some chickens was carried out in 86.9% of the flocks as a result of the outbreaks. Full clinical recovery was reported by 39.3% of owners suggesting chronic infection is a major challenge in infected flocks. Live birds had been introduced in many flocks prior to outbreaks, which suggested these as an important source of infection. Following the outbreaks, 36.1% replaced their flocks with new birds and 9.8% ceased keeping chickens. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the severity of respiratory outbreaks in small non-commercial chicken flocks and points to the need for more research and veterinary assistance to prevent and manage respiratory infections in small chicken flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Engelsen Etterlin
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arianna Comin
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Eriksson
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Bagge
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Jinnerot
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liv Jonare
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Désirée S Jansson
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Pathogenicity of Avibacterium paragallinarum Strains from Peru and the Selection of Candidate Strains for an Inactivated Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071043. [PMID: 35891207 PMCID: PMC9318190 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, Avibacterium paragallinarum is the aetiological agent of infectious coryza in poultry. Vaccines are the best means of control, helping reduce clinical signs and colonization of this bacterium. Most vaccines are based on international reference strains, or, lately, regional strains, but, generally, without any information regarding their virulence. The characterization of the pathogenicity of 24 Av. paragallinarum strains of the three Page serogroups, including four variant strains of serogroup B, all isolated from infectious coryza outbreaks in Peru, was performed. After experimental inoculation into the infraorbital sinuses, information regarding their capacity to induce infectious coryza typical clinical signs, spreading, and colonization was recorded. Furthermore, after intraperitoneal inoculation, septicaemia and death were registered. Differences among strains in these parameters were observed, even within strains from the same serogroup. Finally, the four most pathogenic strains, one from each serogroup, were chosen to formulate an experimental vaccine that was tested successfully against homologous challenges in reducing clinical signs and colonization in vaccinated birds compared to unvaccinated ones. This is the first time that Av. paragallinarum strains from Peru were studied thoroughly for their virulence in a search for improving vaccine formulation.
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Hashish A, Sinha A, Mekky A, Sato Y, Macedo NR, El-Gazzar M. Development and Validation of Two Diagnostic Real-Time PCR (TaqMan) Assays for the Detection of Bordetella avium from Clinical Samples and Comparison to the Currently Available Real-Time TaqMan PCR Assay. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112232. [PMID: 34835358 PMCID: PMC8619015 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella avium (BA) is one of many pathogens that cause respiratory diseases in turkeys. However, other bacterial species can easily overgrow it during isolation attempts. This makes confirming the diagnosis of BA as the causative agent of turkey coryza more difficult. Currently, there are two PCR assays for the molecular detection of BA. One is conventional gel-based PCR and the other is TaqMan real-time PCR (qPCR) assay. However, multiple pitfalls were detected in both assays regarding their specificity, sensitivity, and efficiency, which limits their utility as diagnostic tools. In this study, we developed and validated two TaqMan qPCR assays and compared their performance to the currently available TaqMan qPCR. The two assays were able to correctly identify all BA isolates and showed negative results against a wide range of different microorganisms. The two assays were found to have high efficiency with a detection limit of approximately 1 × 103 plasmid DNA Copies/mL with high repeatability and reproducibility. In comparison to the currently available TaqMan qPCR assay, the newly developed assays showed significantly higher PCR efficiencies due to superior primers and probes design. The new assays can serve as a reliable tool for the sensitive, specific, and efficient diagnosis of BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro Hashish
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (A.H.); (A.S.); (Y.S.); (N.R.M.)
