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Sigales TS, Uliano G, Muniz L, Barros C, Schneider A, Valle SC. Influence of nutritional factors and the PON1 C(‐107)T polymorphism on paraoxonase‐1 activity in childhood. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Sigales TS, Uliano G, Muniz L, Barros C, Schneider A, Valle SC. Influence of nutritional factors and the PON1 C(-107)T polymorphism on paraoxonase-1 activity in childhood. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2020; 96:495-502. [PMID: 31005548 PMCID: PMC9432063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cardioprotective enzyme paraoxonase-1 (PON1) suffers an important influence from genetic polymorphisms and nutritional factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of diet, nutritional status, and the C(-107)T polymorphism on PON1 arylesterase activity in children. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study with 97 children, aged between 5 and 8 years, of both genders, from a pediatric outpatient clinic in southern Brazil. A sociodemographic, behavioral, and food consumption questionnaire was applied, and anthropometric measurements and laboratory blood samples were taken. PON1 arylesterase activity was measured by phenol extinction (U/mL), and DNA extraction and analysis of the PON1 C(-107)T polymorphism were performed. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested with the chi-squared test and linear regression was used to estimate PON1 activity according to four adjustment models, with an acceptable error of 5%. RESULTS In the sample, the male gender accounted for 50.5%, 39.2% were 6 years of age, 54.5% had normal weight, and 51.5% had PON1 activity below the median (90.0, 15-30U/mL). Genotype frequency was 54.6% (53/97), 31.0% (30/97), and 14.4% (14/97), respectively, for CT, CC, and TT, consistent with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p=0.22). In the regression analysis, the model that included sociodemographic variables as well as frequency of consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, dairy products, and beans estimated a variability of 14.8% in PON1 activity combined with the PON1 C(-107)T polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS During childhood, a good-quality diet with greater inclusion of healthy foods was important to predict the activity of the cardioprotective enzyme PON1 combined with the C(-107)T polymorphism of the PON1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainá S Sigales
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Faculdade de Nutrição, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Uliano
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Hospital Universitário, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Muniz
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Faculdade de Nutrição, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Barros
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Faculdade de Nutrição, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Augusto Schneider
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Faculdade de Nutrição, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Sandra C Valle
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Faculdade de Nutrição, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Russo A, Pirisinu I, Vacca C, Reginato E, Tomaro ES, Pippi R, Aiello C, Talesa VN, De Feo P, Romani R. An intensive lifestyle intervention reduces circulating oxidised low-density lipoprotein and increases human paraoxonase activity in obese subjects. Obes Res Clin Pract 2016; 12:108-114. [PMID: 27956218 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity has a great impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, the treatment of this pathological state is important given the significant health consequences. Lifestyle and behaviour changes play a significant role in weight management. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of an intensive multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention on well-known atherogenic factors in a group of overweight and obese subjects. METHODS A total of 44 people with overweight/obesity underwent a lifestyle intervention based on nutritional education, psychological support and a 3-month exercise training program with a frequency of twice a week. Several anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured before and after the lifestyle intervention. RESULTS Lifestyle intervention led to a significant reduction in metabolic profile including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, plasma glucose, and plasma triglycerides. These reductions were also accompanied by a significant increase in maximal oxygen consumption and muscle strength. Furthermore, paraoxonase and lactonase activities and the concentration of Apoliproteins A1 (APO A1) were significantly increased and the serum levels of oxLDL reduced without any changes in the circulating levels of LDL and HDL. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our study suggests that an intensive lifestyle intervention in obese subjects promotes a series of beneficial antiatherogenic changes which included increased enzyme activites of paraoxonase and lactonase, concentration of Apoliproteins A1 and decreased circulating levels of oxLDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Russo
- Healthy Lifestyle Institute CURIAMO, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Polo Didattico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Piazzale Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Irene Pirisinu
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Polo Didattico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Piazzale Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Carmine Vacca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Polo Didattico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Piazzale Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Elisa Reginato
- Healthy Lifestyle Institute CURIAMO, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Polo Didattico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Piazzale Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Emilia Sbroma Tomaro
- Healthy Lifestyle Institute CURIAMO, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Polo Didattico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Piazzale Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Roberto Pippi
- Healthy Lifestyle Institute CURIAMO, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Polo Didattico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Piazzale Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Cristina Aiello
- Healthy Lifestyle Institute CURIAMO, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Polo Didattico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Piazzale Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Nicola Talesa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Polo Didattico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Piazzale Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Pierpaolo De Feo
