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Soh KT, Tario JD, Muirhead KA, Wallace PK. Probing cell proliferation: Considerations for dye selection. Methods Cell Biol 2024; 186:1-24. [PMID: 38705595 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2024.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Broadly speaking, cell tracking dyes are fluorescent compounds that bind stably to components on or within the cells so the fate of the labeled cells can be followed. Their staining should be bright and homogeneous without affecting cell function. For purposes of monitoring cell proliferation, each time a cell divides the intensity of cell tracking dye should diminish equally between daughter cells. These dyes can be grouped into two different classes. Protein reactive dyes label cells by reacting covalently but non-selectively with intracellular proteins. Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) is the prototypic general protein label. Membrane intercalating dyes label cells by partitioning non-selectively and non-covalently within the plasma membrane. The PKH membrane dyes are examples of lipophilic compounds whose chemistry allows for their retention within biological membranes without affecting cellular growth, viability, or proliferation when used properly. Here we provide considerations based for labeling cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells using both classes of dyes. Examples from optimization experiments are presented along with critical aspects of the staining procedures to help mitigate common risks. Of note, we present data where a logarithmically growing cell line is labeled with both a protein dye and a membrane tracking dye to compare dye loss rates over 6days. We found that dual stained cells paralleled dye loss of the corresponding single stained cells. The decrease in fluorescence intensity by protein reactive dyes, however, was more rapid than that with the membrane reactive dyes, indicating the presence of additional division-independent dye loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Teong Soh
- Agenus, Inc., Lexington, MA, United States; Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Joseph D Tario
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | | | - Paul K Wallace
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States; SciGro, Inc., Middleton, WI, United States.
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Tario JD, Soh KT, Wallace PK, Muirhead KA. Monitoring Cell Proliferation by Dye Dilution: Considerations for Panel Design. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2779:159-216. [PMID: 38526787 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3738-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
High dimensional studies that include proliferation dyes face two inherent challenges in panel design. First, the more rounds of cell division to be monitored based on dye dilution, the greater the starting intensity of the labeled parent cells must be in order to distinguish highly divided daughter cells from background autofluorescence. Second, the greater their starting intensity, the more difficult it becomes to avoid spillover of proliferation dye signal into adjacent spectral channels, with resulting limitations on the use of other fluorochromes and ability to resolve dim signals of interest. In the third and fourth editions of this series, we described the similarities and differences between protein-reactive and membrane-intercalating dyes used for general cell tracking, provided detailed protocols for optimized labeling with each dye type, and summarized characteristics to be tested by the supplier and/or user when validating either dye type for use as a proliferation dye. In this fifth edition, we review: (a) Fundamental assumptions and critical controls for dye dilution proliferation assays; (b) Methods to evaluate the effect of labeling on cell growth rate and test the fidelity with which dye dilution reports cell division; and. (c) Factors that determine how many daughter generations can be accurately included in proliferation modeling. We also provide an expanded section on spectral characterization, using data collected for three protein-reactive dyes (CellTrace™ Violet, CellTrace™ CFSE, and CellTrace™ Far Red) and three membrane-intercalating dyes (PKH67, PKH26, and CellVue® Claret) on three different cytometers to illustrate typical decisions and trade-offs required during multicolor panel design. Lastly, we include methods and controls for assessing regulatory T cell potency, a functional assay that incorporates the "know your dye" and "know your cytometer" principles described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Tario
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kah Teong Soh
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Agenus, Inc., Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Paul K Wallace
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
- SciGro, Inc., Sedona, AZ, USA
