1
|
Relationship between gut microbiota and colorectal cancer: Probiotics as a potential strategy for prevention. Food Res Int 2022; 156:111327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
2
|
Microbiota and cancer: current understanding and mechanistic implications. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 24:193-202. [PMID: 34387847 PMCID: PMC8360819 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02690-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During last few decades, role of microbiota and its importance in several diseases has been a hot topic for research. The microbiota is considered as an accessory organ for maintaining normal physiology of an individual. These microbiota organisms which normally colonize several epithelial surfaces are known to secrete several small molecules leading to local and systemic effects on normal biological processes. The role of microbiota is also established in carcinogenesis as per several recent findings. The effects of microbiota on cancer is not only limited to their contribution in oncogenesis, but the overall susceptibility for oncogenesis and its subsequent progression, development of coinfections, and response to anticancer therapy is also found to be affected by microbiota. The information about microbiota and subsequent contributions of microbes in anticancer response motivated researchers in development of microbes-based anticancer therapeutics. We provided current status of microbiota contribution in oncogenesis with special reference to their mechanistic implications in different aspects of oncogenesis. In addition, the mechanistic implications of bacteria in anticancer therapy are also discussed. We conclude that several mechanisms of microbiota-mediated regulation of oncogenesis is known, but approaches must be focused on understanding contribution of microbiota as a community rather than single organisms-mediated effects.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yoon K, Kim N. Roles of Sex Hormones and Gender in the Gut Microbiota. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 27:314-325. [PMID: 33762473 PMCID: PMC8266488 DOI: 10.5056/jnm20208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of gut microbiota varies according to age (childhood, puberty, pregnancy, menopause, and old age) and sex. Gut microbiota are known to contribute to gastrointestinal (GI) diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon cancer; however, the exact etiology remains elusive. Recently, sex and gender differences in GI diseases and their relation to gut microbiota has been suggested. Furthermore, the metabolism of estrogen and androgen was reported to be related to the gut microbiome. As gut microbiome is involved in the excretion and circulation process of sex hormones, the concept of “microgenderome” indicating the role of sex hormone on the gut microbiota has been suggested. However, further research is needed for this concept to be universally accepted. In this review, we summarize sex- and gender-differences in gut microbiota and the interplay of microbiota and GI diseases, focusing on sex hormones. We also describe the metabolic role of the microbiota in this regard. Finally, current subjects, such as medication including probiotics, are briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kichul Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Sanbon Medical Center, Gunpo, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kapalatiya H, Madav Y, Tambe VS, Wairkar S. Enzyme-responsive smart nanocarriers for targeted chemotherapy: an overview. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:1293-1305. [PMID: 34251612 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarriers play pivotal roles in the field of biomedical applications, particularly in anticancer therapy. One of the prominent strategies for the transport of anticancer drugs with site-specific release and improved therapeutic efficacy is the use of an enzyme-responsive drug delivery system. There is an emerging class of cancer therapeutics engineered to control the release of a drug via enzymatic degradation. Enzymes, being an essential component of bio-nanotechnology toolbox, hold exceptional biorecognition abilities as well as outstanding catalytic properties. Often, abnormal enzyme expression observed in cancer offers many opportunities in designing nanocarriers modified with enzyme-labile linkage. Through altered physical or chemical characteristics of these nanocarriers or cleavage of the drug in response to the bio-action of enzyme, an on-demand drug release can be obtained. In this review, several classes of enzymes performing critical roles in cancer such as hydrolases, lipases, and oxidoreductases are summarized. Insights on various approaches that interfere with the mechanism of these enzymes have also been included. Finally, various smart nanocarriers such as mesoporous silica nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, carbon-nanotubes, micelles, liposomes, and dendrimers serving as excellent platforms for enzyme-responsive formulations have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiral Kapalatiya
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India
| | - Yamini Madav
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India
