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Loor-Giler A, Muslin C, Santander-Parra S, Coello D, De la Torre D, Abad H, Nuñez L. Simultaneous detection of infectious bronchitis virus and avian metapneumovirus genotypes A, B, and C by multiplex RT-qPCR assay in chicken tracheal samples in Ecuador. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1387172. [PMID: 39091399 PMCID: PMC11292056 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1387172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory RNA viruses such as Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), which are characterized by generating both respiratory damage and adverse effects on reproductive organs, affect poultry production economically due to high mortality rate and decrease in egg production and quality. Particularly, aMPV has three genotypes that have been reported with greater frequency in chickens: aMPV-A, aMPV-B, and aMPV-C. The present study proposes the design of a multiplex RT-qPCR assay for the simultaneous diagnosis of the 3 genotypes of interest of aMPV and IBV, followed by testing of 200 tracheal samples of vaccinated chickens with respiratory symptoms and finally a phylogenetic analysis of the sequences found. The assay detected up to 1 copy of each viral genome. The standard curves showed an efficiency between 90 and 100% in the multiplex assay and inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation of 0.363 and 0.459, respectively and inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation of 0.363 and 0.459, respectively. 69.5% of samples were found positive alone or in coinfection. 114 samples were positive for IBV, 13 for aMPV-A and 25 for aMPV-B. RNA of aMPV-C was no detected. The most commonly found combination was aMPV-B and IBV within 6 samples, and the least common was aMPV-A and aMPV-B in coinfection in 2 samples. The assay was specific for amplification of the genomes of the studied respiratory viruses (IBV, aMPV-A, aMPV-B, aMPV-C) as no amplification was shown from other viral genomes (ChPV, CAstV, ANV, and FAdV) or from the negative controls. Partial genomic Sanger sequencing enabled to identify circulating vaccine-derived and wild-type strains of IBV and vaccine and vaccine-derived strains of aMPV-B. In conclusion, this newly developed multiplex RT-qPCR was shown to be able to detect individual infections as well as co-infections among the respiratory viruses investigated. It was demonstrated to be a reliable and efficient tool for rapidly and safely diagnosing these infections. Furthermore, this study represents the first report of aMPV strains in Ecuadorian poultry and demonstrates the circulation of aMPV-A, aMPV-B, and GI-13 IBV strains in unvaccinated chicken populations in the country. Thus, it highlights the importance of simultaneously identifying these pathogens in greater detail and on a regular basis in Ecuador.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Loor-Giler
- Laboratorios de Investigación, Dirección General de Investigación, Universidad de las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Claire Muslin
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
- One Health Research Group, Universidad de Las Americas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Silvana Santander-Parra
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Dayana Coello
- Laboratorios de Investigación, Dirección General de Investigación, Universidad de las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - David De la Torre
- LABIGEN, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Hernán Abad
- LABIGEN, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Luis Nuñez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
- One Health Research Group, Universidad de Las Americas, Quito, Ecuador
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Kaszab E, Bali K, Marton S, Ursu K, Farkas SL, Fehér E, Domán M, Martella V, Bányai K. Metagenomic Identification of Novel Eukaryotic Viruses with Small DNA Genomes in Pheasants. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:237. [PMID: 38254406 PMCID: PMC10812470 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A panel of intestinal samples collected from common pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) between 2008 and 2017 was used for metagenomic investigation using an unbiased enrichment protocol and different bioinformatic pipelines. The number of sequence reads in the metagenomic analysis ranged from 1,419,265 to 17,507,704 with a viral sequence read rate ranging from 0.01% to 59%. When considering the sequence reads of eukaryotic viruses, RNA and DNA viruses were identified in the samples, including but not limited to coronaviruses, reoviruses, parvoviruses, and CRESS DNA viruses (i.e., circular Rep-encoding single-stranded DNA viruses). Partial or nearly complete genome sequences were reconstructed of at least three different parvoviruses (dependoparvovirus, aveparvovirus and chaphamaparvovirus), as well as gyroviruses and diverse CRESS DNA viruses. Generating information of virus diversity will serve as a basis for developing specific diagnostic tools and for structured epidemiological investigations, useful to assess the impact of these novel viruses on animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Kaszab
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (E.F.); (M.D.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
- One Health Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bali
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (E.F.); (M.D.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Marton
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (E.F.); (M.D.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Ursu
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, 1143 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Szilvia L. Farkas
- Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Enikő Fehér
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (E.F.); (M.D.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marianna Domán
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (E.F.); (M.D.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy;
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (E.F.); (M.D.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
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3
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Saleem W, Vereecke N, Zaman MG, Afzal F, Reman I, Khan SUH, Nauwynck H. Genotyping and phylogeography of infectious bronchitis virus isolates from Pakistan show unique linkage to GI-24 lineage. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103236. [PMID: 37980750 PMCID: PMC10685022 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is prevalent in Pakistan causing enormous economic losses. To date no clear data are available on circulating genotypes and phylogeographic spread of the virus. Hence current study assessed these parameters for all available IBV Pakistani isolates, based on the 9 new sequences, with respect to other Asian and non-Asian countries. Results indicated that all Pakistani isolates belonged to genotype I (GI), with more than half of them (16/27) belonging to the GI-24 lineage, against which no vaccine is available. Three possible introduction events of the GI-13 IBV lineage into Pakistan, based on the estimated IBV population using isolates from this study, were observed possibly from Afghanistan, China, and/or Egypt. These events were further analyzed on the S1 amino acid level which showed unique alterations (S250H, T270K, and Q298S) in 1 isolate (IBV4, GI-13) when compared to GI-1 lineage. Both GI-1 and GI-13 Pakistani strains showed close homology with homologous vaccine strains that are used in Pakistan. For GI-24 strains, none of the used vaccines showed substantial homology, necessitating the need for further exploration of this lineage and vaccine design. In addition, our findings highlight the importance of genomic surveillance to support phylogeographical studies on IBV in genotyping and molecular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Saleem
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Nick Vereecke
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Pathosense BV, Lier 2500, Belgium
| | - Muhammad Goher Zaman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 54770 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Afzal
- Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Poultry Research Institute, 46000 Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Reman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 54770 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ul-Hasan Khan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 54770 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Pathosense BV, Lier 2500, Belgium
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Icochea E, González R, Castro-Sanguinetti G, Maturrano L, Alzamora L, Sesti L, Chacón J, More-Bayona J. Genetic Analysis of Infectious Bronchitis Virus S1 Gene Reveals Novel Amino Acid Changes in the GI-16 Lineage in Peru. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030691. [PMID: 36985264 PMCID: PMC10051523 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious viral disease that represents an economic threat for poultry despite the wide use of vaccination. To characterize the virus circulating in Peru, we analyzed 200 samples, including nasopharyngeal swabs and multiple tissues collected from animals suspected of being infected with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) between January and August in 2015. All animals had at least one positive sample for IBV by RT-PCR. Out of these positive samples, eighteen (18) were selected for viral isolation and a partial S1 sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis showed that sixteen isolates clustered with members of GI-16 lineage, also known as Q1, with nucleotide homology ranging from 93% to 98%. The two remaining isolates grouped with members of the GI-1 lineage. Our study reveals circulation of GI-16 lineage during this period in poultry systems in Peru, along with GI-1 lineage (vaccine-derived). Moreover, those IBV GI-16 isolates showed unique nucleotide and amino acid changes compared to their closest relatives. Altogether, these findings reveal the circulation of GI-16 lineage while describing changes at key regions of the S protein that might be of relevance for vaccine evasion. These results highlight the importance of genetic surveillance for improving vaccination strategies against infectious bronchitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Icochea
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Circunvalación 2800, Lima 15081, Peru
| | - Rosa González
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Circunvalación 2800, Lima 15081, Peru
| | - Gina Castro-Sanguinetti
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Circunvalación 2800, Lima 15081, Peru
| | - Lenin Maturrano
- Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Circunvalación 2800, Lima 15081, Peru
| | - Luis Alzamora
- CEVA Animal Health, 3461 Av. República de Panamá Dpto. 1102, San Isidro, Lima 15047, Peru
| | - Luiz Sesti
- CEVA Animal Health, 3461 Av. República de Panamá Dpto. 1102, San Isidro, Lima 15047, Peru
| | - Jorge Chacón
- CEVA Animal Health, 3461 Av. República de Panamá Dpto. 1102, San Isidro, Lima 15047, Peru
| | - Juan More-Bayona
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Circunvalación 2800, Lima 15081, Peru
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Circunvalación 2800, Lima 15081, Peru
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Vermeulen CJ, Dijkman R, de Wit JJS, Bosch BJ, Heesterbeek JAPH, van Schaik G. Genetic analysis of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in vaccinated poultry populations over a period of 10 years. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:157-167. [PMID: 36745131 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2177140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an avian pathogen from the Coronavirus family causing major health issues in poultry flocks worldwide. Because of its negative impact on health, performance, and bird welfare, commercial poultry are routinely vaccinated by administering live attenuated virus. However, field strains are capable of rapid adaptation and may evade vaccine-induced immunity. We set out to describe dynamics within and between lineages and assess potential escape from vaccine-induced immunity. We investigated a large nucleotide sequence database of over 1700 partial sequences of the S1 spike protein gene collected from clinical samples of Dutch chickens submitted to the laboratory of Royal GD between 2011 and 2020. Relative frequencies of the two major lineages GI-13 (793B) and GI-19 (QX) did not change in the investigated period, but we found a succession of distinct GI-19 sublineages. Analysis of dN/dS ratio over all sequences demonstrated episodic diversifying selection acting on multiple sites, some of which overlap predicted N-glycosylation motifs. We assessed several measures that would indicate divergence from vaccine strains, both in the overall database and in the two major lineages. However, the frequency of vaccine-homologous lineages did not decrease, no increase in genetic variation with time was detected, and the sequences did not grow more divergent from vaccine sequences in the examined time window. Concluding, our results show sublineage turnover within the GI-19 lineage and we demonstrate episodic diversifying selection acting on the partial sequence, but we cannot confirm nor rule out escape from vaccine-induced immunity.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSSuccession of GI-19 IBV variants in broiler populations.IBV lineages overrepresented in either broiler, or layer production chickens.Ongoing episodic selection at the IBV S1 spike protein gene sequence.Several positively selected codons coincident with N-glycosylation motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J Vermeulen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Royal GD (GD Animal Health), Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Dijkman
- Royal GD (GD Animal Health), Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - J J Sjaak de Wit
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Royal GD (GD Animal Health), Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J A P Hans Heesterbeek
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerdien van Schaik
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Royal GD (GD Animal Health), Deventer, The Netherlands
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Lupini C, Tucciarone CM, Mescolini G, Quaglia G, Graziosi G, Turblin V, Brown P, Cecchinato M, Legnardi M, Delquigny T, Lemiere S, Perreul G, Catelli E. Longitudinal Survey on aMPV Circulation in French Broiler Flocks following Different Vaccination Strategies. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010057. [PMID: 36611670 PMCID: PMC9817960 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the impact of respiratory disease resulting from Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) infection has been generally rising in the broiler industry in Europe. In this context, in order to investigate aMPV contribution to the clinical picture and the potential benefits of diversified vaccination strategies compared to nonvaccination policies, a longitudinal monitoring was performed, also evaluating Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) presence. Broiler flocks located in Western France, where aMPV has already proven to be a health and productivity issue, were screened by RT-PCR on rhino-pharyngeal swabs, and the viruses were genetically characterized by sequence analysis. For a more comprehensive picture of aMPV molecular epidemiology and evolution in France, aMPV subtype B strains detected from 1985 to 1998 were sequenced and included in the analysis. The survey confirmed the detection of aMPV subtype B in commercial broiler flocks in France, together with a certain heterogeneity demonstrated by the circulation of more recent and historical French field strains. No IBV field strains were detected. The implementation and evaluation of different management choices and vaccine strategies suggests once again that immunization does not prevent infection but contributes greatly to the containment of the clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giulia Mescolini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Giulia Quaglia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Giulia Graziosi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Vincent Turblin