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt;
| | - Avanti Sinha
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (A.H.); (A.S.); (Y.S.); (N.R.M.)
| | - Amr Mekky
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt;
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (A.H.); (A.S.); (Y.S.); (N.R.M.)
| | - Nubia R. Macedo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (A.H.); (A.S.); (Y.S.); (N.R.M.)
| | - Mohamed El-Gazzar
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (A.H.); (A.S.); (Y.S.); (N.R.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-540-3037
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Kuchipudi SV, Yon M, Surendran Nair M, Byukusenge M, Barry RM, Nissly RH, Williams J, Pierre T, Mathews T, Walner-Pendleton E, Dunn P, Barnhart D, Loughrey S, Davison S, Kelly DJ, Tewari D, Jayarao BM. A Highly Sensitive and Specific Probe-Based Real-Time PCR for the Detection of Avibacterium paragallinarum in Clinical Samples From Poultry. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:609126. [PMID: 33912603 PMCID: PMC8071849 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.609126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Avibacterium paragallinarum (historically called Hemophilus paragallinarum) causes infectious coryza (IC), which is an acute respiratory disease of chickens. Recently, outbreaks of IC have been reported in Pennsylvania (PA) in broilers, layer pullets, and laying hens, causing significant respiratory disease and production losses. A tentative diagnosis of IC can be made based on history, clinical signs, and characteristic gross lesions. However, isolation and identification of the organism are required for a definitive diagnosis. Major challenges with the bacteriological diagnosis of A. paragallinarum include that the organism is difficult to isolate, slow-growing, and can only be successfully isolated during the acute stage of infection and secondary bacterial infections are also common. As there were very limited whole genomes of A. paragallinarum in the public databases, we carried out whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of PA isolates and based on the WGS data analysis; we designed a novel probe-based PCR assay targeting a highly conserved sequence in the recN, the DNA repair protein gene of A. paragallinarum. The assay includes an internal control, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.93 genomic copies. The PCR efficiency ranged between 90 and 97%, and diagnostic sensitivity of 98.5% compared with conventional gel-based PCR. The test was highly specific, and no cross-reactivity was observed with other species of Avibacterium and a range of other common poultry respiratory viral and bacterial pathogens. Real-time PCR testing on 419 clinical samples from suspected flocks yielded 94 positives and 365 negatives in agreement with diagnostic bacterial culture-based detection. We also compared the recN PCR assay with a previous HPG-2 based real-time PCR assay which showed a PCR efficiency of 79%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh V Kuchipudi
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Michele Yon
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Meera Surendran Nair
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Maurice Byukusenge
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Rhiannon M Barry
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Ruth H Nissly
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Jen Williams
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Traci Pierre
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Tammy Mathews
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Eva Walner-Pendleton
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Patricia Dunn
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Denise Barnhart
- Pennsylvania Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sean Loughrey
- Pennsylvania Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sherrill Davison
- Pennsylvania Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dona J Kelly
- Pennsylvania Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Deepanker Tewari
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Harrisburg, PA, United States
| | - Bhushan M Jayarao
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Luna-Castrejón LP, Buter R, Pantoja-Nuñez GI, Acuña-Yanes M, Ceballos-Valenzuela K, Talavera-Rojas M, Salgado-Miranda C, Heuvelink A, de Wit S, Soriano-Vargas E, Feberwee A. Identification, HPG2 Sequence Analysis, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Avibacterium paragallinarum Isolates Obtained from Outbreaks of Infectious Coryza in Commercial Layers in Sonora State, Mexico. Avian Dis 2021; 65:95-101. [PMID: 34339129 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This is the first extensive report on the identification and characterization of Avibacterium paragallinarum (AVP) isolates obtained from outbreaks of infectious coryza (IC) in IC-vaccinated layer flocks from Sonora State in Mexico. Isolates obtained from IC outbreaks during the years 2007, 2014, 2015, 2017, and 2019 were identified by conventional PCR test and 16S rRNA gene analysis, serotyped by Page serotyping and genotyped by the recently described partial sequence analysis of the HPG2 region. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined by a recently improved minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. The conventional PCR test and the 16S rRNA analyses confirmed the isolates as AVP. Serotyping results showed the involvement of isolates belonging to serotypes A, B, and C in the IC outbreaks. Genotyping of the HPG2 region revealed the presence of sequence type (ST)1, ST4, and ST11, of which the latter has also been identified in Europe. The MIC susceptibility test showed that all tested isolates were susceptible for the majority of tested antimicrobials, including erythromycin and tetracycline, which are important antibiotics for the treatment of IC. The IC situation in Sonora State, Mexico, is complex because of the presence of serotypes A, B, and C. This finding emphasizes the importance of biosecurity in combination with the application of the most optimal vaccination programs in the control of IC in Sonora State, Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Patricia Luna-Castrejón