| | - Varunesh Sanjay Tambe
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India
| | - Sarika Wairkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Durán C, Ciucci S, Palladini A, Ijaz UZ, Zippo AG, Sterbini FP, Masucci L, Cammarota G, Ianiro G, Spuul P, Schroeder M, Grill SW, Parsons BN, Pritchard DM, Posteraro B, Sanguinetti M, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A, Cannistraci CV. Nonlinear machine learning pattern recognition and bacteria-metabolite multilayer network analysis of perturbed gastric microbiome. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1926. [PMID: 33771992 PMCID: PMC7997970 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The stomach is inhabited by diverse microbial communities, co-existing in a dynamic balance. Long-term use of drugs such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), or bacterial infection such as Helicobacter pylori, cause significant microbial alterations. Yet, studies revealing how the commensal bacteria re-organize, due to these perturbations of the gastric environment, are in early phase and rely principally on linear techniques for multivariate analysis. Here we disclose the importance of complementing linear dimensionality reduction techniques with nonlinear ones to unveil hidden patterns that remain unseen by linear embedding. Then, we prove the advantages to complete multivariate pattern analysis with differential network analysis, to reveal mechanisms of bacterial network re-organizations which emerge from perturbations induced by a medical treatment (PPIs) or an infectious state (H. pylori). Finally, we show how to build bacteria-metabolite multilayer networks that can deepen our understanding of the metabolite pathways significantly associated to the perturbed microbial communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Durán
- Biomedical Cybernetics Group, Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life (PoL), Department of Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sara Ciucci
- Biomedical Cybernetics Group, Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life (PoL), Department of Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alessandra Palladini
- Biomedical Cybernetics Group, Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life (PoL), Department of Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Umer Z Ijaz
- Department of Infrastructure and Environment University of Glasgow, School of Engineering, Glasgow, UK
| | - Antonio G Zippo
- Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luca Masucci
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cammarota
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ianiro
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Pirjo Spuul
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Division of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
| | - Michael Schroeder
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan W Grill
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bryony N Parsons
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - D Mark Pritchard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Brunella Posteraro
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Gasbarrini
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Vittorio Cannistraci
- Biomedical Cybernetics Group, Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life (PoL), Department of Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Center for Complex Network Intelligence (CCNI) at Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence (THBI), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bekhit AEDA, Holman BW, Giteru SG, Hopkins DL. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and its role in meat spoilage: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
7
|
Van den Abbeele P, Kamil A, Fleige L, Chung Y, De Chavez P, Marzorati M. Different Oat Ingredients Stimulate Specific Microbial Metabolites in the Gut Microbiome of Three Human Individuals in Vitro. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:12446-12456. [PMID: 30411009 PMCID: PMC6217528 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We used a standardized in vitro simulation of the intestinal environment of three human donors to investigate the effect of six oat ingredients, which were produced by the application of different processing techniques, on the gut microbial community. Fructooligosaccharide was used as the positive control. Consistent changes in pH and gas production, on average -0.4 pH units and +32 kPa, indicated the high fermentability of the oat ingredients, and the resulting increased production of metabolites that are considered as beneficial for human health. These metabolites included acetate and lactate, but mostly propionate (+13.6 mM on average). All oat ingredients resulted in increased bifidobacteria levels with an average increase of 0.73 log. Moreover, a decreased production of proteolytic markers was observed, including branched short-chain fatty acids and ammonium. The results were donor-specific and product-specific. The results suggested an association between the total amounts of dietary fiber and the prebiotic potentials of different ingredients. Furthermore, as mechanical processing of oat products has previously been linked to increased extractability of dietary fibers, the obtained results suggest that different processing techniques might have impacted the potential functional properties of the final ingredients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison Kamil