- MC VET Conseil—RESEAU CRISTAL, 72300 Sablé sur Sarthe, France
| | - Paul Brown
- Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitairede l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du Travail, B.P., 53-22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy
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Ramirez-Nieto G, Mir D, Almansa-Villa D, Cordoba-Argotti G, Beltran-Leon M, Rodriguez-Osorio N, Garai J, Zabaleta J, Gomez AP. New Insights into Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Colombia from Whole-Genome Analysis. Viruses 2022; 14:2562. [PMID: 36423171 PMCID: PMC9694374 DOI: 10.3390/v14112562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious Bronchitis (IB) is a respiratory disease caused by a highly variable Gammacoronavirus, which generates a negative impact on poultry health worldwide. GI-11 and GI-16 lineages have been identified in South America based on Infectious Bronchitis virus (IBV) partial S1 sequences. However, full genome sequence information is limited. In this study we report, for the first time, the whole-genome sequence of IBV from Colombia. Seven IBV isolates obtained during 2012 and 2013 from farms with respiratory disease compatible with IB were selected and the complete genome sequence was obtained by NGS. According to S1 sequence phylogenetic analysis, six isolates belong to lineage GI-1 and one to lineage GVI-1. When whole genome was analyzed, five isolates were related to the vaccine strain Ma5 2016 and two showed mosaic genomes. Results from complete S1 sequence analysis provides further support for the hypothesis that GVI-1, considered a geographically confined lineage in Asia, could have originated in Colombia. Complete genome information reported in this research allow a deeper understanding of the phylogenetic evolution of variants and the recombination events between strains that are circulating worldwide, contributing to the knowledge of coronavirus in Latin America and the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Ramirez-Nieto
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Daiana Mir
- Unidad de Genómica y Bioinformática, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Salto 50000, Uruguay
| | - Diego Almansa-Villa
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Geovanna Cordoba-Argotti
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Magda Beltran-Leon
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Nelida Rodriguez-Osorio
- Unidad de Genómica y Bioinformática, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Salto 50000, Uruguay
| | - Jone Garai
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jovanny Zabaleta
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Arlen P. Gomez
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
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Detection of Chicken Respiratory Pathogens in Live Markets of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Epidemiological Implications. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090503. [PMID: 36136719 PMCID: PMC9501380 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A moderate to high seroprevalence of exposure to Newcastle disease (NDV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) has recently been reported in Ethiopia, but it is unclear to what extent these contribute to clinical cases of respiratory disease. This study investigated the presence of these pathogens in chickens exhibiting respiratory disease in two live markets in Addis Ababa. Markets were visited weekly for three months, and 18 chickens displaying respiratory clinical signs were acquired. Swab samples were taken from the choana, trachea, air sac and larynx for bacteriology and PCR tests targeting these five pathogens. PCR-positive samples were sequenced. All 18 chickens were PCR-positive for aMPV, 50% for each of Mg and NDV, 39% for IBV and 11% for ILTV. Infections with >3 pathogens were detected in 17 of 18 chickens. Potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus were found in 16 to 44% of chickens. IBV-positive samples were of the 793B genotype. The results associate the presence of these organisms with clinical respiratory disease and are consistent with recent serological investigations, indicating a high level of exposure to multiple respiratory pathogens.
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9
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Luan Q, Han Y, Yin Y, Wang J. Genetic diversity and pathogenicity of novel chicken astrovirus in China. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:488-498. [PMID: 35838631 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2102966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFive novel chicken astrovirus (CAstV) strains, designated ZDF, MHC, WSC, WSW and MHW, were successfully isolated from chickens with gout and were subjected to full genome sequencing characterization and tested for their pathogenic effects on Specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken embryos and chickens. The complete genomes of the 5 isolated strains were approximately 7436 nt to 7511 nt in length. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains ZDF and MHC were clustered in a clade with strains isolated in China and that the others were clustered with strains from other countries. Based on the amino acids of ORF2, strains MHW and WSW belonged to subgroup Ai, strain WSC belonged to Bii, and strains ZDF and MHC belonged to Bi. The pathogenicity of strains MHW, MHC and WSC belonging to different subgroups was studied. The results showed that the mortality of the chicken embryos was 100% when infected with any strain more than 103 TCID50, 35% in SPF chickens infected with strain WSC, 25% with MHC and 15% with MHW. The body weights of chickens infected and embryos infected with 0.2 mL 10 TCID50 were significantly reduced after hatching. SPF chickens infected with any of the strains had similar lesions characterized by urate deposits on the epicardium and kidney and necrotic spots on the liver. This study identified the three kinds of genotypic CAstV prevalent in China, with high mortality in embryonated chicken eggs and leading to white chick syndrome, retarded growth and visceral gout in infected chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingdong Luan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University (QAU), Qingdao, 266109, China.,Qingdao Bolong Genetic Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266041, China
| | - Yijun Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University (QAU), Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yanbo Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University (QAU), Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jianlin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University (QAU), Qingdao, 266109, China
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10
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Toroghi R, Sodavari S, Tabatabaeizadeh SE, Sharghi AS, Irankhah N, Fakhraee M, Farzin HR, Sarani M, Khayyat SH, Ashouri M, Torabi M. The First Occurrence of Hepatitis-Hydropericardium Syndrome in Iran and Effective Applied Control Measures in the Affected Commercial Broiler Flock. Avian Dis 2022; 66:213-219. [PMID: 35723929 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fowl adenoviruses cause three economically important diseases in broiler chicken flocks: hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS), inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), and adenoviral gizzard erosion. IBH has not been considered a serious threat in northeast Iran since the last decade, because no major effect on flock performance has been noticed along with a low mortality rate. During this period, all the sporadic IBH outbreaks have also been investigated for HHS without finding any confirmed case. In March 2021, a 15-day-old commercial broiler flock in northeast Iran showed a 50% mortality rate, and birds underwent postmortem examination, histopathology, molecular testing, and phylogenetic analysis for possible disease agents. Typical gross lesions of HHS were observed postmortem that included hydropericardium with an unusual accumulation of jelly-like and straw-colored fluid in the pericardial sac (without right ventricular failure); petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages on the myocardium, myocardial valves, and endocardium; and discolored and mottled liver along with small white foci and petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages. Histopathologic analysis showed necrosis of hepatocytes and basophilic inclusion bodies in the livers. The molecular tests performed for detection of fowl adenovirus (FAdV), H5 avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), H9N2, chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV), infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus, Marek's disease virus, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and Mycoplasma synoviae turned out positive for FAdV, CIAV, IBD vaccine virus, and IBV serotypes 793B and variant I. The phylogenetic tree based on the hexon gene loop 1 demonstrated a FAdV serotype 4 (FAdV-4) that was identical to Pakistani isolate PARC-1/98. Because it was the first detection of a FAdV-4 in Iran, the stamping out program was applied immediately on the basis of HHS gross lesions and positive PCR reaction on pericardial jelly-like fluid. It seems that this eradication strategy was successful because no outbreaks were noticed for 2 mo after the initial outbreak. It was concluded that the use of gross pathologic baselines, quick diagnosis of disease, and close collaboration between governmental and private sectors were the critical factors that helped locally control the first occurrence of HHS in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Toroghi
- Mashhad Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 9183896516, Mashhad, Iran, .,MAAD Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 9198716161, Mashhad, Iran
| | - S Sodavari
- MAAD Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 9198716161, Mashhad, Iran
| | - S-E Tabatabaeizadeh
- Mashhad Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 9183896516, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A S Sharghi
- Veterinary Head Office of Khorasan Razavi province, 9185333446, Mashhad, Iran
| | - N Irankhah
- MAAD Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 9198716161, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Fakhraee
- Mashhad Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 9183896516, Mashhad, Iran
| | - H R Farzin
- Mashhad Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 9183896516, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Sarani
- Mashhad Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 9183896516, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - M Ashouri
- Veterinary Head Office of Khorasan Razavi province, 9185333446, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Torabi
- Veterinary Head Office of Khorasan Razavi province, 9185333446, Mashhad, Iran
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11
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Ball C, Manswr B, Herrmann A, Lemiere S, Ganapathy K. Avian metapneumovirus subtype B vaccination in commercial broiler chicks: heterologous protection and selected host transcription responses to subtype A or B challenge. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:181-196. [PMID: 35099352 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2036697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) causes respiratory disease and drops in egg production in chicken, and is routinely controlled by vaccination. However, the host's immune response to virulent challenge in vaccinated or unvaccinated broiler chickens is poorly characterised. We show that subtype B vaccination offers heterologous (subtype A challenge) and homologous (subtype B challenge) protection. Subtype B challenge causes significantly greater humoral antibody titres in vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens. In turbinate and lung tissues of unvaccinated-challenged chickens, IgA and IgY mRNA transcription was significantly up-regulated after subtype B challenge compared to subtype A. Cellular immunity (CD8-α and CD8-β) gene transcripts were significantly up-regulated during early and later stages of infection from subtype B or subtype A respectively. Immune gene transcriptional responses (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18) were significantly up-regulated after challenge. Gene transcription results have shown that mRNA expression levels of CD8-α, CD8-β, TLR3 and IL-6, particularly in turbinate and trachea tissues, are useful parameters to include in future aMPV vaccination-challenge studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ball
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
| | - Basim Manswr
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Diyala University, Iraq
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 69007 Lyon, 29 avenue Tony Garnier, France
| | - Stephane Lemiere
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 69007 Lyon, 29 avenue Tony Garnier, France
| | - Kannan Ganapathy
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
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12
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Cortés V, Sevilla-Navarro S, García C, Marín C, Catalá-Gregori P. Seroprevalence and Prevalence of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in broilers, laying hens and broiler breeders in Spain. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101760. [PMID: 35378349 PMCID: PMC8980484 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) is one of the most important viral diseases which causes important economic losses in poultry industry. This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence, prevalence, and variants of IBV in broilers, layers, and broiler breeders´ farms of Gallus gallus species in Eastern Spain. Thus, 29, 16, and 14 flocks of broilers, layers and broiler breeders, respectively were analyzed. To assess seroprevalence, sera samples were analyzed by ELISA. Tracheal swabs and tissue samples were tested by PCR to know the prevalence and detect specific variants. An IBV seroprevalence of 100% was detected in the 3 productive orientations. According to PCR results, a prevalence of 38% in broilers, 44% in layers and 43% in broiler breeders was obtained. The variant-specific RT-PCR analysis showed that 4/91, Massachusetts, QX, Italy-02 and D274 strains were present in commercial flocks in eastern Spain, being 4/91 the most prevalent in all the productive orientations. In layers 100% of QX prevalence, 14% of Italy 02 and 14% of D274 was detected. Regarding broilers, a prevalence of 18% of Massachusetts strain was also detected. In contrast, in broiler breeders´ farms only 4/91 strain was found. In conclusion, our findings showed the presence of IBV in eastern Spain and the changing situation of the IBV variants´ prevalence, being different according to the productive orientation. The continuous emergence of new variants emphasizes the importance of continuous IBV monitoring in order to optimize vaccination strategies.
