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Atujuna M, Tucker J, Crooks N, Zanoni B, Donenberg GR. Disseminating Evidence-Based Interventions for Adolescent HIV Treatment and Prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Behav 2022; 27:64-72. [PMID: 36166109 PMCID: PMC9514160 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-022-03794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over two-thirds of adolescents living with HIV worldwide reside in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Despite widespread availability and access to evidence-based HIV prevention and treatment, dissemination has been inadequate. This commentary distinguishes between implementation and dissemination, reflecting on the unique barriers to dissemination of evidence-based programs in SSA. We present a seven-strategy blueprint developed by United States Agency for International Development (USAID) that emphasizes targeted communication about research findings. Two case studies from the Adolescent HIV Implementation Science Alliance are presented to illustrate the value of planning for dissemination. We propose recommendations to strengthen dissemination recognizing that these may not be possible or appropriate in all situations, including developing a plan early in the process, engaging a dissemination technical team for support, the application of methodological rigor and theory to inform dissemination, active involvement of youth voices and digital tools to maximize message reach, and a keen recognition of evolving contexts and shifting priorities in order to nimbly tailor messages as needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millicent Atujuna
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Level 1, Wernher Beit North Building, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa.
| | - Joseph Tucker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Natasha Crooks
- Department of Human Development and Nursing Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Brian Zanoni
- Departments of Medicine and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Geri R Donenberg
- Department of Medicine, Center for Dissemination and Implementation Science (CDIS), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
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Casais B, Proença JF. The use of positive and negative appeals in social advertising: a content analysis of television ads for preventing HIV/AIDS. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW ON PUBLIC AND NONPROFIT MARKETING 2022; 19:623-647. [PMCID: PMC8541814 DOI: 10.1007/s12208-021-00318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Effectiveness of positive and negative appeals in social advertising depends on the target audience and the context in which the messages are applied. However, there is a dearth of research on the real use of such message appeals by social marketers. Considering the importance of practice theory in social marketing, this paper presents a longitudinal research on the use of positive and negative appeals in social advertising, since communication has been particularly relevant in social marketing practices over time. A content analysis of 375 HIV/AIDS-prevention TV ads from four European countries indicates that positive appeals had expressive and higher proportional use over the entire period under analysis. The researchers identified positive appeals, especially in rhetoric, music and voice tonality, while negative appeals are more prevalent in narratives and signs from the scenes. The results show that participation of public figures promoting coping response was low, but increasing over time. Negative appeals are mostly expressed in countries with higher uncertainty avoidance indexes and higher epidemic incidence rates. The prevalence of positive and negative appeals in social advertisements informs about practitioners’ choices when designing campaigns and allows analyzing congruity between the use of appeals and theoretical recommendations for social marketing effectiveness. The study opens the discussion about the application of social marketing theories into practice and how the analysis of social marketing practices may contribute to design innovative theoretical approaches, particularly regarding a topic plagued by inconsistent findings in the literature on message-frame effectiveness in social marketing. The practitioners’ preference for the gain-frame perspective over the protection motivation approach allows inquiring about the motivations and constraints leading to that choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Casais
- School of Economics and Management, and CICS.NOVA.UMinho, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - João F. Proença
- Faculty of Economics, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Advance/CSG, ISEG, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
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Aya Pastrana N, Lazo-Porras M, Miranda JJ, Beran D, Suggs LS. Social marketing interventions for the prevention and control of neglected tropical diseases: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008360. [PMID: 32555705 PMCID: PMC7299328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social marketing is an approach to behavior change that contributes to disease prevention and control. This study aimed to understand how social marketing interventions have addressed neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). It examined the characteristics, breadth of coverage, and outcomes of social marketing interventions focused on the prevention and control of these diseases. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Studies published in any language between January 1971 and April 2017, targeting at least one of the 17 NTDs prioritized in the World Health Organization (WHO) NTD Roadmap were considered. Included studies had interventions that applied both, at least one core social marketing concept, "social behavioral influence", and one social marketing technique, "integrated intervention mix", described in the Hierarchical Model of Social Marketing. This review is registered with PROSPERO CRD42017063858. Twenty interventions, addressing eight NTDs, met the inclusion criteria. They focused on behaviors related to four of the five WHO public health strategies for NTDs. Most interventions incorporated the concepts "relationship building" and "public / people orientation focus", and the technique "insight-driven segmentation". All the interventions reported changing behavioral determinants such as knowledge, 19 reported behavior change, and four influenced health outcomes. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Evidence from this study shows that social marketing has been successfully used to address behaviors related to most of the five public health strategic interventions for NTDs recommended by the WHO. It is suggested that social marketing interventions for the prevention and control of NTDs be grounded on an understanding of the audience and adapted to the contexts intervened. Building stakeholder relationships as early as possible, and involving the publics could help in reaching NTD outcomes. Elements of the intervention mix should be integrated and mutually supportive. Incorporating health education and capacity building, as well as being culturally appropriate, is also relevant. It is recommended that ongoing discussions to formulate the targets and milestones of the new global Roadmap for NTDs integrate social marketing as an approach to overcome these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Aya Pastrana
- BeCHANGE Research Group, Institute for Public Communication, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Maria Lazo-Porras
- CRONICAS Centre of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J. Jaime Miranda
- CRONICAS Centre of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - David Beran
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss School of Public Health+, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L. Suzanne Suggs
- BeCHANGE Research Group, Institute for Public Communication, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Swiss School of Public Health+, Zurich, Switzerland
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Chau JY, McGill B, Thomas MM, Carroll TE, Bellew W, Bauman A, Grunseit AC. Is this health campaign really social marketing? A checklist to help you decide. Health Promot J Austr 2018; 29:79-83. [PMID: 29700937 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Social marketing (SM) campaigns can be a powerful disease prevention and health promotion strategy but health-related campaigns may simply focus on the "promotions" communication activities and exclude other key characteristics of the SM approach. This paper describes the application of a checklist for identifying which lifestyle-related chronic disease prevention campaigns reported as SM actually represent key SM principles and practice. METHODS A checklist of SM criteria was developed, reviewed and refined by SM and mass media campaign experts. Papers identified in searches for "social marketing" and "mass media" for obesity, diet and physical activity campaigns in the health literature were classified using the checklist. RESULTS Using the checklist, 66.6% of papers identified in the "SM" search and 39% of papers identified from the "mass media" search were classified as SM campaigns. Inter-rater agreement for classification using the abstract only was 92.1%. CONCLUSIONS Health-related campaigns that self-identify as "social marketing" or "mass media" may not include the key characteristics of a SM approach. Published literature can provide useful guidance for developing and evaluating health-related SM campaigns, but health promotion professionals need to be able to identify what actually comprises SM in practice. SO WHAT?: SM could be a valuable strategy in comprehensive health promotion interventions, but it is often difficult for non-experts to identify published campaigns that represent a true SM approach. This paper describes the application of a checklist to assist policy makers and practitioners in appraising evidence from campaigns reflecting actual SM in practice. The checklist could also guide reporting on SM campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Y Chau
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bronwyn McGill
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Margaret M Thomas
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tom E Carroll
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Carroll Communications, Social Marketing and Research Consultants, Sydney, Australia
| | - William Bellew
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adrian Bauman
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne C Grunseit
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Firestone R, Rowe CJ, Modi SN, Sievers D. The effectiveness of social marketing in global health: a systematic review. Health Policy Plan 2016; 32:110-124. [DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czw088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Schmidt M. Social marketing and breastfeeding: a literature review. Glob J Health Sci 2013; 5:82-94. [PMID: 23618478 PMCID: PMC4776800 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v5n3p82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Through the review of relevant literature this study illuminates the concepts of social marketing and breastfeeding. It specifically discusses the positioning of the link between social marketing and breastfeeding within different fields of study and develops a theoretical framework that tries to bridge the gap between those disciplines. Method: Various electronic databases were used and through systematic selection 11 scientific articles were identified that this literature review is based on. Results: The review indicates that the relationship between social marketing and breastfeeding is complex. There are indications that this relationship is being investigated within three distinct fields of research: psychology/education, public health and marketing. Depending on the research field the emphasis is put on either breastfeeding or social marketing as well as on the other concepts that were discovered to be of importance within this relationship. Namely, group and individual demography as well as behaviour were revealed to be important elements of the link between social marketing and breastfeeding. Conclusions: Based on the results this study concludes that a more multidimensional view on the relationship between the concepts under study is needed since the focus of previous studies is very one-sided and limited to just one element when all elements should be integrated equally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Schmidt
- School of Health and Society, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden.