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Yaffe ZA, Ding S, Sung K, Chohan V, Marchitto L, Doepker L, Ralph D, Nduati R, Matsen FA, Finzi A, Overbaugh J. Reconstruction of a polyclonal ADCC antibody repertoire from an HIV-1 non-transmitting mother. iScience 2023; 26:106762. [PMID: 37216090 PMCID: PMC10196594 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human natural history and vaccine studies support a protective role of antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity against many infectious diseases. One setting where this has consistently been observed is in HIV-1 vertical transmission, where passively acquired ADCC activity in HIV-exposed infants has correlated with reduced acquisition risk and reduced pathogenesis in HIV+ infants. However, the characteristics of HIV-specific antibodies comprising a maternal plasma ADCC response are not well understood. Here, we reconstructed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from memory B cells from late pregnancy in mother MG540, who did not transmit HIV to her infant despite several high-risk factors. Twenty mAbs representing 14 clonal families were reconstructed, which mediated ADCC and recognized multiple HIV Envelope epitopes. In experiments using Fc-defective variants, only combinations of several mAbs accounted for the majority of plasma ADCC of MG540 and her infant. We present these mAbs as evidence of a polyclonal repertoire with potent HIV-directed ADCC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zak A. Yaffe
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Kevin Sung
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Vrasha Chohan
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Laura Doepker
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Duncan Ralph
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ruth Nduati
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Frederick A. Matsen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Jundziłł A, Klimczak A, Sonmez E, Brzezicki G, Siemionow M. The Positive Impact of Donor Bone Marrow Cells Transplantation into Immunoprivileged Compartments on the Survival of Vascularized Skin Allografts. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2021; 69:28. [PMID: 34633538 PMCID: PMC8505373 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-021-00631-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using the vascularized skin allograft (VSA) model, we compared the tolerogenic effects of different allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) delivery routes into immunoprivileged compartments under a 7-day protocol immunosuppressive therapy. Twenty-eight fully MHC mismatched VSA transplants were performed between ACI (RT1a) donors and Lewis (RT11) recipients in four groups of seven animals each, under a 7-day protocol of alfa/beta TCRmAb/CsA (alpha/beta-TCR monoclonal antibodies/Cyclosporine A therapy). Donor bone marrow cells (BMC) (100 × 106 cells) were injected into three different immunoprivileged compartments: Group 1: Control, without cellular supportive therapy, Group 2: Intracapsular BMT, Group 3: Intragonadal BMT, Group 4: Intrathecal BMT. In Group 2, BMC were transplanted under the kidney capsule. In Group 3, BMC were transplanted into the right testis between tunica albuginea and seminiferous tubules, and in Group 4, cells were injected intrathecally. The assessment included: skin evaluation for signs and grade of rejection and immunohistochemistry for donor cells engraftment into host lymphoid compartments. Donor-specific chimerism for MHC class I (RT1a) antigens and the presence of CD4+/CD25+ T cells were assessed in the peripheral blood of recipients. The most extended allograft survival, 50–78 days, was observed in Group 4 after intrathecal BMT. The T cells CD4+/CD25+ in the peripheral blood were higher after intrathecal BMC injection than other experimental groups at each post-transplant time point. Transplantation of BMC into immunoprivileged compartments delayed rejection of fully mismatched VSA and induction of robust, donor-specific chimerism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Jundziłł
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Ludwik Rydygier Medical College, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aleksandra Klimczak
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Erhan Sonmez
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Katip Çelebi Üniversity, Atatürk Training Hospital, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Grzegorz Brzezicki
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Maria Siemionow
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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Seok HY, Sanoj Rejinold N, Lekshmi KM, Cherukula K, Park IK, Kim YC. CD44 targeting biocompatible and biodegradable hyaluronic acid cross-linked zein nanogels for curcumin delivery to cancer cells: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Control Release 2018; 280:20-30. [PMID: 29723613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed novel hyaluronic acid cross-linked zein nanogels (HA-Zein NGs) to deliver the potential anticancer agent curcumin (CRC), a naturally occurring phytochemical drug in cancer cells. In vitro studies showed that they are highly compatible with the tested cell lines. They showed CD44 specific uptake in CT26 cell line more than by the CD44 receptor pre-inhibited CT26 cells. The CRC encapsulated HA-Zein NGs (HA-Zein-CRC NGs) found to exert a specific toxicity against CT26 sparing healthy normal fibroblast cells in vitro. The apoptotic effects were further confirmed with flow cytometry showing that the HA-Zein-CRC NGs exhibited high anticancer activity against the CT26 cells. The in vivo bio-distribution with a CT26 tumor model showed their high tumor accumulation thereby improved antitumor efficacy with a low dosage of CRC, compared to the previous reports. Thus, the preclinical studies clearly showed that these novel HA-Zein NGs would be highly beneficial in encapsulating hydrophobic drugs with improved pharmacokinetics thereby enhancing the therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Yong Seok