- Healthy Lifestyle Institute CURIAMO, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Polo Didattico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Piazzale Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Rita Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Polo Didattico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Piazzale Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
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Dias KA, Green DJ, Ingul CB, Pavey TG, Coombes JS. Exercise and Vascular Function in Child Obesity: A Meta-Analysis. Pediatrics 2015; 136:e648-59. [PMID: 26260721 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Conduit artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is a noninvasive index of preclinical atherosclerosis in humans. Exercise interventions can improve FMD in both healthy and clinical populations. OBJECTIVE This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the effect of exercise training on FMD in overweight and obese children and adolescents as well as investigate the role of cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen consumption [Vo2peak]) on effects observed. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Cinahl databases were searched from the earliest available date to February 2015. STUDY SELECTION Studies of children and/or adolescents who were overweight or obese were included. DATA EXTRACTION Standardized data extraction forms were used for patient and intervention characteristics, control/comparator groups, and key outcomes. Procedural quality of the studies was assessed using a modified version of the Physiotherapy Evidence Base Database scale. RESULTS A meta-analysis involving 219 participants compared the mean difference of pre- versus postintervention vascular function (FMD) and Vo2peak between an exercise training intervention and a control condition. There was a significantly greater improvement in FMD (mean difference 1.54%, P < .05) and Vo2peak (mean difference 3.64 mL/kg/min, P < .05) after exercise training compared with controls. LIMITATIONS Given the diversity of exercise prescriptions, participant characteristics, and FMD measurement protocols, varying FMD effect size was noted between trials. CONCLUSIONS Exercise training improves vascular function in overweight and obese children, as indicated by enhanced FMD. Further research is required to establish the optimum exercise program for maintenance of healthy vascular function in this at-risk pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin A Dias
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte B Ingul
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; and
| | - Toby G Pavey
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
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A comparative study of the effects of endurance and resistance exercise training on PON1 and lipid profile levels in obese men. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-015-0232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Eren E, Abuhandan M, Solmaz A, Taşkın A. Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase activity and oxidative stress status in children with metabolic syndrome. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2014; 6:163-8. [PMID: 25241610 PMCID: PMC4293645 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to measure paraoxonase/arylesterase activities and to evaluate the total oxidant and antioxidant capacities in obese children and in children with metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS A total of 151 children of comparable ages (13.23±1.96 years, 13.45±1.85 years and 13.95±1.31 years) were enrolled in the study. Forty of these were children with MetS, 55 were obese and 56 were healthy controls. Diagnosis of the MetS was made according to International Diabetes Federation criteria. Paraoxonase/arylesterase activities were evaluated by using paraoxon and phenylacetate substrates. Total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were measured and oxidative stress index (OSI) was estimated by calculation. RESULTS High levels of paraoxonase were detected in the obese group, whereas high levels of arylesterase were detected in both MetS and obese groups. Higher values for TOS, TAS and OSI were found in the MetS group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Higher values of mean TOS and OSI in the MetS group than those in the control groups indicate that these parameters may be indicators of future risks such as atherosclerosis in patients with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Eren
- Uludağ University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bursa, Turkey. E-ma-il:
| | - Mahmut Abuhandan
- Harran University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Solmaz
- Harran University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Taşkın
- Harran University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
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A study of antioxidant activity in patients with schizophrenia taking atypical antipsychotics. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:4703-10. [PMID: 24871701 PMCID: PMC4231214 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atypical antipsychotics have significantly improved the quality of life for schizophrenic patients. Despite their beneficial effects, these antipsychotics induce weight gain, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. The aims of this study were to investigate the antioxidative activity of paraoxonase and assess lipid profile as a cardiovascular risk factor in patients with schizophrenia under long-term clozapine or risperidone treatment. METHODS The study included 66 patients with schizophrenia under clozapine or risperidone treatment and 19 healthy control subjects. Serum paraoxonase activities against paraoxon (PON(PO)), phenylacetate (PON(PA)), dihydrocoumarin (PON(DHC)), serum Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC), antioxidant gap (GAP), and lipid profile were determined. RESULTS PON(DHC) activity was reduced in both antipsychotic drug-treated groups (clozapine 43.46 ± 1.06 U/ml, p < 0.001; risperidone 50.57 ± 1.54 U/ml, p < 0.01; control 52.27 ± 1.34 U/ml). A similar pattern was observed for the PON(DHC)/HDL-cholesterol (HDLC) ratio. On the contrary, PON(PO) and PON(PA) were increased in the treated group, but the corresponding paraoxonase/HDLC ratios were not significantly different from controls, except for PON/HDLC in the clozapine group. TEAC and GAP were only decreased in the clozapine-treated group. CONCLUSIONS In patients with schizophrenia, clozapine or risperidone treatment had different effects on various paraoxonase activities. The results of the present study suggest that patients with schizophrenia might be at increased risk for metabolic and cardiovascular disease related to reduced PON(DHC), TEAC, and GAP.