- PepsiCo,
Inc. R&D Nutrition Sciences, 617 W Main Street, Barrington, Illinois 60010, United
States
| | - Lisa Fleige
- PepsiCo,
Inc. R&D Nutrition Sciences, 617 W Main Street, Barrington, Illinois 60010, United
States
| | - Yongsoo Chung
- PepsiCo,
Inc. R&D Nutrition Sciences, 617 W Main Street, Barrington, Illinois 60010, United
States
| | - Peter De Chavez
- PepsiCo,
Inc. R&D Nutrition Sciences, 617 W Main Street, Barrington, Illinois 60010, United
States
| | - Massimo Marzorati
- ProDigest
bvba, Technologiepark
3, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center
of Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yoon K, Kim N. The Effect of Microbiota on Colon Carcinogenesis. J Cancer Prev 2018; 23:117-125. [PMID: 30370256 PMCID: PMC6197845 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2018.23.3.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although genetic background is known to contribute to colon carcinogenesis, the exact etiology of the disease remains elusive. The organ’s extensive interaction with microbes necessitated research on the role of microbiota on development of colon cancer. In this review, we summarized the defense mechanism of colon from foreign organism, and germ-free animal models that have been employed to elucidate microbial effect. We also comprehensively discussed the metabolic property of microbiota such as butyrate production, facilitation of heme toxicity, bile acid transformation, and nitrate reduction that has been shown to contribute to the development of the tumor. Finally, up-to-date subjects such as the effect of age and gender on microbiota are briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kichul Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Digestive Disease Research Institute, Wonkwang University Sanbon Hospital, Gunpo, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Villéger R, Lopès A, Veziant J, Gagnière J, Barnich N, Billard E, Boucher D, Bonnet M. Microbial markers in colorectal cancer detection and/or prognosis. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2327-2347. [PMID: 29904241 PMCID: PMC6000297 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i22.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer worldwide. CRC is still associated with a poor prognosis among patients with advanced disease. On the contrary, due to its slow progression from detectable precancerous lesions, the prognosis for patients with early stages of CRC is encouraging. While most robust methods are invasive and costly, actual patient-friendly screening methods for CRC suffer of lack of sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, the development of sensitive, non-invasive and cost-effective methods for CRC detection and prognosis are necessary for increasing the chances of a cure. Beyond its beneficial functions for the host, increasing evidence suggests that the intestinal microbiota is a key factor associated with carcinogenesis. Many clinical studies have reported a disruption in the gut microbiota balance and an alteration in the faecal metabolome of CRC patients, suggesting the potential use of a microbial-based test as a non-invasive diagnostic and/or prognostic tool for CRC screening. This review aims to discuss the microbial signatures associated with CRC known to date, including dysbiosis and faecal metabolome alterations, and the potential use of microbial variation markers for non-invasive early diagnosis and/or prognostic assessment of CRC and advanced adenomas. We will finally discuss the possible use of these markers as predicators for treatment response and their limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Villéger
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Amélie Lopès
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
- Research Biologics, Sanofi R&D, Vitry-Sur-Seine 94400, France
| | - Julie Veziant
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
- Chirurgie digestive, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Johan Gagnière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
- Chirurgie digestive, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Elisabeth Billard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Delphine Boucher
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Mathilde Bonnet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Saffarian A, Touchon M, Mulet C, Tournebize R, Passet V, Brisse S, Rocha EPC, Sansonetti PJ, Pédron T. Comparative genomic analysis of Acinetobacter strains isolated from murine colonic crypts. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:525. [PMID: 28697749 PMCID: PMC5505149 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3925-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A restricted set of aerobic bacteria dominated by the Acinetobacter genus was identified in murine intestinal colonic crypts. The vicinity of such bacteria with intestinal stem cells could indicate that they protect the crypt against cytotoxic and genotoxic signals. Genome analyses of these bacteria were performed to better appreciate their biodegradative capacities. RESULTS Two taxonomically different clusters of Acinetobacter were isolated from murine proximal colonic crypts, one was identified as A. modestus and the other as A. radioresistens. Their identification was performed through biochemical parameters and housekeeping gene sequencing. After selection of one strain of each cluster (A. modestus CM11G and A. radioresistens CM38.2), comparative genomic analysis was performed on whole-genome sequencing data. The antibiotic resistance pattern of these two strains is different, in line with the many genes involved in resistance to heavy metals identified in both genomes. Moreover whereas the operon benABCDE involved in benzoate metabolism is encoded by the two genomes, the operon antABC encoding the anthranilate dioxygenase, and the phenol hydroxylase gene cluster are absent in the A. modestus genomic sequence, indicating that the two strains have different capacities to metabolize xenobiotics. A common feature of the two strains is the presence of a type IV pili system, and the presence of genes encoding proteins pertaining to secretion systems such as Type I and Type II secretion systems. CONCLUSIONS Our comparative genomic analysis revealed that different Acinetobacter isolated from the same biological niche, even if they share a large majority of genes, possess unique features that could play a specific role in the protection of the intestinal crypt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Saffarian
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, INSERM U1202, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marie Touchon
- Unité de Génomique Evolutive des Microbes, CNRS, UMR3525, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Céline Mulet
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, INSERM U1202, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Régis Tournebize
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, INSERM U1202, Imagopole Citech, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Passet
- Unité de Génomique Evolutive des Microbes, CNRS, UMR3525, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Brisse
- Unité de Génomique Evolutive des Microbes, CNRS, UMR3525, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Eduardo P C Rocha
- Unité de Génomique Evolutive des Microbes, CNRS, UMR3525, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, INSERM U1202, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Pédron
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, INSERM U1202, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pattananandecha T, Sirilun S, Duangjitcharoen Y, Sivamaruthi BS, Suwannalert P, Peerajan S, Chaiyasut C. Hydrolysed inulin alleviates the azoxymethane-induced preneoplastic aberrant crypt foci by altering selected intestinal microbiota in Sprague-Dawley rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1596-1605. [PMID: 26794346 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1110597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Context Inulin, a non-digestible carbohydrate isolated from Helianthus tuberosus L. (Asteraceae), has been shown to alter the gut beneficial bacteria including Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacteria. Inulin also influences the activities of intestinal microbiota that could prevent the colon cancer development. Objective This study determines the effect of hydrolysed inulin with different degrees of polymerisation on alteration of intestinal microbiota and their activities on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced preneoplastic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in rats. Materials and methods Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups (three control and three AOM-treated groups) and the animal were fed with either a normal diet or diet containing 10% of long-chain inulin (InuL) or short-chain inulin (InuS), respectively, for 17 weeks. Colon cancer was induced in rats by injecting AOM subcutaneously at the 8th and 9th week of the study period. At the end of the experiment, cecal contents of rats were examined for selected microbiota, organic acids, putrefactive compounds and microbial enzymes. ACF formation was microscopically examined. Results The inulin diets significantly increased the weight and decreased the pH of the caecal content. The rats fed with InuL-supplemented diet showed approximately 2.9- and 6.8-fold increases in the biomass of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacteria, respectively. Naive and AOM-treated rats fed with inulin-supplemented diet showed ∼1.3- and ∼2.2-fold decreases in the biomass of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, respectively. Inulins significantly decreased the colonic concentration of phenol, p-cresol and indole. Reduction in the activity of microbial enzymes such as β-glucuronidase, azoreductase and nitroreductase were observed in inulin-treated animals. Reduction in the ACF formation has been observed in inulin-treated groups. Discussion and conclusion The present study demonstrates that dietary administration of inulin reduces the formation of preneoplastic lesions in the colon, possibly by altering the microecology and microbial activities on carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanawat Pattananandecha
