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Zhang Y, Liu X, Yu L, Hua Z, Zhao L, Xue H, Tong X. Perfluoroalkyl acids in representative edible aquatic species from the lower Yangtze River: Occurrence, distribution, sources, and health risk. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 317:115390. [PMID: 35661881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) exposure poses a potential hazard to wildlife and humans. Food consumption is one of the main routes of PFAA exposure for the general population, with aquatic organisms being the major contributors. To evaluate the risk of coastal residents' intake of wild aquatic organisms, 14 PFAAs were detected in crucian carp and oriental river prawn from 18 sampling sites from the lower reaches of Yangtze River. The total PFAA (∑PFAA) concentrations ranged from 5.9 to 51.3 ng/g wet weight (ww) in the muscle of crucian carp and river prawn, suggesting the potential risk to human and wildlife. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and long-chain PFAAs (C ≥ 10) were the main pollutants in the tissues of crucian carp and river prawn, which are known for their higher bioaccumulation capacity. The ∑PFAA concentration in all the samples showed an increasing trend from upstream to downstream and was higher in the south bank, owing to population density, prevailing winds, background pollution and industrial emission. Principal component analysis-multiple linear regression and Pearson correlation analysis showed that WWTP effluent, industrial pollution and surface runoff ware the main sources of PFAAs in the aquatic organisms and industrial pollution highest contributor, suggesting better regulation is needed to manage them. The assessment of risk to human health and wild life suggested a low risk for most residents of cities along the Yangtze River except for resident of Nantong, where frequent consumption of wild aquatic organisms may cause potential risk to human health, especially for traditional eaters and middle-aged people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Jiangsu, 210098, PR China.
| | - Liang Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Zulin Hua
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Jiangsu, 210098, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Hongqin Xue
- School of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, PR China
| | - Xuneng Tong
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
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