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - N Sanoj Rejinold
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kamali Manickavasagam Lekshmi
- Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Centre for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Kondareddy Cherukula
- Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Centre for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Centre for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeu-Chun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Tario JD, Conway AN, Muirhead KA, Wallace PK. Monitoring Cell Proliferation by Dye Dilution: Considerations for Probe Selection. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1678:249-299. [PMID: 29071683 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7346-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In the third edition of this series, we described protocols for labeling cell populations with tracking dyes, and addressed issues to be considered when combining two different tracking dyes with other phenotypic and viability probes for the assessment of cytotoxic effector activity and regulatory T cell functions. We summarized key characteristics of and differences between general protein and membrane labeling dyes, discussed determination of optimal staining concentrations, and provided detailed labeling protocols for both dye types. Examples of the advantages of two-color cell tracking were provided in the form of protocols for: (a) independent enumeration of viable effector and target cells in a direct cytotoxicity assay; and (b) an in vitro suppression assay for simultaneous proliferation monitoring of effector and regulatory T cells.The number of commercially available fluorescent cell tracking dyes has expanded significantly since the last edition, with new suppliers and/or new spectral properties being added at least annually. In this fourth edition, we describe evaluations to be performed by the supplier and/or user when characterizing a new cell tracking dye and by the user when selecting one for use in multicolor proliferation monitoring. These include methods for: (a) Assessment of the dye's spectral profile on the laboratory's flow cytometer(s) to optimize compatibility with other employed fluorochromes and minimize compensation problems; (b) Evaluating the effect of labeling on cell growth rate;
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Tario
- Department of Flow and Image Cytometry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | | | | | - Paul K Wallace
- Department of Flow and Image Cytometry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Leibacher J, Dauber K, Ehser S, Brixner V, Kollar K, Vogel A, Spohn G, Schäfer R, Seifried E, Henschler R. Human mesenchymal stromal cells undergo apoptosis and fragmentation after intravenous application in immune-competent mice. Cytotherapy 2016; 19:61-74. [PMID: 27836573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The biodistribution of human MSCs after systemic delivery is incompletely understood. We investigated the changes in cell size and cell surface markers of human MSCs after intravenous (IV) injection in immune competent mice. METHODS Male human MSCs were labeled with fluorescent vital dye PKH67 and tracked after IV administration in C57/BL6 mice. MSCs were tracked in blood and different murine tissues by human SRY gene quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis, flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Calibrated microbeads were used to track the size of transplanted MSCs. RESULTS The majority of injected MSCs were detected by qPCR in the lungs 5 min after transplantation, whereas <0.1% were detected in other tissues over 24 h. Flow cytometric and fluorescence microscopic analysis indicated that MSCs continuously decreased in size after transplantation and underwent fragmentation. The majority of PKH+ MSCs and their fragments were found in lungs and liver. PKH+ MSCs rapidly became positive for annexin V, propidium iodide and calreticulin, indicating loss of cell integrity. In addition, PKH+ fragments co-stained with antibodies against C3b, F4/80 and/or GR-1 indicating opsonization. Preincubation of MSCs in hyperosmolaric hydroxyethyl starch (HyperHAES) decreased MSCs size before transplantation, delayed the loss of viability markers and increased the frequency of traceable MSCs up to 24 h after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS PKH67 labeled MSCs are fragmented after IV injection in mice, acquire apoptotic and phagocytic cell markers and accumulate in the lungs and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Leibacher
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service, University of Frankfurt, UK.