- a Health Product Research and Development Unit , Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Sasithorn Sirilun
- a Health Product Research and Development Unit , Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Yodsawee Duangjitcharoen
- a Health Product Research and Development Unit , Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | | | - Prasit Suwannalert
- b Department of Pathobiology , Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | | | - Chaiyavat Chaiyasut
- a Health Product Research and Development Unit , Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yildirim H, Sunay FB, Sinan S, Köçkar F. In vivo effects of curcumin on the paraoxonase, carbonic anhydrase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and β-glucosidase enzyme activities in dextran sulphate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis mice. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:1583-90. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2016.1158173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Yildirim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Literature, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey and
| | - Fatma Bahar Sunay
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Medical Faculty, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Selma Sinan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Literature, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey and
| | - Feray Köçkar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Literature, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey and
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Di Cerbo A, Palmieri B, Aponte M, Morales-Medina JC, Iannitti T. Mechanisms and therapeutic effectiveness of lactobacilli. J Clin Pathol 2015; 69:187-203. [PMID: 26578541 PMCID: PMC4789713 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-202976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is not a silent ecosystem but exerts several physiological and immunological functions. For many decades, lactobacilli have been used as an effective therapy for treatment of several pathological conditions displaying an overall positive safety profile. This review summarises the mechanisms and clinical evidence supporting therapeutic efficacy of lactobacilli. We searched Pubmed/Medline using the keyword ‘Lactobacillus’. Selected papers from 1950 to 2015 were chosen on the basis of their content. Relevant clinical and experimental articles using lactobacilli as therapeutic agents have been included. Applications of lactobacilli include kidney support for renal insufficiency, pancreas health, management of metabolic imbalance, and cancer treatment and prevention. In vitro and in vivo investigations have shown that prolonged lactobacilli administration induces qualitative and quantitative modifications in the human gastrointestinal microbial ecosystem with encouraging perspectives in counteracting pathology-associated physiological and immunological changes. Few studies have highlighted the risk of translocation with subsequent sepsis and bacteraemia following probiotic administration but there is still a lack of investigations on the dose effect of these compounds. Great care is thus required in the choice of the proper Lactobacillus species, their genetic stability and the translocation risk, mainly related to inflammatory disease-induced gut mucosa enhanced permeability. Finally, we need to determine the adequate amount of bacteria to be delivered in order to achieve the best clinical efficacy decreasing the risk of side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Di Cerbo
- School of Specialization in Clinical Biochemistry, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Beniamino Palmieri
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Surgical Clinic, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Aponte
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Julio Cesar Morales-Medina
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV- Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Tommaso Iannitti
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nowak A, Czyżowska A, Stańczyk M. Protective activity of probiotic bacteria against 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) - an in vitro study. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1927-38. [PMID: 26295367 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1084651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are carcinogenic compounds present in a typical Western diet rich in thermally processed meat. These nutritional factors can modulate the cytotoxicity of faecal water (FW) and induce tumours in the human gastrointestinal tract. Supplementation with probiotics is promising in terms of reducing the harmful effects of HAAs in the human body. The aim of the study was in vitro assessment of the protective activity of the probiotic strains Lb. rhamnosus 0900, Lb. rhamnosus 0908, Lb. casei 0919 and Lb. casei DN 114001 against IQ (2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline) and PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine) after incubation with faeces from 15 persons aged 4 months to 82 years (children, adults and the elderly). The highest mean cytotoxicity