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13
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Wayou BA, Kassa GM, Pasotto D, Sori T, Tucciarone CM, Cecchinato M. Molecular Survey of Viral Poultry Diseases with an Indirect Public Health Significance in Central Ethiopia. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123564. [PMID: 34944338 PMCID: PMC8697989 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Poultry production is increasing, in Ethiopia as well, and poultry is an extremely valuable food resource. This survey investigated the presence of important viral pathogens in poultry (infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV)) using biomolecular assays and sequencing. The results suggested a low circulation of these pathogens, probably owing to vaccination strategies. A routine diagnostic activity should be planned to monitor pathogen circulation and support disease prevention and production levels. Abstract The importance of poultry production is globally increasing, in Ethiopia as well, where high-quality protein and contained costs make poultry a valuable food resource. However, this entails some problems linked to rural, backyard and intensively reared flock proximity and pathogen circulation. This study is aimed at monitoring the presence of important viral pathogens in poultry (infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV)) in Ethiopia. Respiratory and cloacal swabs and bursa of Fabricius and kidney imprints on FTA cards were collected in 2021 from 16 farms and tested for IBV, aMPV, NDV and IBDV. One farm was positive for IBDV, resulting in strains similar to those present in vaccines, belonging to genogroup A1a; two farms were positive for IBV but, due to sensitivity limits, only one sample was sequenced, resulting in a 4/91-like strain (GI-13); a layer farm tested positive for NDV with a Lasota-like vaccine strain. These findings suggest a low presence of these pathogens, probably due to the implementation of vaccination strategies, which is also testified by the detection of vaccine strains. A close diagnostic activity should be implemented on a routine basis in order to monitor pathogen circulation, ameliorate biosecurity measures and protect animal health and production levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behailu Assefa Wayou
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (B.A.W.); (G.M.K.)
| | - Gezahegne Mamo Kassa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (B.A.W.); (G.M.K.)
| | - Daniela Pasotto
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Teshale Sori
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia;
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
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14
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Ghetas AM. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Genotypes in the Middle East. Avian Dis 2021; 65:647-651. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-21-00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Ghetas
- Poultry Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
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15
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de Wit JJ, de Wit MK, Cook JKA. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Types Affecting European Countries—A Review. Avian Dis 2021; 65:643-648. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. J. de Wit
- Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - M. K. de Wit
- Demetris, Impact 14, 6921 RZ, Duiven, the Netherlands
| | - J. K. A Cook
- 138 Hartford Road, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE29 1XQ, United Kingdom
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16
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Van Borm S, Steensels M, Mathijs E, Vandenbussche F, van den Berg T, Lambrecht B. Metagenomic sequencing determines complete infectious bronchitis virus (avian Gammacoronavirus) vaccine strain genomes and associated viromes in chicken clinical samples. Virus Genes 2021; 57:529-540. [PMID: 34626348 PMCID: PMC8501334 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV, genus Gammacoronavirus) causes an economically important and highly contagious disease in chicken. Random primed RNA sequencing was applied to two IBV positive clinical samples and one in ovo-passaged virus. The virome of a cloacal swab pool was dominated by IBV (82% of viral reads) allowing de novo assembly of a GI-13 lineage complete genome with 99.95% nucleotide identity to vaccine strain 793B. In addition, substantial read counts (16% of viral reads) allowed the assembly of a near-complete chicken astrovirus genome, while lower read counts identified the presence of chicken calicivirus and avian leucosis virus. Viral reads in a respiratory/intestinal tissue pool were distributed between IBV (22.53%), Sicinivirus (Picornaviridae, 24%), and avian leucosis virus (37.04%). A complete IBV genome with 99.95% nucleotide identity to vaccine strain H120 (lineage GI-1), as well as a near-complete avian leucosis virus genome and a partial Sicinivirus genome were assembled from the tissue sample data. Lower read counts identified chicken calicivirus, Avibirnavirus (infectious bursal disease virus, assembling to 98.85% of segment A and 69.66% of segment B closely related to D3976/1 from Germany, 2017) and avian orthoreovirus, while three avian orthoavulavirus 1 reads confirmed prior real-time RT-PCR result. IBV sequence variation analysis identified both fixed and minor frequency variations in the tissue sample compared to its in ovo-passaged virus. Metagenomic methods allow the determination of complete coronavirus genomes from clinical chicken samples while providing additional insights in RNA virus sequence diversity and coinfecting viruses potentially contributing to pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Van Borm
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Mathijs
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Tucciarone CM, Franzo G, Legnardi M, Fortin A, Valastro V, Lazzaro E, Terregino C, Cecchinato M. Effect of assay choice, viral concentration and operator interpretation on infectious bronchitis virus detection and characterization. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:357-365. [PMID: 34313501 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1959897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the efforts to achieve a consistent classification scheme based on the complete S1 gene, the genetic characterization of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is often performed on partial S1 regions due to economic and time constraints in the diagnostic routine. Sanger sequencing remains the most common and cost-effective option even if the analysis of samples where multiple field and vaccine strain populations coexist can lead to partial or misleading results. The present study aimed to evaluate the different diagnostic outcomes of three commonly used RT-PCR methods targeting two regions of the S1 gene. A possible bias in IBV detection and characterization was investigated in relation to the adopted method, the strain concentration as well as their ratio in mixed samples. Thirty samples were prepared by artificially mixing two vaccine strains, combined at different ratios and selected among four different IBV lineages, i.e. GI-1 (Mass), GI-13 (793/B), GI-19 (QX), GI-23 (Israeli Variant 2). Sequence analysis was conducted both manually and with bioinformatic methods. The result agreement among methods, replicates and analysis approaches was statistically evaluated. Consistent results emerged among the three assays, with a few discrepancies likely caused by primer affinity and target amount. This study confirms the complexity of IBV strain identification and highlights the importance of evaluating and updating the available diagnostic assays for a reliable detection of all circulating IBV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Andrea Fortin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Viviana Valastro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Elena Lazzaro
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro PD, Italy
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18
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Wang F, Gao M, Han Z, Hou Y, Zhang L, Ma Z, Ma D. Innate immune responses of domestic pigeons to the infection of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 virus. Poult Sci 2020; 100:603-614. [PMID: 33518113 PMCID: PMC7858190 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) is a globally distributed, virulent member of the avian paramyxovirus type-1. The PPMV-1-associated disease poses a great threat to the pigeon industry. The innate immune response is crucial for antiviral infections and revealing the pathogenic mechanisms of PPMV-1. In this study, we evaluated the pathogenicity of a PPMV-1 strain LHLJ/110822 in one-month-old domestic pigeons, as well as the host immune responses in PPMV-1-infected pigeons. We observed typically clinical sign in infected pigeons by 3 dpi. The morbidity rate and the mortality in pigeons inoculated with the PPMV-1 strain were up to 100% and 30%, respectively. The virus could replicate in all of the examined tissues, namely trachea, lung, liver, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius. In addition, the infected pigeons had developed anti-PPMV-1 antibodies as early as 8 dpi; and the antibody level increased over the time in this study. The expression level of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR3 TLR15, IFN-γ, and IL-6 were significantly upregulated by the PPMV-1 infection in some tissues of pigeons. By contrast, PPMV-1 infection results in downregulation of IL-18 expression in most of investigated tissues except for bursa of Fabricius in this study. The current results confirmed that this virus could replicate in pigeons and induce host immune responses, then leading to produce serum antibody titers. Meanwhile, the PPMV-1 infection induces strong innate immune responses and intense inflammatory responses at early stage in pigeon which may associate with the viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Mengying Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yutong Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanbang Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Deying Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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19
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Tegegne D, Deneke Y, Sori T, Abdurahaman M, Kebede N, Cecchinato M, Franzo G. Molecular Epidemiology and Genotyping of Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Avian Metapneumovirus in Backyard and Commercial Chickens in Jimma Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040187. [PMID: 33255570 PMCID: PMC7711717 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry production plays a relevant role in the Ethiopian economy and represents a source of poverty alleviation for several social classes. Infectious diseases can therefore significantly impact the economy and welfare. Despite infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) being present, the knowledge of their epidemiology and impact is extremely limited. In the present work, a cross-sectional study based on 500 tracheal swabs collected from 50 intensive and backyard unvaccinated flocks of the Jimma Zone was performed to investigate the circulation of these viruses and molecularly characterize them. IBV and aMPV presence was tested by molecular assays, and genotyping was carried out on positive samples. Accordingly, 6% (95% CI 2.06% to 16.22%) and 8% (95% CI 3.15% to 18.84%) of flocks tested IBV and aMPV positive, respectively. Particularly, IBV 793B (GI-13) strains were detected in backyard flocks only, and identical or closely related sequences (p-distance <2%) were detected in distantly spaced flocks, suggesting relevant viral circulation. On the contrary, both backyard and intensive flocks were affected by aMPV subtype B. Potential epidemiological links associated to the importation of parental birds from foreign countries could be established. These results highlight non-negligible circulation of these viruses, warranting further epidemiological studies and the evaluation of control measure implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechassa Tegegne
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 307 Jimma, Ethiopia; (D.T.); (Y.D.); (T.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Yosef Deneke
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 307 Jimma, Ethiopia; (D.T.); (Y.D.); (T.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Takele Sori
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 307 Jimma, Ethiopia; (D.T.); (Y.D.); (T.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Mukarim Abdurahaman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 307 Jimma, Ethiopia; (D.T.); (Y.D.); (T.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy;
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy;
- Correspondence:
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20
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Ganapathy K, Ball C, Baylis M, Tirumurugaan KG, Suwetha KR, Gowthaman V, Senthilvel K, Gopal Murthy K, Kannaki R, Pankaj D, Chhabra R. QX-like infectious bronchitis virus reported in India. Vet Rec 2020; 186:69-70. [PMID: 31953290 DOI: 10.1136/vr.m136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Ganapathy
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - C Ball
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - M Baylis
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - K G Tirumurugaan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai-600007, India
| | - K R Suwetha
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai-600007, India
| | - V Gowthaman
- Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus, Namakkal-637002, India
| | - K Senthilvel
- Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus, Namakkal-637002, India
| | - K Gopal Murthy
- Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus, Namakkal-637002, India
| | - R Kannaki
- Avian Health Laboratory, Directorate on Poultry Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500030, India
| | - D Pankaj
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Assam-787001, India
| | - R Chhabra
- College Central Laboratory, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125004, India
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21
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Kaneda M, Takahashi S, Naito I, Chiba Y, Hikono H, Murakami K. Nationwide Survey of Infectious Bronchitis Virus on Layer Farms in Japan During 2015. Avian Dis 2020; 64:80-84. [PMID: 32267128 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-64.1.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