| | - Katrin Dauber
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service, University of Frankfurt, UK
| | - Sabrina Ehser
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service, University of Frankfurt, UK
| | - Veronika Brixner
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service, University of Frankfurt, UK
| | - Katarina Kollar
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service, University of Frankfurt, UK
| | - Anja Vogel
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service, University of Frankfurt, UK
| | - Gabi Spohn
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service, University of Frankfurt, UK
| | - Richard Schäfer
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service, University of Frankfurt, UK
| | - Erhard Seifried
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service, University of Frankfurt, UK
| | - Reinhard Henschler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service, University of Frankfurt, UK; Blood Transfusion Services Zurich and Grisons, Swiss Red Cross, Switzerland
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Filby A, Begum J, Jalal M, Day W. Appraising the suitability of succinimidyl and lipophilic fluorescent dyes to track proliferation in non-quiescent cells by dye dilution. Methods 2015; 82:29-37. [PMID: 25802116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful completion of the cell cycle usually results in two identical daughter progeny. This process of generational doubling is termed proliferation and when it occurs in a regulated fashion the benefits range from driving embryonic development to mounting a successful immune response. However when it occurs in a dis-regulated fashion, it is one of the hallmarks of cancer and autoimmunity. These very reasons make proliferation a highly informative parameter in many different biological systems. Conventional flow cytometry (CFC) is a high-throughput, fluorescence-based method for measuring the phenotype and function of cells. The application of CFC to measuring proliferation requires a fluorescent dye able to mark live cells so that when they divide, the daughter progeny receives approximately half the fluorescence of the parent. In measurement space, this translates into peaks of fluorescence decreasing by approximately half, each corresponding to a round of division. It is essential that these peaks can be resolved from one another otherwise it is nearly impossible to obtain accurate quantitative proliferation data. Peak resolution is affected by many things, including instrument performance, the choice of fluorescent dye and the inherent properties of the cells under investigation. There are now many fluorescent dyes available for tracking proliferation by dye dilution differing in their chemistry and spectral properties. Here we provide a method for assessing the performance of various candidate dyes with particular emphasis on situations where the cell type is non-quiescent. We have shown previously that even under optimised instrument and labelling conditions, the heterogeneity of non-quiescent cells makes it impossible to obtain an input width below the threshold for peak resolution without reducing the fluorescence distribution using a cell sorter. Moreover, our method also measures how the dye performs post-labelling in terms of loss/transfer to other cells and how the dye is inherited across the cytokinetic plane. All of these factors will affect peak resolution both in non-quiescent and primary cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Filby
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Newcastle Biomedicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; FACS Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, Holborn, WC2A 3LY London, UK.
| | - Julfa Begum
- FACS Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, Holborn, WC2A 3LY London, UK
| | - Marwa Jalal
- FACS Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, Holborn, WC2A 3LY London, UK
| | - William Day
- FACS Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, Holborn, WC2A 3LY London, UK
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van Bracht E, Versteegden LRM, Stolle S, Verdurmen WPR, Woestenenk R, Raavé R, Hafmans T, Oosterwijk E, Brock R, van Kuppevelt TH, Daamen WF. Enhanced cellular uptake of albumin-based lyophilisomes when functionalized with cell-penetrating peptide TAT in HeLa cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110813. [PMID: 25369131 PMCID: PMC4219704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyophilisomes are a novel class of biodegradable proteinaceous nano/micrometer capsules with potential use as drug delivery carrier. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) including the TAT peptide have been successfully implemented for intracellular delivery of a broad variety of cargos including various nanoparticulate pharmaceutical carriers. In the present study, lyophilisomes were modified using CPPs in order to achieve enhanced cellular uptake. Lyophilisomes were prepared by a freezing, annealing, and lyophilization method and a cystein-elongated TAT peptide was conjugated to the lyophilisomes using a heterobifunctional linker. Fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) was utilized to acquire a lyophilisome population with a particle diameter smaller than 1000 nm. Cultured HeLa, OVCAR-3, Caco-2 and SKOV-3 cells were exposed to unmodified lyophilisomes and TAT-conjugated lyophilisomes and examined with FACS. HeLa cells were investigated in more detail using a trypan blue quenching assay, confocal microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. TAT-conjugation strongly increased binding and cellular uptake of lyophilisomes in a time-dependent manner in vitro, as assessed by FACS. These results were confirmed by confocal microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy indicated rapid cellular uptake of TAT-conjugated lyophilisomes via phagocytosis and/or macropinocytosis. In conclusion, TAT-peptides conjugated to albumin-based lyophilisomes are able to enhance cellular uptake of lyophilisomes in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne van Bracht