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Toluca 50250, México
| | - Rianne Buter
- Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ Deventer, the Netherlands
| | | | - Martín Acuña-Yanes
- Pecuarius Laboratorios S.A., Calle Sufragio Efectivo 616, 85000, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, México
| | | | - Martín Talavera-Rojas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Toluca 50250, México
| | - Celene Salgado-Miranda
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Toluca 50250, México
| | - Annet Heuvelink
- Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Sjaak de Wit
- Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Edgardo Soriano-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Toluca 50250, México,
| | - Anneke Feberwee
- Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ Deventer, the Netherlands,
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Clothier KA, Stoute S, Torain A, Crossley B. Validation of a real-time PCR assay for high-throughput detection of Avibacterium paragallinarum in chicken respiratory sites. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:714-718. [PMID: 31347465 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719866484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avibacterium paragallinarum is the causative agent of infectious coryza, a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens. Given its fastidious nature, this bacterium is difficult to recover and identify, particularly from locations colonized by normal bacterial flora. Standard PCR methods have been utilized for detection but are labor-intensive and not feasible for high-throughput testing. We evaluated a real-time PCR (rtPCR) method targeting the HPG-2 region of A. paragallinarum, and validated a high-throughput extraction for this assay. Using single-tube extraction, the rtPCR detected 4 A. paragallinarum (ATCC 29545T and 3 clinical) isolates with a limit of detection (LOD) of 10 cfu/mL and a PCR efficiency of 89-111%. Cross-reaction was not detected with 33 non-A. paragallinarum, all close relatives from the family Pasteurellaceae. Real-time PCR testing on extracts of 66 clinical samples (choana, sinus, or trachea) yielded 98.2% (35 of 36 on positives, 30 of 30 on negatives) agreement with conventional PCR. Duplicate samples tested in a 96-well format extraction in parallel with the single-tube method produced equivalent LOD on all A. paragallinarum isolates, and 96.8% agreement on 93 additional clinical samples extracted with both procedures. This A. paragallinarum rtPCR can be utilized for outbreak investigations and routine monitoring of susceptible flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Clothier
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis Laboratory (Clothier, Torain, Crossley), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.,Turlock Laboratory (Stoute), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Simone Stoute
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis Laboratory (Clothier, Torain, Crossley), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.,Turlock Laboratory (Stoute), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Andrea Torain
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis Laboratory (Clothier, Torain, Crossley), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.,Turlock Laboratory (Stoute), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Beate Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis Laboratory (Clothier, Torain, Crossley), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.,Turlock Laboratory (Stoute), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
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9
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Feberwee A, Dijkman R, Buter R, Soriano-Vargas E, Morales-Erasto V, Heuvelink A, Fabri T, Bouwstra R, de Wit S. Identification and characterization of Dutch Avibacterium paragallinarum isolates and the implications for diagnostics. Avian Pathol 2019; 48:549-556. [PMID: 31280592 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1641178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the results of diagnostic and molecular typing methods for 18 Avibacterium paragallinarum isolates obtained from outbreaks of infectious coryza in commercial layer flocks in the Netherlands. Isolation, biochemical identification, species-specific PCR tests and classical serotyping were performed. In addition, molecular typing by Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-Based Polymerase Chain Reaction (ERIC-PCR) and sequence analysis of the partial HPG2 region of A. paragallinarum were applied and results of both techniques were compared. Moreover, the pathogenicity of an isolate of the most common genotype detected in the Netherlands was determined in an animal experiment. All 18 Avibacterium isolates were nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent. All isolates were detected by the species-specific conventional PCR while 33% of the isolates were missed by the species-specific real-time PCR. Sequence analysis showed a probe mismatch as a result of a single nucleotide polymorphism (G1516A). Modification of the probe of the real-time PCR was necessary to overcome false negative results. Molecular typing showed that sequence analysis of the partial HPG2 region was in concordance with ERIC-PCR results and indicated the presence of two major genotypes. Serotyping showed the presence of serovars A-1, A-2 and B-1. There was no correlation between genotyping results and serotyping results. Inoculation of an isolate of the most prevalent genotype, and belonging to serovar A-1, into brown layer hens demonstrated the pathogenicity of this isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edgardo Soriano-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México , Toluca , México