of FW was observed for the elderly (63.2% ± 3.7%) and the lowest for children (28.0% ± 9.5%), as estimated by a neutral red uptake assay. The probiotics lowered the average cytotoxicity of FW exposed to IQ or PhIP. The concentration of IQ and PhIP in FW was most effectively reduced by Lb. rhamnosus 0900 (47.5%) and Lb. casei 0919 (45.8%), respectively, as determined by high -performance liquid chromatography. All the tested strains bound PhIP to a higher extent than IQ. In an alkaline comet assay, Lb. casei 0919 and Lb. rhamnosus 0908 displayed the strongest protective effect against IQ and PhIP (up to 80% reduction of DNA damage). Also in a comet assay, Lb. rhamnosus 0908 exhibited antioxidative activity toward H2O2 and PhIP (up to 63% and 69.5% reduction of oxidative DNA damage, respectively). The protective activity of the probiotic strains was specific to a given person's FW, which implies the involvement of intestinal microbiota in the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Nowak
- a Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
| | - Agata Czyżowska
- a Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Louis P, Hold GL, Flint HJ. The gut microbiota, bacterial metabolites and colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Microbiol 2014; 12:661-72. [PMID: 25198138 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1763] [Impact Index Per Article: 176.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the human intestinal microbiota contributes to the aetiology of colorectal cancer (CRC), not only via the pro-carcinogenic activities of specific pathogens but also via the influence of the wider microbial community, particularly its metabolome. Recent data have shown that the short-chain fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate function in the suppression of inflammation and cancer, whereas other microbial metabolites, such as secondary bile acids, promote carcinogenesis. In this Review, we discuss the relationship between diet, microbial metabolism and CRC and argue that the cumulative effects of microbial metabolites should be considered in order to better predict and prevent cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Louis
- Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Georgina L Hold
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Harry J Flint
- Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nowak A, Śliżewska K, Błasiak J, Libudzisz Z. The influence of Lactobacillus casei DN 114 001 on the activity of faecal enzymes and genotoxicity of faecal water in the presence of heterocyclic aromatic amines. Anaerobe 2014; 30:129-36. [PMID: 25280921 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
High activity of bacterial enzymes in human colon and genotoxicity of faecal water (FW) are biomarkers of the harmful action of microbiota. The aim of the present study was to assess the activity of β-glucuronidase and β-glucosidase and the genotoxicity of FW in vitro after incubation with 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) or 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN 114 001 (Actimel). Our results indicate, that IQ and PhIP greatly increased the activity of faecal enzymes (it was up to four times higher, as measured by spectrophotometric methods) and the genotoxicity of FW (% DNA in the tail was up to 3.2 times higher, as evaluated by the comet assay on Caco-2 cells) in 15 individuals from three age-dependent groups (breast-fed children, adults aged 30-40 years, elderly aged 75-85 years). Lb. casei DN 114 001 decreased the activity of faecal enzymes and the genotoxicity of FW exposed to PhIP and IQ mostly to control values. The activity of faecal enzymes after incubation with IQ was reduced by 71.8% in the FW of children, 37.5% in adults and 64.2% in elderly (β-glucuronidase); as well as by 59.9% in children and 87.9% in elderly (β-glucosidase). For PhIP the reduction was by 59.0% in the FW of children, 50.0% in adults and 81.2% in elderly (β-glucuronidase) and by 20.2% in children, 20.7% in adults and 84.1% in elderly (β-glucosidase). Lb. casei DN 114 001 also decreased the genotoxicity of FW to the greatest extent in adults after incubation with IQ (by 65.4%) and PhIP (by 69.6%) and it was found to correlate positively with the decrease in faecal enzymes activity. In conclusion, Lb. casei DN 114 001 may exert the protective effects against genotoxic and possibly pro-carcinogenic effects of food processing-derived chemicals present in faecal water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Nowak
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Śliżewska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Błasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Zdzisława Libudzisz
