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Stojmenovski A, Gatarić B, Vučen S, Railić M, Krstonošić V, Kukobat R, Mirjanić M, Škrbić R, Račić A. Formulation and Evaluation of Polysaccharide Microparticles for the Controlled Release of Propranolol Hydrochloride. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:788. [PMID: 38931909 PMCID: PMC11207763 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Propranolol hydrochloride, a non-cardio-selective beta blocker, is used to treat several conditions in children, including hypertension, arrhythmias, hyperthyroidism, hemangiomas, etc. Commercial liquid formulations are available in Europe and the US, but they have disadvantages, such as limited stability, bitter taste, and the need for multiple daily doses due to the drug's short half-life. Considering these limitations, controlled-release solid formulations, such as microparticles, may offer a better solution for pediatric administration. The main objective of this study was to formulate an encapsulation system for propranolol hydrochloride, based on sodium alginate and other polysaccharide polymers, to control and prolong its release. Microparticles were prepared using the ionotropic gelation method, which involves instilling a polymer solution into a solution of gelling ions via the extrusion technique. Physicochemical characterization was conducted by assessing the entrapment efficiency, drug loading, swelling index, microparticle size, rheological properties, and surface tension. In order to improve the characteristics of the tested microparticles, selected formulations were coated with chitosan. Further experimental work included differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, and SEM imaging. This in vitro release study showed that chitosan-coated microparticles demonstrate favorable properties, suggesting a novel approach to formulating pediatric dosage forms, although further optimization is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Stojmenovski
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 16, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.S.); (R.Š.)
| | - Biljana Gatarić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Sonja Vučen
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (S.V.); (M.R.)
| | - Maja Railić
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (S.V.); (M.R.)
| | - Veljko Krstonošić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Radovan Kukobat
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Banja Luka, B.V Stepe Stepanovica 73, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Maja Mirjanić
- Apoteke Bpharm, Kulska obala bb, 79220 Novi Grad, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Ranko Škrbić
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 16, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.S.); (R.Š.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 16, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Anđelka Račić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
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Wang YL, Hu JJ. Sub-100-micron calcium-alginate microspheres: Preparation by nitrogen flow focusing, dependence of spherical shape on gas streams and a drug carrier using acetaminophen as a model drug. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 269:118262. [PMID: 34294295 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We developed a miniature gas-liquid coaxial flow device using glass capillaries, aiming to produce sub-100-μm Ca-alginate microspheres. Depending on collecting distance and the flow rates of nitrogen gas and alginate solution, however, Ca-alginate microparticles of different shapes were obtained. Spherical, monodisperse microparticles (microspheres) could only be obtained at certain gas flow rates and within a corresponding range of collecting distance. The result suggests that, for particles of this size, the gas flow rate and collecting distance are crucial for the formation of the spherical shape. We evaluated, as an example of its applications, the microsphere as a drug carrier using acetaminophen as a model drug. Large (~150 μm) and small (~70 μm) drug-loaded microspheres were prepared using two respective devices. Specifically, the drug-loaded microspheres were complexed with chitosan of different molecular weights. The dependence of in vitro drug release on the microsphere size and the chitosan molecular weight was examined. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS STUDIED IN THIS ARTICLE: Alginic acid sodium salt (PubChem CID: 5102882); Chitosan (PubChem CID: 71853); Calcium chloride (PubChem CID: 5284359); Sodium chloride (PubChem CID: 5234); Acetaminophen (PubChem CID: 1983); Polydimethylsiloxane (PubChem CID: 24771); n-Octadecyltrimethoxysilane (PubChem CID: 76486).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Lin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Jia Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Gawad R, Fellner V. Evaluation of glycerol encapsulated with alginate and alginate-chitosan polymers in gut environment and its resistance to rumen microbial degradation. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 32:72-81. [PMID: 30056679 PMCID: PMC6325396 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of gut pH and rumen microbial fermentation on glycerol encapsulated in alginate and alginate-chitosan polymers. METHODS Glycerol was encapsulated at 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, or 10% (w/w) with sodium alginate (A) and alginate-chitosan (AC) polymers. Surface morphology and chemical modifications of the beads were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Encapsulation efficiency was determined at the 5% glycerol inclusion level in two experiments. In experiment 1, 0.5 g of alginate-glycerol (AG) and alginate-chitosan glycerol (ACG) beads were incubated for 2 h at 39°C in pH 2 buffer followed by 24 h in pH 8 buffer to simulate gastric and intestinal conditions, respectively. In experiment 2, 0.5 g of AG and ACG beads were incubated in pH 6 buffer at 39°C for 8 h to simulate rumen conditions. All incubations were replicated four times. Free glycerol content was determined using a spectrophotometer and used to assess loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency. An in vitro experiment with mixed cultures of rumen microbes was conducted to determine effect of encapsulation on microbial fermentation. Data were analyzed according to a complete block design using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). RESULTS For AG and ACG, loading capacity and efficiency were 64.7%, 74.7%, 70.3%, and 78.1%, respectively. Based on the FTIR spectra and scanning electron microscopy, ACG treatment demonstrated more intense and stronger ionic bonds. At pH 6, 36.1% and 29.7% of glycerol was released from AG and ACG, respectively. At pH 2 minimal glycerol was released but pH 8 resulted in 95.7% and 93.9% of glycerol released from AG and ACG, respectively. In vitro microbial data show reduced (p<0.05) fermentation of encapsulated glycerol after 24 h of incubation. CONCLUSION The AC polymer provided greater protection in acidic pH with a gradual release of intact glycerol when exposed to an alkaline pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadan Gawad
- Department of Animal Science and Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA
- Food Technology and Nutrition Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Vivek Fellner
- Department of Animal Science and Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA
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Lopes M, Abrahim B, Veiga F, Seiça R, Cabral LM, Arnaud P, Andrade JC, Ribeiro AJ. Preparation methods and applications behind alginate-based particles. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:769-782. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1214564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Lopes
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC − Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Barbara Abrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutics,Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francisco Veiga
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC − Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Seiça
- IBILI − Instituto de Imagem Biomédica e Ciências da Vida, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lucio Mendes Cabral
- Department of Pharmaceutics,Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - José Carlos Andrade
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde and Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Antonio J. Ribeiro
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- I3S − Instituto de Investigacão e Inovacão em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC − Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
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Segale L, Giovannelli L, Mannina P, Pattarino F. Calcium Alginate and Calcium Alginate-Chitosan Beads Containing Celecoxib Solubilized in a Self-Emulsifying Phase. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:5062706. [PMID: 27127680 PMCID: PMC4834166 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5062706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work alginate and alginate-chitosan beads containing celecoxib solubilized into a self-emulsifying phase were developed in order to obtain a drug delivery system for oral administration, able to delay the drug release in acidic environment and to promote it in the intestinal compartment. The rationale of this work was linked to the desire to improve celecoxib therapeutic effectiveness reducing its gastric adverse effects and to favor its use in the prophylaxis of colon cancer and as adjuvant in the therapy of familial polyposis. The systems were prepared by ionotropic gelation using needles with different diameters (400 and 600 μm). Morphology, particle size, swelling behavior, and in vitro drug release performance of the beads in aqueous media with different pH were investigated. The experimental results demonstrated that the presence of chitosan in the formulation caused an increase of the mechanical resistance of the bead structure and, as a consequence, a limitation of the bead swelling ability and a decrease of the drug release rate at neutral pH. Alginate-chitosan beads could be a good tool to guarantee a celecoxib colon delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Segale
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Lorella Giovannelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Paolo Mannina