After accumulating data through a nationwide survey, we characterized the recent prevalences and geographic distributions of various genotypes of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) on layer farms in Japan. Reverse transcription PCR analysis of fecal samples revealed the presence of the IBV nucleoprotein (N) gene on approximately 30% of the farms surveyed. N-gene detection rates were higher in the Chugoku and Kyushu regions than in the remaining surveyed regions. Phylogenetic analysis of S1 gene sequences revealed that JP-I, JP-II, JP-III, and Massachusetts genotypes were particularly prevalent, with JP-I isolated throughout the country. Additionally, JP-II was the genotype detected most frequently in Chugoku, and JP-III was the most frequent in Kyushu. Unlike the previous results obtained in 1998 through 2003, the European-prevalent 4/91 genotype was no longer circulating in Japan. Moreover, the number of prefectures where multiple genotypes were detected simultaneously increased during that time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Kaneda
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.,Institute of Animal Health, National Federation of Agricultural Cooperative Associations (JA Zen-noh), 7 Ohja-machi, Sakura, Chiba 285-0043, Japan
| | - Sayaka Takahashi
- Institute of Animal Health, National Federation of Agricultural Cooperative Associations (JA Zen-noh), 7 Ohja-machi, Sakura, Chiba 285-0043, Japan.,Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Ikunori Naito
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Yusuke Chiba
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hikono
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.,Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.,Food Animal Medicine and Food Safety Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Kenji Murakami
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan, .,Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan, .,Food Animal Medicine and Food Safety Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan,
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22
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Mescolini G, Lupini C, Franzo G, Quaglia G, Legnardi M, Cecchinato M, Tucciarone CM, Blanco A, Turblin V, Biarnés M, Tatone F, Falchieri M, Catelli E. What is new on molecular characteristics of Avian metapneumovirus strains circulating in Europe? Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1314-1322. [PMID: 32794302 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, one hundred and sixteen partial G gene sequences of Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtype B, obtained during routine diagnostics in different European Countries in the last few years (2014-2019), were analysed by sequence and phylogenetic analyses in order to draw an updated picture of the molecular characteristics of circulating strains. Nucleotide sequences were compared with other sequences of European and non-European aMPV-Bs collected prior to that period or retrieved from GenBank. Phylogenetic relationships among the aMPV-B strains, reconstructed using the maximum likelihood method implemented in MEGA X, demonstrated that aMPV-B has evolved in Europe from its first appearance, frequently displaying a clear relation with the geographic area of detection. The 40% of aMPV-B viruses analysed were classified as vaccine-derived strains, being phylogenetically related, and showing high nucleotide identity with live commercial vaccine strains licensed in Europe. The remaining 60% were classified as field strains since they clustered separately and showed a low nucleotide identity with vaccines and vaccine-derived strains. The phylogenetic tree showed that the virus has continued to evolve from its first appearance in the '80s since more recently detected strains belonged to clades phylogenetically distant from the older strains. Unlike vaccine-derived strains, field strains tended to cluster according to their geographic origin and irrespective of the host species where the viruses had been detected. In conclusion, the molecular characterization of aMPV-B and the differentiation between vaccines and field strains through G gene sequence analysis can be a useful tool towards correct diagnosis and should be routinely applied in order to better address the control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mescolini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giulia Quaglia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Claudia M Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Angela Blanco
- CESAC - Centre de Sanitat Avícola de Catalunya i Aragó, Reus, Spain
| | | | - Mar Biarnés
- CESAC - Centre de Sanitat Avícola de Catalunya i Aragó, Reus, Spain
| | | | | | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
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23
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Legnardi M, Tucciarone CM, Franzo G, Cecchinato M. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Evolution, Diagnosis and Control. Vet Sci 2020; 7:E79. [PMID: 32580381 PMCID: PMC7356646 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses are characterized by high mutation and recombination rates, which allow a rapid adaptation to new environments. Most of the emerging diseases and host jumps are therefore sustained by these viruses. Rapid evolution may also hinder the understanding of molecular epidemiology, affect the sensitivity of diagnostic assays, limit the vaccine efficacy and favor episodes of immune escape, thus significantly complicating the control of even well-known pathogens. The history of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) fits well with the above-mentioned scenario. Despite being known since the 1930s, it still represents one of the main causes of disease and economic losses for the poultry industry. A plethora of strategies have been developed and applied over time, with variable success, to limit its impact. However, they have rarely been evaluated objectively and on an adequate scale. Therefore, the actual advantages and disadvantages of IBV detection and control strategies, as well as their implementation, still largely depend on individual sensibility. The present manuscript aims to review the main features of IBV biology and evolution, focusing on their relevance and potential applications in terms of diagnosis and control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.); (G.F.); (M.C.)
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24
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Phylodynamic analysis and evaluation of the balance between anthropic and environmental factors affecting IBV spreading among Italian poultry farms. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7289. [PMID: 32350378 PMCID: PMC7190837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) control is mainly based on wide vaccine administration. Although effective, its efficacy is not absolute, the viral circulation is not prevented and some side effects cannot be denied. Despite this, the determinants of IBV epidemiology and the factors affecting its circulation are still largely unknown and poorly investigated. In the present study, 361 IBV QX (the most relevant field genotype in Italy) sequences were obtained between 2012 and 2016 from the two main Italian integrated poultry companies. Several biostatistical and bioinformatics approaches were used to reconstruct the history of the QX genotype in Italy and to assess the effect of different environmental, climatic and social factors on its spreading patterns. Moreover, two structured coalescent models were considered in order to investigate if an actual compartmentalization occurs between the two integrated poultry companies and the role of a third "ghost" deme, representative of minor industrial poultry companies and the rural sector. The obtained results suggest that the integration of the poultry companies is an effective barrier against IBV spreading, since the strains sampled from the two companies formed two essentially-independent clades. Remarkably, the only exceptions were represented by farms located in the high densely populated poultry area of Northern Italy. The inclusion of a third deme in the model revealed the likely role of other poultry companies and rural farms (particularly concentrated in Northern Italy) as sources of strain introduction into one of the major poultry companies, whose farms are mainly located in the high densely populated poultry area of Northern Italy. Accordingly, when the effect of different environmental and urban parameters on IBV geographic spreading was investigated, no factor seems to contribute to IBV dispersal velocity, being poultry population density the only exception. Finally, the different viral population pattern observed in the two companies over the same time period supports the pivotal role of management and control strategies on IBV epidemiology. Overall, the present study results stress the crucial relevance of human action rather than environmental factors, highlighting the direct benefits that could derive from improved management and organization of the poultry sector on a larger scale.
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25
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Molenaar RJ, Dijkman R, de Wit JJ. Characterization of infectious bronchitis virus D181, a new serotype (GII-2). Avian Pathol 2020; 49:243-250. [PMID: 31951468 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1713987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the characterization of a new infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain D181, that rapidly evolved from a low-level incidental finding in 2017 to become the second most isolated IBV strain in Dutch layers and breeders in 2018, as well as being found in samples from Germany and Belgium. Based on the sequence of the S gene and the results of cross-neutralization tests, D181 can be considered as a new serotype and the second lineage within genotype II (GII-2). The experimental infection of SPF hens confirmed the ability of D181 to cause a drop in egg production, and immunohistochemistry showed presence of the virus in the trachea, lung and conjunctiva at 5 days post inoculation and in the caecal tonsils at 5 and 8 days post inoculation. In silico analysis of several widely used PCR primers indicated that primer sets adapted for GII might be needed to detect D181, as many general S1 primers might miss it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Dijkman
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - J J de Wit
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands.,Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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26
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Andreopoulou M, Franzo G, Tucciarone CM, Prentza Z, Koutoulis KC, Cecchinato M, Chaligianni I. Molecular epidemiology of infectious bronchitis virus and avian metapneumovirus in Greece. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5374-5384. [PMID: 31264704 PMCID: PMC7107232 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases like infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) have been held accountable for major losses for poultry production. Nevertheless, scarce information was present dealing with the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of these infections in Greece and the efficacy of currently applied control strategies. To fill this gap, a specific epidemiological study was designed. A total of 106 broiler and layer farms, including 10 backyard and 96 commercial flocks, were sampled between March 2016 and May 2017, and the obtained tracheal swabs were tested for IBV and aMPV using RT-PCR based techniques followed by sequencing. For each farm, data regarding production type, flock features, clinical signs, and vaccination program were also recorded. Different associations between vaccination protocol, production type, animal category, birds density, age, presence of clinical signs, and IBV and/or aMPV infection were tested. Both IBV and aMPV field strain prevalence were proven high, approximately 20 and 30%, respectively, being the GI-19 lineage (14 out of 19; 73.6%) and B subtype (30 out of 30; 100%), the most commonly detected IBV and aMPV genetic types. Infection with IBV field strains was significantly associated with clinical sign presence (odds ratio = 8.55 [95CI = 2.17–42.90]). Remarkably, only the vaccination protocol involving a double vaccination at 1 D of age was proven protective against IBV-induced symptomatology, with the odds of developing disease being 4.14 [95CI = 1.34–14.51] times lower. No association was demonstrated between aMPV infection and clinical outbreaks or between aMPV and IBV detection, suggesting the marginal role of the former pathogen in poultry farming. Globally, the present study provides the first detailed investigation of the epidemiological scenario of 2 viruses traditionally considered of pivotal relevance in poultry farming and demonstrates that remarkable benefits could be obtained with just minor adjustments in vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Andreopoulou
- Centre of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Claudia M Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Zoi Prentza
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos C Koutoulis
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Ilias Chaligianni
- Directorate of Veterinary Center of Thessaloniki, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
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27
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Ennaji Y, Khataby K, Ennaji MM. Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Poultry: Molecular Epidemiology and Factors Leading to the Emergence and Reemergence of Novel Strains of Infectious Bronchitis Virus. EMERGING AND REEMERGING VIRAL PATHOGENS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7150180 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-814966-9.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a coronavirus that causes an acute and highly contagious disease in chickens. The virus can cause substantial economic losses throughout the poultry industry worldwide. It can affect the upper respiratory tract and the reproductive tract, and some strains can cause nephritis. The causative agent IBV is an RNA virus with great ability for mutation and recombination, thus capable of generating new virus strains that are difficult to control. There are many IBV strains found worldwide, including the Massachusetts, 4/91, D274, and QX-like strains that can be grouped under the classic or variant serotypes. In addition, new types of the virus continue to arise due to mutations and recombination events in the viral genome and even more factors, making this virus difficult to identify and extremely difficult to control. Surveillance and identification of IBV types are extremely important for control of the disease and the advancement of molecular methods has aided in this pursuit. Genetic typing of IBV, which involves reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequence analysis of the S1 glycoprotein gene, has revolutionized diagnosis and identification of this virus by making it possible to type and compare the relatedness of a large number of virus isolates in a short period of time. Several conventional and molecular diagnostic methods have been described for the diagnosis of IB in chickens. “All-in/all-out” operations of rearing along with good biosafety measures form the basis of prevention, whereas vaccination forms the backbone of IB control program. Both live and inactivated (oil emulsified) conventional vaccines are available. The new generation vaccines (recombinant and vector-based) developed against locally prevailing IBV strains may be more helpful and avoid the reversion of virulence in live vaccine viruses.