| | - Vladimir Morales-Erasto
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México , Toluca , México
| | | | - Teun Fabri
- GD Animal Health , Deventer , Netherlands
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10
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Clothier KA, Torain A, Reinl S. Surveillance for Avibacterium paragallinarum in autopsy cases of birds from small chicken flocks using a real-time PCR assay. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:364-367. [PMID: 30973083 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719844297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious coryza is a severe respiratory disease of chickens associated with large economic losses in affected commercial flocks. The fastidious causative pathogen, Avibacterium paragallinarum, is difficult to recover and identify, resulting in delayed diagnosis and enhanced spread of the agent. Small poultry flocks are increasingly common in rural and suburban environments. We assessed the frequency of A. paragallinarum using real-time PCR and clinical conditions present in samples from such flocks submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (Davis, CA) in 2018. From the 294 samples collected for our study, 86 (30%) were PCR-positive for A. paragallinarum. Juvenile birds (≤1 y) were significantly more likely to be PCR-positive ( p = 0.017), and birds diagnosed with respiratory disease had lower Ct values ( p = 0.001) than those without. Concurrent infections were also identified, including with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (18.6%), M. synoviae (18.6%), infectious bronchitis virus (12.8%), and infectious laryngotracheitis virus (7.0%). Only 46.5% of PCR-positive chickens had antemortem respiratory signs, making endemic infections in these flocks highly likely. Our study demonstrates that A. paragallinarum is present in small-flock operations including those without respiratory disease and may present a risk for airborne pathogen transmission to commercial poultry operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Clothier
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Andrea Torain
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Steve Reinl
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
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Morales Ruiz S, Bendezu J, Choque Guevara R, Montesinos R, Requena D, Choque Moreau L, Montalván Ávalos Á, Fernández-Díaz M. Development of a lateral flow test for the rapid detection of Avibacterium paragallinarum in chickens suspected of having infectious coryza. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:411. [PMID: 30567563 PMCID: PMC6300026 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious coryza (IC) is an acute respiratory disease of growing chickens and layers caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum. The development of tools that allow rapid pathogen detection is necessary in order to avoid disease dissemination and economic losses in poultry. An Av. paragallinarum-specific Ma-4 epitope of the TonB-dependent transporter (TBDT) was selected using bioinformatic tools in order to immunize a BalbC mouse and to produce monoclonal antibodies to be used in a lateral flow test (LFT) developed for Av. paragallinarum detection in chicken nasal mucus samples. Results The 1G7G8 monoclonal antibody was able to detect TBDT in Av. paragallinarum cultures (serogroups: A, B and C) by Western blot and indirect ELISA assay. Consequently, we developed a self-pairing prototype LFT. The limit of detection of the prototype LFT using Av. paragallinarum cultures was 1 × 104 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. Thirty-five nasal mucus samples from chickens suspected of having infectious coryza were evaluated for the LFT detection capacity and compared with bacterial isolation (B.I) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Comparative indicators such as sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive values (NPV) and the kappa index (K) were obtained. The values were 100.0% Se, 50% Sp, 65.4% PPV, 100% NPV, and 0.49 K and 83.9% Se, 100% Sp, 100% PPV, 44.4% NPV, and 0.54 K for the comparison of the LFT with B.I and PCR, respectively. Additionally, the LFT allowed the detection of Av. paragallinarum from coinfection cases of Av. paragallinarum with Gallibacterium anatis. Conclusions The results indicate that the self-pairing prototype LFT is suitable for the detection of TBDT in Av. paragallinarum cultures as well as in field samples such as nasal mucus from Av. paragallinarum-infected chickens. Therefore, this prototype LFT could be considered a rapid and promising tool to be used in farm conditions for Av. paragallinarum diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Morales Ruiz
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, FARVET SAC, Carretera Panamericana Sur Nº766 Km 198.5, Chincha Alta, 11702, Ica, Peru.