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Rurik I, Torzsa P, Ilyés I, Szigethy E, Halmy E, Iski G, Kolozsvári LR, Mester L, Móczár C, Rinfel J, Nagy L, Kalabay L. Primary care obesity management in Hungary: evaluation of the knowledge, practice and attitudes of family physicians. BMC FAMILY PRACTICE 2013; 14:156. [PMID: 24138355 PMCID: PMC3853764 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2296-14-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Obesity, a threatening pandemic, has an important public health implication. Before proper medication is available, primary care providers will have a distinguished role in prevention and management. Their performance may be influenced by many factors but their personal motivation is still an under-researched area. Methods The knowledge, attitudes and practice were reviewed in this questionnaire study involving a representative sample of 10% of all Hungarian family physicians. In different settings, 521 practitioners (448 GPs and 73 residents/vocational trainees) were questioned using a validated questionnaire. Results The knowledge about multimorbidity, a main consequence of obesity was balanced. Only 51% of the GPs were aware of the diagnostic threshold for obesity; awareness being higher in cities (60%) and the highest among residents (90%). They also considered obesity an illness rather than an aesthetic issue. There were wider differences regarding attitudes and practice, influenced by the the doctors’ age, gender, known BMI, previous qualification, less by working location. GPs with qualification in family medicine alone considered obesity management as higher professional satisfaction, compared to physicians who had previously other board qualification (77% vs 68%). They measured their patients’ waist circumference and waist/hip ratio (72% vs 62%) more frequently, provided the obese with dietary advice more often, while this service was less frequent among capital-based doctors who accepted the self-reported body weight dates by patients more commonly. Similar reduced activity and weight-measurement in outdoor clothing were more typical among older doctors. Diagnosis based on BMI alone was the highest in cities (85%). Consultations were significantly shorter in practices with a higher number of enrolled patients and were longer by female providers who consulted longer with patients about the suspected causes of developing obesity (65% vs 44%) and offered dietary records for patients significantly more frequently (65% vs 52%). Most of the younger doctors agreed that obesity management was a primary care issue. Doctors in the normal BMI range were unanimous that they should be a model for their patients (94% vs 81%). Conclusion More education of primary care physicians, available practical guidelines and higher community involvement are needed to improve the obesity management in Hungary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Rurik
- Department of Family and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt, 98, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Ferré N, Feliu A, García-Heredia A, Marsillach J, París N, Zaragoza-Jordana M, Mackness B, Mackness M, Escribano J, Closa-Monasterolo R, Joven J, Camps J. Impaired paraoxonase-1 status in obese children. Relationships with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:1830-6. [PMID: 24028901 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationships between serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1), insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in childhood obesity. DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 110 obese children and 36 non-obese children with a similar gender and age distribution. We measured serum PON1 activity against 5-thiobutyl butyrolactone (TBBLase) and against paraoxon (paraoxonase). PON1 concentration was measured separately as were the levels of several standard metabolic variables. The homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index was calculated as an estimate of insulin resistance. RESULTS TBBLase was significantly decreased in obese children (P=0.008), while paraoxonase activity and PON1 concentrations showed non-significant trends towards decrease and increase, respectively (P=0.054 and P=0.060). TBBLase and paraoxonase specific activities were significantly decreased (P=0.004 and P=0.018, respectively). TBBLase specific activity was inversely associated with BMI, percentage body fat, insulin, HOMA, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein, and directly associated with HDL-cholesterol. Paraoxonase specific activity showed similar associations with BMI, percentage fat, HDL-cholesterol, and C-reactive protein. Obese children with MetS had lower TBBLase activities than obese children without MetS (P=0.018). Linear regression analyses showed that TBBLase was independently associated with HDL-cholesterol, BMI, percentage body fat and PON155 polymorphism, but paraoxonase activity was associated only with PON1192 polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PON1 may play a role in the onset and development of metabolic alterations in childhood obesity leading to diabetes and cardiovascular disease later in life. However, being derived from statistical association study, this finding cannot be seen as showing cause-effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia Ferré