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28
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Ball C, Forrester A, Herrmann A, Lemiere S, Ganapathy K. Comparative protective immunity provided by live vaccines of Newcastle disease virus or avian metapneumovirus when co-administered alongside classical and variant strains of infectious bronchitis virus in day-old broiler chicks. Vaccine 2019; 37:7566-7575. [PMID: 31607602 PMCID: PMC7127460 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the simultaneous administration of live NDV or aMPV subtype B vaccines alongside two live IBV (Massachusetts-H120 and 793B-CR88) vaccines in day-old maternal-antibody positive commercial broiler chicks. In the first experiment, chicks were divided into four groups; one unvaccinated and three groups vaccinated with live NDV VG/GA-Avinew, live H120 + CR88, or VG/GA-Avinew + H120 + CR88. In the second experiment, live aMPV subtype B vaccine was used in place of NDV. Clinical signs were monitored daily and oropharyngeal swabs were taken at regular intervals for vaccine virus detection. Blood was collected at 21 dpv for serology. 10 chicks from each group were challenged with virulent strains of M41 or QX or aMPV subtype B. For IBV, after 5 days post challenge (dpc), tracheal ciliary protection was assessed. For aMPV, clinical scores were recorded up to 10 dpc. For NDV, haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titres were assayed as an indicator of protective immunity. In both experiments, ciliary protection for IBV vaccinated groups was maintained above 90%. The protection against virulent aMPV challenge was not compromised when aMPV, H120 and CR88 were co-administered. NDV HI mean titres in single and combined NDV-vaccinated groups remained above the protective titre (>3 log2). Both experiments demonstrated that simultaneous administration of live NDV VG/GA-Avinew or aMPV subtype B alongside H120 and CR88 vaccines does not interfere with protection conferred against NDV, IBV or aMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ball
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Anne Forrester
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 69007 Lyon, 29 avenue Tony Garnier, France
| | - Stephane Lemiere
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 69007 Lyon, 29 avenue Tony Garnier, France
| | - Kannan Ganapathy
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK.
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29
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Legnardi M, Franzo G, Koutoulis KC, Wiśniewski M, Catelli E, Tucciarone CM, Cecchinato M. Vaccine or field strains: the jigsaw pattern of infectious bronchitis virus molecular epidemiology in Poland. Poult Sci 2019; 98:6388-6392. [PMID: 31399745 PMCID: PMC6870560 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB), caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), account for severe economic losses in the poultry industry. The continuous emergence of a multitude of IBV variants poses many challenges for its diagnosis and control, and live attenuated vaccines, despite their routine use, still plays a significant role in driving IBV evolution, further complicating the epidemiological scenario. Unfortunately, the impact of different vaccination strategies on IB control, epidemiology, and diagnosis has rarely been investigated. This work presents the results of a large-scale diagnostic survey performed in Poland to study IBV molecular epidemiology and how vaccination may affect the viral circulation in the field. To this purpose, 589 samples were collected between May 2017 and January 2019, tested by reverse transcription-PCR for IBV and sequenced. Vaccine and field strains were discriminated based on genetic and anamnestic information. The most commonly detected lineages were 793B (79%) and variant 2 (17.4%), with sporadic detections of QX, Mass, and D274-like strains. Most of the detected strains had a vaccine origin: 46.3% matched one of the applied vaccines, while 36.5% were genetically related to vaccines not implemented in the respective protocol. Besides their practical value for the proper planning of vaccination protocols in Poland, these results suggest that only a fraction (17.2%) of the circulating strains are field ones, imposing a careful assessment of the actual IBV field menaces. Moreover, phenomena like vaccine spreading and persistence seem to occur commonly, stressing the need to further study the epidemiological consequences of the extensive use of live vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Konstantinos C Koutoulis
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon 224, 43100, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Marek Wiśniewski
- Ceva Animal Health Polska Sp. z o.o., ul. Okrzei, 1A, 03–715 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
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30
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Han Z, Liwen X, Ren M, Sheng J, Ma T, Sun J, Zhao Y, Liu S. Genetic, antigenic and pathogenic characterization of avian coronaviruses isolated from pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) in China. Vet Microbiol 2019; 240:108513. [PMID: 31902509 PMCID: PMC7117390 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Two pheasant coronaviruses (PhCoVs) were isolated in 2017 in China. The two PhCoVs were genetically similar to IBV. Pathogenicity, replication, and shedding of PhCoV were obvious different when infected chickens and pheasants. PhCoVs isolated from different outbreaks may have evolved independently from IBVs by adaption in pheasants.
Two viruses were isolated in 2017 from commercial pheasants with severe clinical signs and mortality in Shandong and Anhui provinces, China, respectively. We examined the pathogenic effects of the viruses in chicken embryos and the size and morphology of the virus particles, performed phylogenetic analysis based on the S1 gene and complete genomic sequences, and examined the antibody responses against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The results suggested that the viruses I0623/17 and I0710/17 were avian coronaviruses and were identified as pheasant coronaviruses (PhCoV), with greatest similarity to IBV. Further investigations of the antigenicity, complete genome organization, substitutions in multiple genes, and viral pathogenicity, replication, and shedding in chickens and pheasants showed obvious differences between PhCoV and IBV in terms of antigenicity, and viral pathogenicity, replication, and shedding in chickens and pheasants. The close genetic relationship, but obvious differences between PhCoVs and IBVs suggested the IBVs could be the ancestors of PhCoVs, and that PhCoVs isolated from different outbreaks may have evolved independently from IBVs circulating in the specific region by adaption in pheasants. This hypothesis was supported by analysis of the S1 gene fragments of the two PhCoVs isolated in the current study, as well as PhCoVs isolated in the UK and selected IBV strains. Such analyses indicated different evolution patterns and different tissue tropisms between PhCoVs isolated in different outbreaks. Further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis by studying the complete genomic sequences of PhCoVs from different outbreaks and the pathogenicity of IBVs in pheasants to compare and clarify the relationships between PhCoVs and IBVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Liwen
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Ren
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sheng
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxin Ma
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Franzo G, Legnardi M, Tucciarone CM, Drigo M, Martini M, Cecchinato M. Evolution of infectious bronchitis virus in the field after homologous vaccination introduction. Vet Res 2019; 50:92. [PMID: 31706335 PMCID: PMC6842459 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that vaccine resistance has been typically considered a rare phenomenon, some episodes of vaccine failure have been reported with increasing frequency in intensively-raised livestock. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a widespread avian coronavirus, whose control relies mainly on extensive vaccine administration. Unfortunately, the continuous emergence of new vaccine-immunity escaping variants prompts the development of new vaccines. In the present work, a molecular epidemiology study was performed to evaluate the potential role of homologous vaccination in driving IBV evolution. This was undertaken by assessing IBV viral RNA sequences from the ORF encoding the S1 portion of viral surface glycoprotein (S) before and after the introduction of a new live vaccine on broiler farms in northern-Italy. The results of several biostatistics analyses consistently demonstrate the presence of a higher pressure in the post-vaccination period. Natural selection was detected essentially on sites located on the protein surface, within or nearby domains involved in viral attachment or related functions. This evidence strongly supports the action of vaccine-induced immunity in conditioning viral evolution, potentially leading to the emergence of new vaccine-escape variants. The great plasticity of rapidly-evolving RNA-viruses in response to human intervention, which extends beyond the poultry industry, is demonstrated, claiming further attention due to their relevance for animal and especially human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD Italy
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD Italy
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD Italy
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD Italy
| | - Marco Martini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD Italy
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Laconi A, Berends AJ, de Laat ECH, Urselmann TAPMP, Verheije HM. Infectious bronchitis virus Mass-type (GI-1) and QX-like (GI-19) genotyping and vaccine differentiation using SYBR green RT-qPCR paired with melting curve analysis. J Virol Methods 2019; 275:113771. [PMID: 31712091 PMCID: PMC7113787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) is a highly contagious virus of chicken, causing huge economic losses in the poultry industry. Many genotypes circulate in a given area, and optimal protection relies on vaccination with live attenuated vaccines of the same genotype. As these live vaccines are derived from field viruses and circulate, understanding the prevalence of different IBV genotypes in any area is complex. In a recent study, the genome comparison of an IBV QX vaccine and its progenitor field strain led to the identification of vaccine markers. Here we developed a simplex SYBRgreen RT-qPCR assay for differentiation between QX-like field and vaccine strains and a multiplex SYBRgreen RT-qPCR assay for IBV genotyping with melting curve analysis, as each virus produced distinct and reliable melting peaks. Both the simplex and the multiplex assays showed excellent efficiency, sensitivity and specificity representing a low cost diagnostic tool for IBV genotyping and vaccine differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Laconi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Alinda J Berends
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther C H de Laat
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tara A P M P Urselmann
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hélène M Verheije
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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33
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Chacón RD, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Chacón JL, Nuñez LFN, De la Torre DI, Piantino Ferreira AJ. A seminested RT-PCR for molecular genotyping of the Brazilian BR-I Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strain (GI-11). Mol Cell Probes 2019; 47:101426. [PMID: 31365883 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is one of the avian diseases with the greatest impact on poultry farming worldwide. In Brazil, strain BR-I (GI-11) is the most prevalent in poultry flocks. The present study aimed to develop a seminested RT-PCR assay specific for the diagnosis of BR-I IBV in Brazilian samples, targeting subunit 1 of the S gene. The detection limit of this assay was 10 copies of the IBV genome. In this study, 62.24% of 572 organ pools from the 5 regions of Brazil tested positive in a 3'UTR screening, and 84.83% were typed as BR-I IBV. BR-I was detected in the respiratory, digestive and urogenital tracts in pooled samples from all Brazilian geographical regions and in all the breeding systems analyzed. Specificity and sensitivity tests as well as phylogenetic analysis successfully confirmed the expected clustering of the sequences detected by this assay with the BR-I (GI-11) group. The nested PCR described in this study represents a suitable and valuable tool in the diagnosis, epidemiology, monitoring and vaccination decisions of IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy D Chacón
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luis F N Nuñez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - David I De la Torre
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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34