| | - Jorge Bendezu
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, FARVET SAC, Carretera Panamericana Sur Nº766 Km 198.5, Chincha Alta, 11702, Ica, Peru.
| | - Ricardo Choque Guevara
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, FARVET SAC, Carretera Panamericana Sur Nº766 Km 198.5, Chincha Alta, 11702, Ica, Peru
| | - Ricardo Montesinos
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, FARVET SAC, Carretera Panamericana Sur Nº766 Km 198.5, Chincha Alta, 11702, Ica, Peru
| | - David Requena
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, FARVET SAC, Carretera Panamericana Sur Nº766 Km 198.5, Chincha Alta, 11702, Ica, Peru.,Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430 San Martín de Porres, Lima, Lima, Peru
| | - Luz Choque Moreau
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, FARVET SAC, Carretera Panamericana Sur Nº766 Km 198.5, Chincha Alta, 11702, Ica, Peru
| | - Ángela Montalván Ávalos
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, FARVET SAC, Carretera Panamericana Sur Nº766 Km 198.5, Chincha Alta, 11702, Ica, Peru
| | - Manolo Fernández-Díaz
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, FARVET SAC, Carretera Panamericana Sur Nº766 Km 198.5, Chincha Alta, 11702, Ica, Peru.,FARVET SPF SAC, Carretera Panamerica Sur Nº766 Km 198.5, Chincha Alta, 11702, Ica, Peru
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Patil VV, Mishra D, Mane DV. 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and molecular serotyping of Avibacterium paragallinarum isolated from Indian field conditions. Vet World 2017; 10:1004-1007. [PMID: 28919697 PMCID: PMC5591465 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1004-1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was aimed at identifying Indian field isolates of Avibacterium paragallinarum on both molecular as well as serological levels that cause infectious coryza in chickens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Species-specific polymerase chain reaction (HPG-2 PCR), and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing were employed for molecular identification. Whereas, multiplex PCR technique was used for serological identification of Indian field isolates of A. paragallinarum. RESULTS All three field isolates were identified as A. paragallinarum using HPG-2 PCR. The species-specific PCR results were validated using 16S rRNA sequencing. The partial 16S rRNA sequences obtained from all three isolates showed 96-99% homology with the NCBI database reference strains of A. paragallinarum. The aligned partial sequences of 16S rRNA were submitted to GenBank, and accession numbers were obtained. Multiplex PCR-based molecular serotyping showed that there are three serotypes of field isolates of A. paragallinarum, namely, strain IND101 is serovar A, strain IND102 is serovar B, and strain IND103 is serovar C. CONCLUSION HPG-2 PCR, 16S rRNA sequencing, and multiplex PCR are proved to be more accurate, sensitive, and reliable diagnostic tools for molecular and serological identification of A. paragallinarum field isolates. These diagnostic methods can substitute conventional cultural characterization and would be much valuable to formulate quick and correct prevention and control measures against this detrimental poultry pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vihang Vithalrao Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Centre, College of Computer Sciences and IT, Latur - 413 512, Maharashtra, India
| | - Debendranath Mishra
- Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Sub-Centre, Latur - 413 531, Maharashtra, India
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Ha HJ, Christensen N, Humphrey S, Haydon T, Bernardi G, Rawdon T. The First Detection of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in New Zealand. Avian Dis 2016; 60:856-859. [PMID: 27902894 DOI: 10.1637/11457-062116-case] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) has been considered exotic to New Zealand and thus, any samples from poultry suspected of ORT infection are submitted as part of an exotic disease investigation managed by Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) and subjected to standardized test protocols carried out in the physical containment level 3+ laboratory at MPI's Animal Health Laboratory (AHL). All previous exotic disease investigations concerning ORT produced negative results by bacterial culture and conventional PCR. Following the recent introduction of a real-time PCR for ORT at the AHL, several tracheal wash fluids from backyard chickens ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) were tested positive. This identification constituted the first detection of ORT in New Zealand poultry. As a result, a second premise was investigated with further samples testing positive for ORT by molecular assays. This paper describes the two exotic disease investigations associated with the first detection of ORT in New Zealand poultry and its implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Ha