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nowak A, Kuberski S, Libudzisz Z. Probiotic lactic acid bacteria detoxify N-nitrosodimethylamine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1678-87. [PMID: 25010287 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.943304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Humans can be exposed to N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) due to many environmental sources, as well as endogenous formation. The main nitrosamine found in food products and also synthesised in vivo by intestinal microbiota is N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). It can cause cancer of the stomach, kidney and colon. The effect of four probiotic Lactobacillus strains on NDMA was studied under different culture conditions (24 h in MRS, 168 h in modified MRS N, and 168 h in phosphate buffer). HPLC and GC-TEA methods were used for NDMA determination in supernatants. The influence of lactic acid bacteria on NDMA genotoxicity was investigated by means of the comet assay. Additionally, the effect of NDMA (2-100 µg ml⁻¹) on the growth and survival of the probiotic strains was studied. The results indicate that the bacteria decreased NDMA concentration by up to 50%, depending on the culture conditions, time of incubation, NDMA concentration, pH and bacterial strain. Lb. brevis 0945 lowered the concentration and genotoxicity of NDMA most effectively by up to 50%. This could be due to either adsorption or metabolism. The growth and survival of the bacteria was not affected by any of the tested NDMA concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Nowak
- a Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sparacino-Watkins C, Stolz JF, Basu P. Nitrate and periplasmic nitrate reductases. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:676-706. [PMID: 24141308 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60249d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The nitrate anion is a simple, abundant and relatively stable species, yet plays a significant role in global cycling of nitrogen, global climate change, and human health. Although it has been known for quite some time that nitrate is an important species environmentally, recent studies have identified potential medical applications. In this respect the nitrate anion remains an enigmatic species that promises to offer exciting science in years to come. Many bacteria readily reduce nitrate to nitrite via nitrate reductases. Classified into three distinct types--periplasmic nitrate reductase (Nap), respiratory nitrate reductase (Nar) and assimilatory nitrate reductase (Nas), they are defined by their cellular location, operon organization and active site structure. Of these, Nap proteins are the focus of this review. Despite similarities in the catalytic and spectroscopic properties Nap from different Proteobacteria are phylogenetically distinct. This review has two major sections: in the first section, nitrate in the nitrogen cycle and human health, taxonomy of nitrate reductases, assimilatory and dissimilatory nitrate reduction, cellular locations of nitrate reductases, structural and redox chemistry are discussed. The second section focuses on the features of periplasmic nitrate reductase where the catalytic subunit of the Nap and its kinetic properties, auxiliary Nap proteins, operon structure and phylogenetic relationships are discussed.
Collapse
|
19
|
Piotrowska M, Sliżewska K, Nowak A, Zielonka L, Zakowska Z, Gajęcka M, Gajęcki M. The effect of experimental fusarium mycotoxicosis on microbiota diversity in porcine ascending colon contents. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2064-81. [PMID: 25025709 PMCID: PMC4113742 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6072064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine the effect of exposure of pigs to the Fusarium mycotoxins zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON), administered together and separately, on the colon microbiota. An experiment was conducted for 42 days on gilts, randomly assigned to four groups and administered either ZEN, DON, ZEN+DON, or a placebo. The number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeasts, molds, anaerobic Clostridium perfringens, fecal streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were determined in the contents of the ascending colon. The influence of mycotoxins on the functional diversity of the colonic microbiota was assessed using EcoPlate tests (Biolog). Analysis revealed the predominance of LAB in all groups of pigs. Zearalenone, administered separately and together with DON, was found to have an adverse effect on mesophilic aerobic bacteria, but only after long exposure to this mycotoxin. During the six weeks of the experiment, the concentration of C. perfringens, E. coli, and other bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae was most considerably reduced in the experimental groups exposed to zearalenone, both separately and together with DON. Mycotoxins also affected the functional biodiversity of microorganisms. Both Shannon’s diversity index and the number of catabolized substrates in Biolog plate (the R index) were much higher in the group subjected to mixed mycotoxicosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Piotrowska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, Łódź 90-924, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Sliżewska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, Łódź 90-924, Poland.
| | - Adriana Nowak
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, Łódź 90-924, Poland.
| | - Lukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/19, Olsztyn 10-717, Poland.
| | - Zofia Zakowska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, Łódź 90-924, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/19, Olsztyn 10-717, Poland.