- Unitat de Pediatria, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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Otocka-Kmiecik A, Bortnik K, Szkudlarek U, Nowak D, Orłowska-Majdak M. Effect of exercise on plasma paraoxonase1 activity in rugby players: dependance on training experience. Redox Rep 2013; 18:113-9. [PMID: 23710701 DOI: 10.1179/1351000213y.0000000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are conflicting data on the influence of physical activity on paraoxonase1 (PON1) activity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of maximal exercise (ME) on plasma paraoxonase (PON) and arylesterase (ARE) activity in elite rugby players. In addition, the influence of training experience and PON1 Q192R polymorphism on PON1 activity changes at ME was evaluated. METHODS Twenty-five elite rugby players ages 22.0±3.71 years, consisting of 11 juniors--J (2-7 years of training) and 14 seniors--S (8-15 years of training), completed ME on a cycle ergometer. PON and ARE activity, ferric reducing activity of plasma (FRAP), uric acid (UA), and total bilirubin concentration, as well as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and lipid profile were investigated in the plasma before, at the bout, and 30 minutes after ME. RESULTS At the bout of ME we found an increase in PON1 activities, ARE/high-density lipoprotein C ratio, TBil, and TChol. However, ARE activity changes were not observed in the group of rugby players training for ≤7 years. FRAP and UA increased later--30 minutes after ME. CONCLUSION We conclude that in rugby players PON1 changes during ME depend on age, body composition, and training experience. The influence of PON1 Q192R polymorphism on PON1 changes at ME remains debatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Otocka-Kmiecik
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka Street 6/8, Lodz, Poland.
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Abstract
Considerable evidence has accrued that cardiovascular disease (CVD) has its beginnings during childhood, with some reports of endothelial damage occurring in early adolescence. Thus, early prevention and intervention on developing cardiometabolic risk factors is important. Presently, diet and exercise are strategic parts of any CVD prevention or treatment program. Although diet is important, the effects of exercise training or regular moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity go beyond simply modifying the traditional risk factors. For children, the majority of studies show that regular physical activity can lower elevated blood pressure, positively influence lipid profiles, reduce inflammation, and improve vascular functioning. These changes are most evident in children who exercise and lose weight. Despite these potential benefits of physical activity, not all studies on children have found positive effects of habitual physical activity on CVD risk factors. Reasons for these differences are discussed throughout this review. The literature also suggests that habitual physical activity, although meeting guidelines, may not be sufficient for all individuals to bring about changes; thus, to be an effective modality physical activity needs to increase beyond habitual levels or be of a moderate to vigorous intensity. This review provides recent evidence (since 2008) regarding the influence of physical activity on the cardiometabolic risk factors in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. McMurray
- Departments of Exercise and Sport Science and Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (RGM)
- Center for the Study of Sport and Exercise, Seattle University, Seattle, Washington (KSO)
| | - Kristin S. Ondrak
- Departments of Exercise and Sport Science and Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (RGM)
- Center for the Study of Sport and Exercise, Seattle University, Seattle, Washington (KSO)
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Additional Common Polymorphisms in the PON Gene Cluster Predict PON1 Activity but Not Vascular Disease. J Lipids 2012; 2012:476316. [PMID: 22685667 PMCID: PMC3364586 DOI: 10.1155/2012/476316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzymatic activity has been consistently predictive of cardiovascular disease, while the genotypes at the four functional polymorphisms at PON1 have not. The goal of this study was to identify additional variation at the PON gene cluster that improved prediction of PON1 activity and determine if these variants predict carotid artery disease (CAAD). Methods. We considered 1,328 males in a CAAD cohort. 51 tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (tag SNPs) across the PON cluster were evaluated to determine their effects on PON1 activity and CAAD status. Results. Six SNPs (four in PON1 and one each in PON2/3) predicted PON1 arylesterase (AREase) activity, in addition to the four previously known functional SNPs. In total, the 10 SNPs explained 30.1% of AREase activity, 5% of which was attributable to the six identified predictive SNPs. We replicate rs854567 prediction of 2.3% of AREase variance, the effects of rs3917510, and a PON3 haplotype that includes rs2375005. While AREase activity strongly predicted CAAD, none of the 10 SNPs predicting AREase predicted CAAD. Conclusions. This study identifies new genetic variants that predict additional PON1 AREase activity. Identification of SNPs associated with PON1 activity is required when evaluating the many phenotypes associated with genetic variation near PON1.
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