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Shehata AA, Sedeik ME, Elbestawy AR, Zain El-Abideen MA, Ibrahim HH, Kilany WH, Ali A. Co-infections, genetic, and antigenic relatedness of avian influenza H5N8 and H5N1 viruses in domestic and wild birds in Egypt. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2371-2379. [PMID: 30668795 PMCID: PMC7107238 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 50 poultry farms of commercial broilers (N = 39) and commercial layers (N = 11) suffered from respiratory problems and mortality during the period from January 2016 to December 2017 were investigated. Also, samples were collected from quail (N = 4), Bluebird (Sialis, N = 1), and Greenfinch (Chloris chloris, N = 1) for analysis. Respiratory viral pathogens were screened by PCR and positive samples were subjected to virus isolation and genetic identification. Antigenic relatedness of isolated avian influenza (AI) H5 subtype was evaluated using cross-hemagglutination inhibition. Results revealed that the incidence of single virus infections in commercial broilers was 64.1% (25/39), with the highest incidence for ND (33.3%) and H9N2 (20.5%), followed by H5N1 (7.7%) and H5N8 (2.7). Meanwhile, H9N2/ND mixed infection was the most observed case (7.7%). Other mixed infections H5N1/ND, H5N1/H9N2/ND, H5N1/H9N2/ND/IB, H9N2/IB, and H9N2/ILT were also observed (2.6% each). In commercial layers, H5N1 and ILT were the only detected single infections (18.1% each). Mixed H9N2/ND was the most predominant infection in layers (27.3%). Other mixed infections of H9N2/IB, H5N1/H5N8/H9N2, and H9N2/ND/IB were observed in 3 separate farms (9.1% each). The H5N8 virus was detected in one quail farm and 2 out of 3 wild bird's samples. Partial HA gene sequence analysis showed the clustering of the selected AI H5N8 within the 2.3.4.4 clade, while H5N1 clustered with the clade 2.2.1.2. Interestingly, the H5N8 isolated from chickens possessed 6 amino acids substitutions at HA1 compared to those isolated from wild birds with low antigenic relatedness to AI H5N1 clades 2.2.1 or 2.2.1.2. In conclusion, mixed viral infections were observed in both broiler and layer chickens in Egypt. The detected triple H5N1, H9N2, and H5N8 influenza co-infection raises the concern of potential AI epidemic strain emergence. The low genetic and antigenic relatedness between AI H5N1 and H5N8 viruses suggest the need for modification of vaccination strategies of avian influenza in Egypt along with strict biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awad A Shehata
- Avian and Rabbit Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E Sedeik
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Elbestawy
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Damanhur University, Behaira, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Zain El-Abideen
- Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hytham H Ibrahim
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Walid H Kilany
- Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
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Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Hosseini H, Fallah Mehrabadi MH, Ghafouri SA, Modiri Hamdan A, Ziafati Z, Esmaeelzadeh Dizaji R, Mohammadi P. Genotyping of avian infectious bronchitis virus in Iran: Detection of D274 and changing in the genotypes rate. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 65:110-115. [PMID: 31300098 PMCID: PMC7112693 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An updating data about avian infectious bronchitis genotypes circulating in Iran. First detection of D274 genotype in Iran.
The coronavirus avian Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) poses economic threats to poultry farms worldwide, affecting the performance of both meat-type and egg-laying birds. To define the evolution of recent IBVs in Iran, a genetic analysis based on hypervariable nucleotide sequences of S1 gene was carried out. Tracheal swab samples were collected from 170 Broiler flocks during 2017. Ten tracheal swabs from each flock pooled. From a total number of 170 flocks tested, 84.71% found to be positive. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed the presence of D274 as a first time in Iran. IS/1494/06 was showed to be dominant IBV type circulating in broiler farms with a significantly higher prevalence than other four genotypes. Considering fluctuations in QX-type prevalence in recent years, continuous monitoring is necessary to reduce economic consequences in layer and broiler farms. The findings highlight the importance of using modified vaccination strategies that are adapted to the changing disease scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Ghalyanchilangeroudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Fallah Mehrabadi
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir Modiri Hamdan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ziafati
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Esmaeelzadeh Dizaji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyman Mohammadi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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36
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Franzo G, Cecchinato M, Tosi G, Fiorentini L, Faccin F, Tucciarone CM, Trogu T, Barbieri I, Massi P, Moreno A. GI-16 lineage (624/I or Q1), there and back again: The history of one of the major threats for poultry farming of our era. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203513. [PMID: 30571679 PMCID: PMC6301571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic variability of Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the main challenges for its control, hindering not only the development of effective vaccination strategies but also its classification and, consequently, epidemiology understanding. The 624/I and Q1 genotypes, now recognized to be part of the GI-16 lineage, represent an excellent example of the practical consequences of IBV molecular epidemiology limited knowledge. In fact, being their common origin unrecognized for a long time, independent epidemiological pictures were drawn for the two genotypes. To fix this misinterpretation, the present study reconstructs the history, population dynamics and spreading patterns of GI-16 lineage as a whole using a phylodynamic approach. A collection of worldwide available hypervariable region 1 and 2 (HVR12) and 3 (HVR3) sequences of the S1 protein was analysed together with 258 HVR3 sequences obtained from samples collected in Italy (the country where this genotype was initially identified) since 1963. The results demonstrate that after its emergence at the beginning of the XX century, GI-16 was able to persist until present days in Italy. Approximately in the late 1980s, it migrated to Asia, which became the main nucleus for further spreading to Middle East, Europe and especially South America, likely through multiple introduction events. A remarkable among-country diffusion was also demonstrated in Asia and South America. Interestingly, although most of the recent Italian GI-16 strains originated from ancestral viruses detected in the same country, a couple were closely related to Chinese ones, supporting a backward viral flow from China to Italy. Besides to the specific case-study results, this work highlights the misconceptions that originate from the lack of a unified nomenclature and poor molecular epidemiology data generation and sharing. This shortcoming appears particularly relevant since the described scenario could likely be shared by many other IBV genotypes and pathogens in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giovanni Tosi
- Sezione di Forlì, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Emilia Romagna, Forlì Cesena, Italy
| | - Laura Fiorentini
- Sezione di Forlì, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Emilia Romagna, Forlì Cesena, Italy
| | - Francesca Faccin
- Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Tiziana Trogu
- Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Massi
- Sezione di Forlì, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Emilia Romagna, Forlì Cesena, Italy
| | - Ana Moreno
- Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
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37
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Bayraktar E, Umar S, Yilmaz A, Turan N, Franzo G, Tucciarone CM, Cecchinato M, Cakan B, Iqbal M, Yilmaz H. First Molecular Characterization of Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) in Turkish Broiler Flocks. Avian Dis 2018; 62:425-430. [PMID: 31119927 DOI: 10.1637/11915-061818-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Viral respiratory diseases, including avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), have a significant economic impact on poultry industries. The frequency and genotype diversity of aMPV in Turkish broiler flocks is not known at present. The aim of this study was to report the first molecular identification and phylogeny of aMPV, which is circulating in Turkish broiler flocks. Trachea tissue samples and tracheal swabs were collected from 110 broiler flocks distributed in different geographical regions in Turkey between March 2017 and March 2018. Detection of aMPV was confirmed with the use of universal reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR, and eight (7.2%) broiler farms were positive for aMPV. Sequence analysis of the G gene revealed the exclusive presence of subtype B viruses. Three field isolates clustered closely with a 2002 Israel isolate, indicating a potential transmission route between these two countries and through the Middle East. The remaining five field isolates were closely related to a vaccine strain, even though broiler flocks in Turkey are not routinely vaccinated against aMPV. Therefore, we speculate these five isolates could have originated from nearby vaccinated turkey farms. Additionally, the presence of some nucleotide substitutions compared to the reference vaccine sequence suggests prolonged circulation and evolution of the original vaccine virus or a vaccine subpopulation was selected under field conditions. This evidence emphasizes the need for further detailed and more systemic approaches to evaluate aMPV spread and evolution in order to design effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bayraktar
- CEVA Animal Health, Poultry Section, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Umar
- Veterinary Faculty, Department of Virology, University of Istanbul-Cerrahpas_a, Avcilar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Yilmaz
- Veterinary Faculty, Department of Virology, University of Istanbul-Cerrahpas_a, Avcilar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - N Turan
- Veterinary Faculty, Department of Virology, University of Istanbul-Cerrahpas_a, Avcilar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - G Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - C M Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - B Cakan
- CEVA Animal Health, Poultry Section, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Iqbal
- The Pirbright Institute, United Kingdom
| | - H Yilmaz
- Veterinary Faculty, Department of Virology, University of Istanbul-Cerrahpas_a, Avcilar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey,
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38
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Ball C, Forrester A, Ganapathy K. Co-circulation of genetically diverse population of vaccine related and unrelated respiratory mycoplasmas and viruses in UK poultry flocks with health or production problems. Vet Microbiol 2018; 225:132-138. [PMID: 30322525 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases continue to have a major impact on poultry health, welfare and productivity. However, little information is available on their current status in UK poultry flocks. We investigated the presence of four economically important respiratory pathogens in healthy or problematic flocks; infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg) and Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms). Samples from 131 UK poultry flocks were received during the 12 month study period. Oropharyngeal (OP) swabs were taken from eight birds per flock and accompanied with flock health information. The study included 118 chicken, 6 pheasant and 5 turkey flocks, and 1 quail and 1 partridge flock. Chicken flocks were of layers (n = 98), broilers (n = 15), breeders (n = 3) and undisclosed (n = 2). Flock ages ranged from 3 to 72 weeks old, and the average flock size was 17,633 birds. PCR detected 65 (49.6%), 59 (45%) and 8 (6.1%) flocks as positive for IBV, Mg/Ms and aMPV respectively. Analysis of the mgc2 gene of the Mg isolates revealed high similarities to Mg TS-11 and Mg 6/85. Further gene analysis found that the TS-11-like isolates were unrelated to the TS-11 vaccine. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis identified the majority of positive Ms as ST21, along with ST2 (MS-H-like), ST6 and ST43. IBV S1 gene sequencing identified strains as 793B (66.7%), Arkansas (23.8%) and Massachusetts (9.5%). All aMPV positive samples belonged to subtype B. Findings indicate that over half of the flocks sampled were positive for at least one of the four vaccine or field strains of mycoplasmas or viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ball
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Anne Forrester
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Kannan Ganapathy
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK.