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk R. M. Versteegden
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Stolle
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter P. R. Verdurmen
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Woestenenk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud university medical centre, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René Raavé
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Hafmans
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Egbert Oosterwijk
- Department of Urology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Brock
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Toin H. van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Willeke F. Daamen
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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10
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van Bracht E, Stolle S, Hafmans TG, Boerman OC, Oosterwijk E, van Kuppevelt TH, Daamen WF. Specific targeting of tumor cells by lyophilisomes functionalized with antibodies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 87:80-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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11
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de Freitas e Silva R, Gonçalves dos Santos NF, Pereira VRA, Amaral A. Simultaneous analysis of p53 protein expression and cell proliferation in irradiated human lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Dose Response 2014; 12:110-20. [PMID: 24659936 PMCID: PMC3960957 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.13-015.silva] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
P53 protein has an intrinsic role in modulating the cellular response against DNA radioinduced damages and has been pointed out as an indirect indicator of individual radiosensitivity. The rate of cell proliferation is also a parameter that has been related to tissue sensitivity to radiation. However, this feature is yet understudied. In this context, the aim of this work was to employ Flow Cytometry (FC) for simultaneously assessing of p53 protein expression levels together with cellular proliferation rate of irradiated human lymphocytes. From in vitro irradiated human blood samples, mononuclear cells were isolated and labeled with Carboxylfluorescein Diacetate Succinimidyl Ester (CFSE) prior to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation in culture for 96 hours. Cells were also labeled with anti-p53 monoclonal antibody PE-conjugated in order to analyze either proliferation rate or p53 expression levels by FC. It was verified a reduction in the proliferation rate of irradiated lymphocytes and, in parallel, a rise in the p53 expression levels, similar for quiescent and proliferating lymphocytes. The results emphasize the importance of the use of CFSE-stained lymphocytes in assays associated to proliferation rate and the use of this methodology in several studies, such as for evaluating individual radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de Freitas e Silva
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Biodosimetria Aplicada (LAMBDA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-Brasil
| | | | | | - Ademir Amaral
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Biodosimetria Aplicada (LAMBDA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-Brasil
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Tran V, Moser LA, Poole DS, Mehle A. Highly sensitive real-time in vivo imaging of an influenza reporter virus reveals dynamics of replication and spread. J Virol 2013; 87:13321-9. [PMID: 24089552 PMCID: PMC3838222 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02381-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The continual public health threat posed by the emergence of novel influenza viruses necessitates the ability to rapidly monitor infection and spread in experimental systems. To analyze real-time infection dynamics, we have created a replication-competent influenza reporter virus suitable for in vivo imaging. The reporter virus encodes the small and bright NanoLuc luciferase whose activity serves as an extremely sensitive readout of viral infection. This virus stably maintains the reporter construct and replicates in culture and in mice with near-native properties. Bioluminescent imaging of the reporter virus permits serial observations of viral load and dissemination in infected animals, even following clearance of a sublethal challenge. We further show that the reporter virus recapitulates known restrictions due to host range and antiviral treatment, suggesting that this technology can be applied to studying emerging influenza viruses and the impact of antiviral interventions on infections in vivo. These results describe a generalizable method to quickly determine the replication and pathogenicity potential of diverse influenza strains in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vy Tran