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Franco Pattarino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Development and evaluation of pH-sensitive sodium alginate/chitosan microparticles containing the antituberculosis drug rifampicin. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 39:161-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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pH-sensitive microparticles for oral drug delivery based on alginate/oligochitosan/Eudragit(®) L100-55 "sandwich" polyelectrolyte complex. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 110:395-402. [PMID: 23751419 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the oligochitosan-Eudragit(®) L100-55 polyelectrolyte complex (OCH-EL PEC) on the pH-sensitivity of Eudragit(®) L100-55-treated alginate-oligochitosan microparticles. In order to achieve this, three types of naproxen-loaded microparticles were prepared under mild and environmentally friendly conditions using a custom made device with coaxial air flow: Ca-alginate (Ca-ALG), alginate-oligochitosan (ALG-OCH) and alginate-oligochitosan-Eudragit(®) L100-55 (ALG-OCH-EL) microparticles. After drying, the microparticles were subjected to microscopic analysis, and physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characterization. The non-covalent interaction between OCH and EL and the formation of OCH-EL PEC during the preparation procedure of the particles were verified by thermal and FT-IR analysis. The obtained particles exhibited acceptable sphericity and surface roughness due to the presence of the drug crystals (Ca-ALG particles) and OCH-EL PEC (ALG-OCH-EL particles). It was found that reinforcement of the ALG-OCH particles with OCH-EL PEC had no significant effect on the relatively high encapsulation efficiencies (>74.4%). The results of drug release studies confirmed the ability of ALG-OCH PEC to sustain drug release at pH 6.8 and 7.4. However, this PEC showed enhanced sensitivity to an acidic environment and to simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8) after prior exposure to an acidic medium. Additional treatment of ALG-OCH particles with EL and formation of "sandwich" ALG-OCH-EL PEC was essential not only to improve stability and decrease drug release in acidic medium, but also to achieve sustained release after the pH of dissolution medium was raised to 6.8. The obtained results suggested that ALG-OCH-EL microparticles have promising potential as pH-sensitive multiparticulate drug carriers for oral delivery of NSAIDs.
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Klang V, Valenta C, Matsko NB. Electron microscopy of pharmaceutical systems. Micron 2013; 44:45-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Čalija B, Milić J, Cekić N, Krajišnik D, Daniels R, Savić S. Chitosan oligosaccharide as prospective cross-linking agent for naproxen-loaded Ca-alginate microparticles with improved pH sensitivity. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:77-88. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.658813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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An investigation of formulation factors affecting feasibility of alginate-chitosan microparticles for oral delivery of naproxen. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:919-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Soundrapandian C, Basu D, Sa B, Datta S. Local drug delivery system for the treatment of osteomyelitis: In vitro evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010; 37:538-46. [PMID: 21126218 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2010.528427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Local antimicrobial delivery is a potential area of research conceptualized to provide alternative and better methods of treatment for cases, as osteomyelitis where avascular zones prevent the delivery of drugs from conventional routes of administration. Drug-loaded polymers and calcium phosphates as hydroxyapatites have been tried earlier. Bioactive glasses are bone-filling materials used for space management in orthopedic and dental surgery. A new bioactive glass (SSS2) was synthesized and fabricated into porous scaffold with a view to provide prolonged local delivery of gatifloxacin and fluconazole as suitable for the treatment of osteomyelitis. The new SSS2 was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. In addition, the bioactivity of the SSS2 glass and resulting scaffold was examined by in vitro acellular method and ascertained by FTIR and XRD. The pore size distribution was analysed by mercury intrusion porosimetry and the release of drugs from scaffolds were studied in vitro. The glass and the resulting scaffolds were bioactive indicating that they can bond with bone in vivo. The scaffolds were porous with pores predominantly in the range of 10-60 µm, released the drugs effectively for 6 weeks and deemed suitable for local delivery of drugs to treat osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidambaram Soundrapandian
- Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, Bioceramic and Coating Division, Raja S C Mallick Road, Kolkata, India
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Moroni A, Drefko W, Thone G. Formulations of zero-order, pH-dependent, sustained release matrix systems by ionotropic gelation of alginate-containing mixtures. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010; 37:216-24. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2010.504726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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