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39
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Tucciarone CM, Franzo G, Lupini C, Alejo CT, Listorti V, Mescolini G, Brandão PE, Martini M, Catelli E, Cecchinato M. Avian Metapneumovirus circulation in Italian broiler farms. Poult Sci 2018; 97:503-509. [PMID: 29253264 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing frequency, avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) is reported to induce respiratory signs in chickens. An adequate knowledge of current aMPV prevalence among Italian broilers is lacking, with little information available on its economical and health impact on the poultry industry. In order to collect preliminary data on the epidemiological context of aMPV in broiler flocks, a survey was performed in areas of Northern Italy with high poultry density from 2014 to 2016. Upper respiratory tract swabs were collected and processed by A and B subtype-specific multiplex real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Samples were also screened for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) by generic RT-PCR and sequencing. Productive data and respiratory signs were detailed where possible. The high prevalence of aMPV was confirmed in broilers older than 26 d and also attested in IBV-negative farms. All aMPV detections belonged to subtype B. Italian strain genetic variability was evaluated by the partial attachment (G) gene sequencing of selected strains and compared with contemporary turkey strains and previously published aMPV references, revealing no host specificity and the progressive evolution of this virus in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, PD, Italy
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, PD, Italy
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia 40064, BO, Italy
| | - Carolina Torres Alejo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Valeria Listorti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia 40064, BO, Italy
| | - Giulia Mescolini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia 40064, BO, Italy
| | - Paulo Eduardo Brandão
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Martini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, PD, Italy
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia 40064, BO, Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, PD, Italy
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40
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Tucciarone CM, Franzo G, Berto G, Drigo M, Ramon G, Koutoulis KC, Catelli E, Cecchinato M. Evaluation of 793/B-like and Mass-like vaccine strain kinetics in experimental and field conditions by real-time RT-PCR quantification. Poult Sci 2018; 97:303-312. [PMID: 29077954 PMCID: PMC7107209 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a great economic burden both for productive losses and costs of the control strategies. Many different vaccination protocols are applied in the same region and even in consecutive cycles on the same farm in order to find the perfect balance between costs and benefits. In Northern Italy, the usual second vaccination is more and more often moved up to the chick's first d of life. The second strain administration together with the common Mass priming by spray at the hatchery allows saving money and time and reducing animal stress. The present work compared the different vaccine strains (Mass-like or B48, and 1/96) kinetics both in field conditions and in a 21-day-long experimental trial in broilers, monitoring the viral replication by upper respiratory tract swabbing and vaccine specific real time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) quantification. In both field and experimental conditions, titers for all the vaccines showed an increasing trend in the first 2 wk and then a decrease, though still remaining detectable during the whole monitored period. IBV field strain and avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) presence also was also investigated by RT-PCR and sequencing, and by multiplex real-time RT-PCR, respectively, revealing a consistency in the pathogen introduction timing at around 30 d, in correspondence with the vaccine titer's main decrease. These findings suggest the need for an accurate knowledge of live vaccine kinetics, whose replication can compete with the other pathogen one, providing additional protection to be added to what is conferred by the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - G Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - G Berto
- Ceva Salute Animale, Viale Colleoni 15, 20864 Agrate Brianza (MB), Italy
| | - M Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - G Ramon
- Ceva Santé Animale, 10 Avenue de la Ballastiere, 33500 Libourne, France
| | - K C Koutoulis
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon 224, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - E Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50 - 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - M Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Curland N, Gethöffer F, van Neer A, Ziegler L, Heffels-Redmann U, Lierz M, Baumgärtner W, Wohlsein P, Völker I, Lapp S, Bello A, Pfankuche VM, Braune S, Runge M, Moss A, Rautenschlein S, Jung A, Teske L, Strube C, Schulz J, Bodewes R, Osterhaus ADME, Siebert U. Investigation into diseases in free-ranging ring-necked pheasants ( Phasianus colchicus) in northwestern Germany during population decline with special reference to infectious pathogens. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2018; 64:12. [PMID: 32214944 PMCID: PMC7087779 DOI: 10.1007/s10344-018-1173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The population of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) is decreasing all over Germany since the years 2008/2009. Besides impacts of habitat changes caused by current rates of land conversion, climatic influences or predators, a contribution of infectious pathogens needs also to be considered. Infectious and non-infectious diseases in free-living populations of ring-necked pheasants have been scarcely investigated so far. In the present study, carcasses of 258 deceased free-ranging pheasants of different age groups, predominantly adult pheasants, collected over a period of 4 years in the states of Lower Saxony, North Rhine–Westphalia and Schleswig-Holstein, were examined pathomorphologically, parasitologically, virologically and bacteriologically, with a focus set on infectious pathogens. A periocular and perinasal dermatitis of unknown origin was present in 62.3% of the pheasants. Additional alterations included protozoal cysts in the skeletal musculature (19.0%), hepatitis (21.7%), enteritis (18.7%), gastritis (12.6%), and pneumonia (11.7%). In single cases, neoplasms (2.6%) and mycobacteriosis (1.7%) occurred. Further findings included identification of coronaviral DNA from trachea or caecal tonsils (16.8%), siadenoviral DNA (7.6%), avian metapneumoviral RNA (6.6%), and infectious bursal disease viral RNA (3.7%). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on herpesvirus, avian influenza virus (AIV), paramyxovirus type 1 (PMV-1), avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV), and chlamydia were negative. Based on the present results, there is no indication of a specific pathogen as a sole cause for population decline in adult pheasants. However, an infectious disease can still not be completely excluded as it may only affect reproduction effectivity or a certain age group of pheasants (e.g., chicks) which were not presented in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Curland
- 1Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - F Gethöffer
- 1Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - A van Neer
- 1Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - L Ziegler
- 2Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 91, 35321 Giessen, Germany
| | - U Heffels-Redmann
- 2Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 91, 35321 Giessen, Germany
| | - M Lierz
- 2Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 91, 35321 Giessen, Germany
| | - W Baumgärtner
- 3Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - P Wohlsein
- 3Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - I Völker
- 3Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Lapp
- 3Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - A Bello
- 3Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - V M Pfankuche
- 3Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Braune
- 4Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Eintrachtweg 17, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Runge
- 4Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Eintrachtweg 17, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - A Moss
- 5Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Food and Veterinary Institute Oldenburg, Philosophenweg 38, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - S Rautenschlein
- 6Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - A Jung
- 6Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - L Teske
- 6Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - C Strube
- 7Institute for Parasitology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - J Schulz
- 8Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - R Bodewes
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, Ee1726, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A D M E Osterhaus
- 10Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - U Siebert
- 1Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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Tsukamoto Y, Nakano Y, Adachi K. Protection against Infectious Bronchitis Virus, a Corona Virus Infection, Using Ostrich Antibodies. Health (London) 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2018.1010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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44
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Khan S, Roberts J, Wu SB. Reference gene selection for gene expression study in shell gland and spleen of laying hens challenged with infectious bronchitis virus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14271. [PMID: 29079779 PMCID: PMC5660252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten reference genes were investigated for normalisation of candidate target gene expression data in the shell gland and spleen of laying hens challenged with two strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Data were analysed with geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper, and a comprehensive ranking (geomean) was calculated. In the combined data set of IBV challenged shell gland samples, the comprehensive ranking showed TATA-box binding protein (TBP) and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein zeta (YWHAZ) as the two most stable, and succinate dehydrogenase complex flavoprotein subunit A (SDHA) and albumin (ALB) as the two least stable reference genes. In the spleen, and in the combined data set of the shell gland and spleen, the two most stable and the two least stable reference genes were TBP and YWHAZ, and ribosomal protein L4 (RPL4) and ALB, respectively. Different ranking has been due to different algorithms. Validation studies showed that the use of the two most stable reference genes produced accurate and more robust gene expression data. The two most and least stable reference genes obtained in the study, were further used for candidate target gene expression data normalisation of the shell gland and spleen under an IBV infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiullah Khan
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Juliet Roberts
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia.