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Begum J, Day W, Henderson C, Purewal S, Cerveira J, Summers H, Rees P, Davies D, Filby A. A method for evaluating the use of fluorescent dyes to track proliferation in cell lines by dye dilution. Cytometry A 2013; 83:1085-95. [PMID: 24166880 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Labeling nonquiescent cells with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-like dyes gives rise to a population width exceeding the threshold for resolving division peaks by flow cytometry. Width is a function of biological heterogeneity plus extrinsic and intrinsic error sources associated with the measurement process. Optimal cytometer performance minimizes extrinsic error, but reducing intrinsic error to the point of facilitating peak resolution requires careful fluorochrome selection and fluorescent cell sorting. In this study, we labeled the Jurkat and A549 cell lines with CFSE, CellTraceViolet (CTV), and eFluor 670 proliferation dye (EPD) to test if we could resolve division peaks in culture after reducing the labeled input widths by cell sorting. Reanalysis of the sorted populations to ascertain the level of reduction achieved always led to widths exceeding the gated limits due to the contribution of errors. Measuring detector-specific extrinsic error by sorting uniform fluorescent particles with similar spectral properties to the tracking dyes allowed us to determine the intrinsic error for each dye and cell type using a simple mathematical approach. We found that cell intrinsic error ultimately dictated whether we could resolve division peaks, and that as this increased, the required sort gate width to resolve any division peaks decreased to the point whereby issues with yield made A549 unsuitable for this approach. Finally, attempts to improve yields by setting two concurrent sort gates on the fluorescence distribution enriched for cells in different stages of the cell cycle that had nonequivalent proliferative properties in culture and thus should be practiced with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julfa Begum
- FACS Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
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Tario JD, Humphrey K, Bantly AD, Muirhead KA, Moore JS, Wallace PK. Optimized staining and proliferation modeling methods for cell division monitoring using cell tracking dyes. J Vis Exp 2012:e4287. [PMID: 23271219 DOI: 10.3791/4287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent cell tracking dyes, in combination with flow and image cytometry, are powerful tools with which to study the interactions and fates of different cell types in vitro and in vivo.(1-5) Although there are literally thousands of publications using such dyes, some of the most commonly encountered cell tracking applications include monitoring of: stem and progenitor cell quiescence, proliferation and/or differentiation(6-8) antigen-driven membrane transfer(9) and/or precursor cell proliferation(3,4,10-18) and immune regulatory and effector cell function(1,18-21). Commercially available cell tracking dyes vary widely in their chemistries and fluorescence properties but the great majority fall into one of two classes based on their mechanism of cell labeling. "Membrane dyes", typified by PKH26, are highly lipophilic dyes that partition stably but non-covalently into cell membranes(1,2,11). "Protein dyes", typified by CFSE, are amino-reactive dyes that form stable covalent bonds with cell proteins(4,16,18). Each class has its own advantages and limitations. The key to their successful use, particularly in multicolor studies where multiple dyes are used to track different cell types, is therefore to understand the critical issues enabling optimal use of each class(2-4,16,18,24). The protocols included here highlight three common causes of poor or variable results when using cell-tracking dyes. These are: Failure to achieve bright, uniform, reproducible labeling. This is a necessary starting point for any cell tracking study but requires attention to different variables when using membrane dyes than when using protein dyes or equilibrium binding reagents such as antibodies. Suboptimal fluorochrome combinations and/or failure to include critical compensation controls. Tracking dye fluorescence is typically 10(2) - 10(3) times brighter than antibody fluorescence. It is therefore essential to verify that the presence of tracking dye does not compromise the ability to detect other probes being used. Failure to obtain a good fit with peak modeling software. Such software allows quantitative comparison of proliferative responses across different populations or stimuli based on precursor frequency or other metrics. Obtaining a good fit, however, requires exclusion of dead/dying cells that can distort dye dilution profiles and matching of the assumptions underlying the model with characteristics of the observed dye dilution profile. Examples given here illustrate how these variables can affect results when using membrane and/or protein dyes to monitor cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Tario
- Department of Flow and Image Cytometry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute
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Tario JD, Muirhead KA, Pan D, Munson ME, Wallace PK. Tracking immune cell proliferation and cytotoxic potential using flow cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 699:119-64. [PMID: 21116982 PMCID: PMC4371793 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61737-950-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the second edition of this series, we described the use of cell tracking dyes in combination with tetramer reagents and traditional phenotyping protocols to monitor levels of proliferation and cytokine production in antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. In particular, we illustrated how tracking dye fluorescence profiles could be used to ascertain the precursor frequencies of different subsets in the T-cell pool that are able to bind tetramer, synthesize cytokines, undergo antigen-driven proliferation, and/or carry out various combinations of these functional responses.Analysis of antigen-specific proliferative responses represents just one of many functions that can be monitored using cell tracking dyes and flow cytometry. In this third edition, we address issues to be considered when combining two different tracking dyes with other phenotypic and viability probes for the assessment of cytotoxic effector activity and regulatory T-cell functions. We summarize key characteristics of and differences between general protein- and membrane-labeling dyes, discuss determination of optimal staining concentrations, and provide detailed labeling protocols for both dye types. Examples of the advantages of two-color cell tracking are provided in the form of protocols for (a) independent enumeration of viable effector and target cells in a direct cytotoxicity assay and (b) simultaneous monitoring of proliferative responses in effector and regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Tario