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Keller C, Vega-López S, Ainsworth B, Nagle-Williams A, Records K, Permana P, Coonrod D. Social marketing: approach to cultural and contextual relevance in a community-based physical activity intervention. Health Promot Int 2012; 29:130-40. [PMID: 23002252 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/das053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the social marketing strategies used for the design, recruitment and retention of participants in a community-based physical activity (PA) intervention, Madres para la Salud (Mothers for Health). The study example used to illustrate the use of social marketing is a 48-week prescribed walking program, Madres para la Salud (Mothers for Health), which tests a social support intervention to explore the effectiveness of a culturally specific program using 'bouts' of PA to effect the changes in body fat, fat tissue inflammation and postpartum depression symptoms in sedentary Hispanic women. Using the guidelines from the National Benchmark Criteria, we developed intervention, recruitment and retention strategies that reflect efforts to draw on community values, traditions and customs in intervention design, through partnership with community members. Most of the women enrolled in Madres para la Salud were born in Mexico, largely never or unemployed and resided among the highest crime neighborhoods with poor access to resources. We developed recruitment and retention strategies that characterized social marketing strategies that employed a culturally relevant, consumer driven and problem-specific design. Cost and benefit of program participation, consumer-derived motivation and segmentation strategies considered the development transition of the young Latinas as well as cultural and neighborhood barriers that impacted retention are described.
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Primack BA, Kim KH, Shensa A, Sidani JE, Barnett TE, Switzer GE. Tobacco, marijuana, and alcohol use in university students: a cluster analysis. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2012; 60:374-86. [PMID: 22686360 PMCID: PMC3401532 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2012.663840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Segmentation of populations may facilitate development of targeted substance abuse prevention programs. The authors aimed to partition a national sample of university students according to profiles based on substance use. PARTICIPANTS The authors used 2008-2009 data from the National College Health Assessment from the American College Health Association. The sample consisted of 111,245 individuals from 158 institutions. METHODS The sample was partitioned using cluster analysis according to current substance use behaviors. The association of cluster membership with individual and institutional characteristics was examined. RESULTS Cluster analysis yielded 6 distinct clusters. Three individual factors--gender, year in school, and fraternity/sorority membership--were the most strongly associated with cluster membership. CONCLUSIONS In a large sample of university students, the authors were able to identify 6 distinct patterns of substance abuse. It may be valuable to target specific populations of college-aged substance users based on individual factors. However, comprehensive intervention will require a multifaceted approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Primack
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Luque JS, Castañeda H, Tyson DM, Vargas N, Meade CD. Formative research on HPV vaccine acceptability among Latina farmworkers. Health Promot Pract 2011; 13:617-25. [PMID: 21881079 DOI: 10.1177/1524839911414413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the barriers and benefits to human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in a low-income, Latina farmworker population in central Florida. This study reports on formative qualitative research conducted on perceptions of benefits, barriers, costs, place, and promotion related to the HPV vaccine from surveys and interviews with a sample of 46 low-income, Latina farm workers and 19 health care workers serving this population. It was found that Latina farmworkers hold many misperceptions about the HPV vaccine and the potential links between HPV infection and cervical cancer. In addition, it was observed that HPV vaccination intention was inversely related to concerns about adolescent sexual behavior and low perceived risk of infection but might be positively influenced by belief in illness prevention and physician recommendation. These findings add to the growing research on HPV vaccine acceptability among Latina subgroups to inform intervention development, marketing materials, education, and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Luque
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, USA
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