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de Wit JJ, Cazaban C, Dijkman R, Ramon G, Gardin Y. Detection of different genotypes of infectious bronchitis virus and of infectious bursal disease virus in European broilers during an epidemiological study in 2013 and the consequences for the diagnostic approach. Avian Pathol 2017; 47:140-151. [PMID: 28972403 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1387231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To gather recent data regarding the infectious bronchitis (IB) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) situation in Europe, a large-scale field epidemiological survey using diagnostic samples has been implemented in 2013 for about six months in several European countries: France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, the Republic of Ireland, Spain and the UK. In 234 flocks that were sampled, strains from 10 different IBV genotypes were detected: the 793B genotype was detected most frequently, followed by QX, Massachusetts (Mass) and the Xindadi-like strains. Strains belonging to the Q1, Ark, D274, D1466, Italy-02 and B1648 genotypes were detected as well, although less frequently. The separate sampling of tracheas and kidneys for IBV detection using reverse transcriptase PCR was very useful, as different genotypes or significant differences in sequences of the same genotype were detected between both organs. The data of this survey also provided valuable information about the replication of IBD vaccines and subsequent infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) antibody responses under field conditions. The detection of five non-vvIBDV field strains of two different genotypes shows the presence of non-vvIBDV non-vaccine strains, which can easily be undetected in Europe due to the focus on sampling of clinically ill birds. Detection of vaccine virus in the bursa and antibody response to the IBD vaccination in flocks that had been vaccinated by the drinking water with a live attenuated vaccine compared to a vaccination in the hatchery using an immune-complex vaccine showed a delayed replication of the vaccines that had been applied by the drinking water, indicating mistakes in the timing and/or application of the vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J de Wit
- a GD Animal Health , Deventer , the Netherlands
| | - C Cazaban
- b Ceva Santé Animale , Libourne , France
| | - R Dijkman
- a GD Animal Health , Deventer , the Netherlands
| | - G Ramon
- b Ceva Santé Animale , Libourne , France
| | - Y Gardin
- b Ceva Santé Animale , Libourne , France
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Carranza C, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Santander Parra SH, Nuñez LFN, Penzes Z, Chacón JL, Sesti L, Chacón RD, Piantino Ferreira AJ. Genetic characterisation and analysis of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from Brazilian flocks between 2010 and 2015. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:610-623. [PMID: 28805451 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1365116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants in Brazil were isolated during 2010-2015 for epidemiological and molecular analysis to characterise the different variants and perform a bioinformatic analysis to compare with sequences of variants collected over the previous 40 years. 2. Of the 453 samples examined, 61.4% were positive for IBV and 75.9% of these were considered to have the BR-I genotype and were detected in birds of all ages distributed in all five Brazilian regions. 3. The ratio of non-synonymous substitutions per non-synonymous site (dN) to synonymous substitutions per synonymous site (dS), i.e. dN/dS, revealed a predominance of codons with non-synonymous substitutions in the first third of the S1 gene and a dN/dS ratio of 0.67. Additionally, prediction of N-glycosylation sites showed that most of the BR-I variants (from 2003 to early 2014) had an extra site at amino acid position 20, whereas the newest variants lacked this extra site. 4. These results suggest that Brazilian IBV variants probably underwent drastic mutations at various points between 1983 and 2003 and that the selection processes became silent after achieving a sufficiently effective antigenic structure for invasion and replication in their hosts. Brazilian IBV genotype BR-I is currently the predominant genotype circulating in Brazil and South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carranza
- a Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Silvana H Santander Parra
- a Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Luis F N Nuñez
- a Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Sesti
- c CEVA Animal Health , Campinas , Brazil
| | - Ruy D Chacón
- a Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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47
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Lemaitre E, Allée C, Vabret A, Eterradossi N, Brown PA. Single reaction, real time RT-PCR detection of all known avian and human metapneumoviruses. J Virol Methods 2017; 251:61-68. [PMID: 29030071 PMCID: PMC7119483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Detection of all known avian and human MPV subgroups in a single reaction rRT-PCR. Highly sensitive and specific method using SYBR Green I technology. Complete validation of the method for detection of avian metapneumoviruses.
Current molecular methods for the detection of avian and human metapneumovirus (AMPV, HMPV) are specifically targeted towards each virus species or individual subgroups of these. Here a broad range SYBR Green I real time RT-PCR was developed which amplified a highly conserved fragment of sequence in the N open reading frame. This method was sufficiently efficient and specific in detecting all MPVs. Its validation according to the NF U47-600 norm for the four AMPV subgroups estimated low limits of detection between 1000 and 10 copies/μL, similar with detection levels described previously for real time RT-PCRs targeting specific subgroups. RNA viruses present a challenge for the design of durable molecular diagnostic test due to the rate of change in their genome sequences which can vary substantially in different areas and over time. The fact that the regions of sequence for primer hybridization in the described method have remained sufficiently conserved since the AMPV and HMPV diverged, should give the best chance of continued detection of current subgroups and of potential unknown or future emerging MPV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lemaitre
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety), Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), OIE Reference Laboratory for Turkey Rhinotracheitis, B.P.53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - C Allée
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety), Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), OIE Reference Laboratory for Turkey Rhinotracheitis, B.P.53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - A Vabret
- Department of Virology, University Hospital of Caen, 14033 Caen, France
| | - N Eterradossi
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety), Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), OIE Reference Laboratory for Turkey Rhinotracheitis, B.P.53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - P A Brown
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety), Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), OIE Reference Laboratory for Turkey Rhinotracheitis, B.P.53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
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Torres CA, Listorti V, Lupini C, Franzo G, Drigo M, Catelli E, Brandão PE, Cecchinato M. Gamma and Deltacoronaviruses in quail and pheasants from Northern Italy1. Poult Sci 2017; 96:717-722. [PMID: 27738120 PMCID: PMC7107168 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In view of the restricted knowledge on the diversity of coronaviruses in poultry other than chicken, this study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of coronaviruses in quail, pheasant, and partridge from two regions of Northern Italy. To this end, pools of tracheal and cloacal swabs from European quail (Coturnix Coturnix) and intestinal tract from pheasants (Phasianus Colchicus) and partridge (Perdix Perdix) flocks, with or without enteric signs, were collected during 2015. Avian coronavirus (Gammacoronavirus) was detected in quail not vaccinated against Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) and in pheasants vaccinated with an IBV Massachusetts serotype. Based on DNA sequences for the gene encoding the S protein, the avian coronaviruses detected in the quail and pheasant are related to the IBV 793B and Massachusetts types, respectively. However, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) analyses showed the susceptibility of quail also to Deltacoronaviruses, suggesting that quail and pheasant avian coronaviruses share spike genes identical to chicken IBV spike genes and quail might host Deltacoronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Torres
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando, Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP 05508 270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Coronavirus Research Group, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP 05508 270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - V Listorti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - C Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - G Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'università, 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'università, 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - E Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - P E Brandão
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando, Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP 05508 270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Coronavirus Research Group, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP 05508 270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'università, 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Franzo G, Massi P, Tucciarone CM, Barbieri I, Tosi G, Fiorentini L, Ciccozzi M, Lavazza A, Cecchinato M, Moreno A. Think globally, act locally: Phylodynamic reconstruction of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) QX genotype (GI-19 lineage) reveals different population dynamics and spreading patterns when evaluated on different epidemiological scales. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184401. [PMID: 28880958 PMCID: PMC5589226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) represents one of the poultry industry major threats, particularly in high density producing countries. The emergence and spread of new IBV genotypes have frustrated the various disease control efforts implemented over time. Despite that, few comprehensive and large scale studies have been performed to understand the international and local spreading dynamics of this virus. In the present work, these phenomena were evaluated by implementing a Bayesian phylodynamic approach to reconstruct the epidemiological patterns and population history of the QX genotype (currently renamed GI-19 lineage), the most relevant IBV lineage of the Old-World. Our analysis, based on 807 partial S1 sequences of strains collected from 18 countries between 1993 and 2015, demonstrates that this genotype originated in China well before its first identification. After a prolonged local circulation, it started spreading to other European, Asian and Middle East countries in successive waves, which were mirrored by concomitant fluctuations in viral population size. Interestingly, the within-Europe spread was characterized by a higher estimated migration rate compared with the inter-continental one, potentially reflecting the closer geographic and economic relationships among these countries. Nevertheless, the colonization of new states by the GI-19 lineage appeared to occur mostly by single introduction events in both intra and inter-continental spread, likely because of epidemiological factor and health policy combination which seems to prevent the frequent introduction and mixing of different strains. On the other hand, the within Italy QX circulation reconstruction showed a much more intricate connection network among different locations, evidencing the difficulty in controlling IBV spread especially in highly densely poultry populated areas. The presence of several well supported epidemiological links among distantly related Italian regions testifies that animal transportation and indirect transmission routes rather than local airborne diffusion contribute to the QX success and persistence at local scale. Globally, the spreading dynamics and evolution of the QX genotype were reconstructed from its very origin to nowadays, demonstrating the need of more effective direct control measures, particularly within each country. Unfortunately, the incompleteness of available molecular epidemiology data represents an insurmountable limit which leaves many questions currently unsolved, thus highlighting the compulsoriness of a structured monitoring and data sharing system implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Massi
- Sezione di Forlì, Istituto sperimentale della Lombardia e Emilia Romagna, Forlì, Forlì Cesena, Italy
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Department of Virology, Istituto sperimentale della Lombardia e Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tosi
- Sezione di Forlì, Istituto sperimentale della Lombardia e Emilia Romagna, Forlì, Forlì Cesena, Italy
| | - Laura Fiorentini
- Sezione di Forlì, Istituto sperimentale della Lombardia e Emilia Romagna, Forlì, Forlì Cesena, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Department of infectious, parasitic and immune-mediated diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Department of Virology, Istituto sperimentale della Lombardia e Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Ana Moreno
- Department of Virology, Istituto sperimentale della Lombardia e Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
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50
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de Wit JJ, Dijkman R, Guerrero P, Calvo J, Gonzalez A, Hidalgo H. Variability in biological behaviour, pathogenicity, protectotype and induction of virus neutralizing antibodies by different vaccination programmes to infectious bronchitis virus genotype Q1 strains from Chile. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:666-675. [PMID: 28660781 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1346782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the period from July 2008 to 2010, a disease episode resulting in serious economic losses in the major production area of the Chilean poultry industry was reported. These losses were associated with respiratory problems, increase of condemnations, drops in egg production and nephritis in breeders, laying hens and broilers due to infections with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Twenty-five IBV isolates were genotyped and four strains were selected for further testing by pathotyping and protectotyping. Twenty-four IBV isolates were of the Q1 genotype. The experiments also included comparing the ability of six vaccination programmes to induce virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) in layers against four selected Chilean strains. Despite the high genetic homology in the S1 gene between the four strains, the heterogeneity in biological behaviour of these different Q1 strains was substantial. These differences were seen in embryonated eggs, in cell culture, in pathogenicity and in level of cross-protection by IBV Massachusetts (Mass) vaccination. This variability underlines the importance of testing more than one strain per serotype or genotype to determine the characteristics of a certain serotype of genotype. The combination of Mass and 793B vaccine provided a high level of protection to the respiratory tract and the kidney for each strain tested in the young birds. The combination of broad live priming using Mass and 793B vaccines and boosting with multiple inactivated IBV antigens induced the highest level of VNA against Q1 strains, which might be indicative for higher levels of protection against Q1 challenge in laying birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J de Wit
- a GD Animal Health , Deventer , The Netherlands
| | - R Dijkman
- a GD Animal Health , Deventer , The Netherlands
| | - P Guerrero
- b Asociacion de Productores Avicolas de Chile A.G. , Santiago , Chile
| | - J Calvo
- b Asociacion de Productores Avicolas de Chile A.G. , Santiago , Chile.,c MSD Animal Health, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Gonzalez
- d Servicio Agricola y Ganadero , Santiago , Chile
| | - H Hidalgo
- e Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias y Pecuarias , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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