- Department of Flow and Image Cytometry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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16
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Thorek DLJ, Tsao PY, Arora V, Zhou L, Eisenberg RA, Tsourkas A. In vivo, multimodal imaging of B cell distribution and response to antibody immunotherapy in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10655. [PMID: 20498725 PMCID: PMC2871797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background B cell depletion immunotherapy has been successfully employed to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed towards also using B-cell depletion therapy as a treatment option in autoimmune disorders. However, it appears that the further development of these approaches will depend on a methodology to determine the relation of B-cell depletion to clinical response and how individual patients should be dosed. Thus far, patients have generally been followed by quantification of peripheral blood B cells, but it is not apparent that this measurement accurately reflects systemic B cell dynamics. Methodology/Principal Findings Cellular imaging of the targeted population in vivo may provide significant insight towards effective therapy and a greater understanding of underlying disease mechanics. Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles in concert with near infrared (NIR) fluorescent dyes were used to label and track primary C57BL/6 B cells. Following antibody mediated B cell depletion (anti-CD79), NIR-only labeled cells were expeditiously cleared from the circulation and spleen. Interestingly, B cells labeled with both SPIO and NIR were not depleted in the spleen. Conclusions/Significance Whole body fluorescent tracking of B cells enabled noninvasive, longitudinal imaging of both the distribution and subsequent depletion of B lymphocytes in the spleen. Quantification of depletion revealed a greater than 40% decrease in splenic fluorescent signal-to-background ratio in antibody treated versus control mice. These data suggest that in vivo imaging can be used to follow B cell dynamics, but that the labeling method will need to be carefully chosen. SPIO labeling for tracking purposes, generally thought to be benign, appears to interfere with B cell functions and requires further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. J. Thorek
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Patricia Y. Tsao
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Vaishali Arora
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lanlan Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Eisenberg
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew Tsourkas
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wallace PK, Tario JD, Fisher JL, Wallace SS, Ernstoff MS, Muirhead KA. Tracking antigen-driven responses by flow cytometry: monitoring proliferation by dye dilution. Cytometry A 2008; 73:1019-34. [PMID: 18785636 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell-tracking reagents such as the green-fluorescent protein labeling dye CFSE and the red-fluorescent lipophilic membrane dye PKH26 are commonly used to monitor cell proliferation by flow cytometry in heterogeneous cell populations responding to immune stimuli. Both reagents stain cells with a bright homogeneous fluorescence, which is partitioned between daughter cells during each cell division. Because daughter cell fluorescence intensities are approximately halved after each division, the intensity of a cell relative to its intensity at the time of staining provides information about how many divisions it has undergone. Knowing how many rounds of division have occurred and the relative number of cells in each daughter generation, one can back-calculate the number of cells in the original population (i.e., cells present at the time of stimulus) that went on to respond by proliferating. Using this information, the precursor cell frequencies and extent of expansion to a specific antigen or mitogen of interest can be calculated. Concurrently, the phenotype of the cells can be determined, as well as their ability to bind antigen or synthesize cytokines, providing more detailed characterization of all cells responding to the antigen, not just effector cells. In multiparameter flow cytometric experiments to simultaneously analyze antigen-specific tetramer binding, cytokine production and T-cell proliferation, we found that only approximately half of the cells that exhibited specific binding to influenza tetramer also proliferated, as measured by dye dilution, and synthesized IFNgamma in response to antigen. We expect the advent of new cell tracking dyes emitting from the violet to the near infrared combined with the increasing number of lasers and detectors on contemporary flow cytometers to further expand the usefulness of this approach to characterization of complex antigen-driven immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Wallace
- Department of Flow and Image Cytometry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
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