| | - Maciej Gajęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/19, Olsztyn 10-717, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
NOWAK ADRIANA, KATARZYNA ŚLIŻEWSKA, ELŻBIETA KLEWICKA. Effect of probiotic lactobacilli on faecal enzyme and genotoxic activity in human faecal water in the presence of the carcinogen PhIP in vitro. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2011.00760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
21
|
Aga1, the first alpha-Galactosidase from the human bacteria Ruminococcus gnavus E1, efficiently transcribed in gut conditions. Res Microbiol 2011; 163:14-21. [PMID: 22036918 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Differential gene expression analysis was performed in monoxenic mice colonized with Ruminococcus gnavus strain E1, a major endogenous member of the gut microbiota. RNA arbitrarily primed-PCR fingerprinting assays allowed to specifically detect the in vivo expression of the aga1 gene, which was further confirmed by RT-PCR. The aga1 gene encoded a protein of 744 residues with calculated molecular mass of 85,207 Da. Aga1 exhibited significant similarity with previously characterized α-Galactosidases of the GH 36 family. Purified recombinant protein demonstrated high catalytic activity (104 ± 7 U mg(-1)) and efficient p-nitrophenyl-α-d-galactopyranoside hydrolysis [k(cat)/K(m) = 35.115 ± 8.82 s(-1) mM(-1) at 55 °C and k(cat)/K(m) = 17.48 ± 4.25 s(-1) mM(-1) at 37 °C].
Collapse
|
22
|
Pearson JP, Brownlee IA. The interaction of large bowel microflora with the colonic mucus barrier. Int J Inflam 2010; 2010:321426. [PMID: 21152122 PMCID: PMC2989700 DOI: 10.4061/2010/321426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The colonic mucus barrier is the first line of defence that the underlying mucosa has against the wide range of potentially damaging agents of microbial, endogenous, and dietary origin that occur within the colonic lumen. The functional component of mucus is the secreted, polymeric glycoprotein mucin. The mucus barrier can either act as an energy source or a support medium for growth to the intestinal microflora. The mucus barrier appears to effectively partition the vast number of microbial cells from the underlying epithelium. The normal functionality and biochemistry of this mucus barrier appears to be lost in diseases of the colorectal mucosa. Germ-free animal studies have highlighted the necessity of the presence of the colonic microflora to drive the maturation of the colonic mucosa and normal mucus production. A number of by-products of the microflora have been suggested to be key luminal drivers of colonic mucus secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Pearson
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mountzouris KC, Kotzampassi K, Tsirtsikos P, Kapoutzis K, Fegeros K. Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on gut microflora metabolic biomarkers in fed and fasted rats. Clin Nutr 2009; 28:318-24. [PMID: 19223094 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Little is known about fasting effects on gut bacterial metabolism. As probiotics are purported to be beneficial for health, this study aimed to investigate the response of gut microbial metabolism on fasting with or without probiotic administration. METHODS Sixty male adult Wistar rats were allocated to six experimental treatments, for 6 days, arranged under three nutritional schemes namely: (a) ad libitum feeding (control), (b) fasting for 3 days and re-feeding for the remainder (re-fed) and (c) fasting for 6 days combined with parenteral liquid treatment during the last 3 days (starved). Each nutritional scheme had one non-probiotic and one probiotic treatment receiving orally Lactobacillus acidophilus. Rat caecal digesta were analyzed for bacterial enzyme activities and volatile fatty acids (VFA). RESULTS Fasted rats had significantly lower activities of alpha-galactosidase, alpha-glucosidase and beta-glucosidase and higher activities of beta-galactosidase and azoreductase compared to control and re-fed rats, irrespective of probiotic administration. Results were variable regarding cholylglycine hydrolase (CGH), while there were no differences between treatments regarding beta-glucuronidase and arylsulfatase activity. Fasted rats had significantly lower caecal VFA concentration and different fermentation patterns. L. acidophilus resulted in significantly reduced azoreductase activity and increased caecal acetate levels in fasted rats. Re-feeding appeared to restore most enzyme activities, fermentation intensity and to some extent fermentation patterns at control treatment levels. L. acidophilus resulted in significantly reduced CGH activity and increased butyrate levels in re-fed rats. CONCLUSION The results indicate a health beneficial potential of L. acidophilus in fasted and re-fed nutritional states via reduction of harmful azoreductase and CGH activities and promotion of useful VFA components for colonic function and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos C Mountzouris
- Department of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|