- A Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, 66 Ward Street, Wallaceville, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand
| | - N Christensen
- B Avivet Ltd., 257 Patumahoe Road, Pukekohe 2678, New Zealand
| | - S Humphrey
- A Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, 66 Ward Street, Wallaceville, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand
| | - T Haydon
- A Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, 66 Ward Street, Wallaceville, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand
| | - G Bernardi
- C Pacificvet Limited, 3 Hickory Place, Christchurch 8042, New Zealand
| | - T Rawdon
- D Investigation and Diagnostics Centres and Response, Ministry for Primary Industries, 66 Ward Street, Wallaceville, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand
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. A, Singh S, Dhama K, Wani M, Gowthaman V, Chawak M. Molecular Characterization of Avibacterium paragallinarum Isolated
from Poultry Flocks of India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2014.440.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Welchman DDB, King SA, Wragg P, Wood AM, Irvine RM, Pepper WJ, Dijkman R, de Wit JJ. Infectious coryza in chickens in Great Britain. Vet Rec 2010; 167:912-3. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c6841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. A. King
- VLA - Winchester, Itchen Abbas; Winchester Hampshire SO21 1BX
| | - P. Wragg
- VLA - Thirsk, West House; Station Road Thirsk North Yorkshire YO7 1PZ
| | - A. M. Wood
- VLA - Lasswade; International Research Centre; Pentland Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0PZ
| | - R. M. Irvine
- VLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB
| | - W. J. Pepper
- Cliffe Veterinary Group, Radstock House; 21 Cliffe High Street Lewes East Sussex BN7 2AH
| | - R. Dijkman
- GD Deventer; Arnsbergstraat 7 7418 EZ Deventer The Netherlands
| | - J. J. de Wit
- GD Deventer; Arnsbergstraat 7 7418 EZ Deventer The Netherlands
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Corney B, Diallo I, Wright L, De Jong A, Hewitson G, Tolosa M, Rodwell B, Ossedryver S, Pritchard L, Boyle D. Detection and quantitation ofgallid herpesvirus1 in avian samples by 5′Taqnuclease assay utilizing Minor Groove Binder technology. Avian Pathol 2010; 39:47-52. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450903473582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B.G. Corney
- a Animal Research Institute, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries , Locked Mail Bag 4, Moorooka , Queensland , 4105 , Australia
| | - I.S. Diallo
- a Animal Research Institute, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries , Locked Mail Bag 4, Moorooka , Queensland , 4105 , Australia
| | - L.L. Wright
- a Animal Research Institute, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries , Locked Mail Bag 4, Moorooka , Queensland , 4105 , Australia
| | - A.J. De Jong
- a Animal Research Institute, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries , Locked Mail Bag 4, Moorooka , Queensland , 4105 , Australia
| | - G.R. Hewitson
- a Animal Research Institute, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries , Locked Mail Bag 4, Moorooka , Queensland , 4105 , Australia
| | - M.X. Tolosa
- a Animal Research Institute, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries , Locked Mail Bag 4, Moorooka , Queensland , 4105 , Australia
| | - B.J. Rodwell
- a Animal Research Institute, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries , Locked Mail Bag 4, Moorooka , Queensland , 4105 , Australia
| | - S.M. Ossedryver
- a Animal Research Institute, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries , Locked Mail Bag 4, Moorooka , Queensland , 4105 , Australia
| | - L.I. Pritchard
- b CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory , PO Bag 24, Geelong , Victoria , 3220 , Australia
| | - D.B. Boyle
- b CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory , PO Bag 24, Geelong , Victoria , 3220 , Australia
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