1
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Lee HY, Nazmul T, Lan J, Oyoshi MK. Maternal influences on offspring food allergy. Immunol Rev 2024; 326:130-150. [PMID: 39275992 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of allergies has been globally escalating. While allergies could appear at any age, they often develop in early life. However, the significant knowledge gap in the field is the mechanisms by which allergies affect certain people but not others. Investigating early factors and events in neonatal life that have a lasting impact on determining the susceptibilities of children to develop allergies is a significant area of the investigation as it promotes the understanding of neonatal immune system that mediates tolerance versus allergies. This review focuses on the research over the recent 10 years regarding the potential maternal factors that influence offspring allergies with a view to food allergy, a potentially life-threatening cause of anaphylaxis. The role of breast milk, maternal diet, maternal antibodies, and microbiota that have been suggested as key maternal factors regulating offspring allergies are discussed here. We also suggest future research area to expand our knowledge of maternal-offspring interactions on the pathogenesis of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Yeong Lee
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tanuza Nazmul
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jinggang Lan
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michiko K Oyoshi
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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HOKKYO A, KAKIYAMA S, SHIWA Y, KAGA C, KOBAYASHI T, NOMOTO K, HARIMA-MIZUSAWA N. Continuous intake of galacto-oligosaccharides containing syrup contributes to maintaining the health of household dogs by modulating their gut microbiota. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA, FOOD AND HEALTH 2024; 43:204-212. [PMID: 38966045 PMCID: PMC11220336 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2023-062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Interest is growing in the relationship of the microbiota and intestinal environment with health in companion animals. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), typical prebiotics, are expected to provide benefits in dogs. Previous studies of GOS in dogs have involved dogs with similar rearing conditions and diets, which may have biased the results. We conducted an open study of 26 healthy dogs kept in households with diverse rearing environments in order to evaluate how the intake of a GOS-containing syrup affects the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites. Each dog was fed 1.2-4.8 g of the GOS-containing syrup (GOS 0.5-2.0 g equivalent) for 8 weeks. Fecal microbiota, fecal concentrations of organic acids and putrefactive products, fecal odor, and serum uremic toxin concentrations were evaluated before intake (0 weeks), during the 8-week intake period (4 and 8 weeks), and 4 weeks after intake (12 weeks). The activity of N-benzoyl-DL-arginine peptidase in dental plaque, which may be associated with periodontal disease, was evaluated at 0 and 8 weeks. Continuous intake of GOS resulted in changes in fecal microbiota, with a particularly marked increase in the abundance of Megamonas, which produces propionic acid. Other findings included a significant increase in the fecal acetic, propionic, and n-butyric acid concentrations. Additionally, significant decreases in fecal odor, fecal phenol concentration, and serum indoxyl sulfate concentration. Intake of GOS was also associated with a significant decrease in N-benzoyl-DL-arginine peptidase activity in dental plaques. These results suggest that continuous intake of GOS may contribute to canine health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko HOKKYO
- Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Central Research Institute, 5-11
Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Sayaka KAKIYAMA
- Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Central Research Institute, 5-11
Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Yuh SHIWA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo University of
Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of
Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Chiaki KAGA
- Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Central Research Institute, 5-11
Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Toshihide KOBAYASHI
- Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Central Research Institute, 5-11
Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Koji NOMOTO
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo University of
Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Naomi HARIMA-MIZUSAWA
- Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Central Research Institute, 5-11
Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
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3
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Lee LYGN, Leow SY, Wen H, Soh JY, Chiang WC, Zhong Y, Tham EH, Loh W, Delsing DJ, Lee BW, Huang CH. An Evaluation of the Mechanisms of Galacto-Oligosaccharide (GOS)-Induced IgE Cross-Linking on Basophils in GOS Allergy. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:840454. [PMID: 35386657 PMCID: PMC8974727 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.840454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The prebiotics, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), are small carbohydrate molecules with 1–7 galactose units linked to glucose and have been shown to trigger IgE-mediated anaphylaxis in some cases following ingestion. It is still an unresolved question of how GOS cross-links IgE on basophils. In this study, we examined whether human galectins, a class of lectins that bind specifically to β-galactoside carbohydrates, are involved in GOS-induced basophil activation. Basophil activation test to GOS and control allergen, Blomia tropicalis (Blo t) extract were performed in the presence or absence of four sugar-based galectin inhibitors (lactose, thiodigalactoside [TDG], TD139, and GB1107) and one peptide-based inhibitor, G3-C12. Results showed that TD139, GB1107, and G3-C12 did not display a specific inhibitory effect on GOS-induced basophil activation as compared to control allergen. An inhibitory effect of lactose and TDG on GOS-induced basophil activation was observed and varied between subjects with up to 100% inhibition at low doses of GOS. The results of competitive ELISA suggest that the inhibitory effects of high dose lactose and TDG on the basophil activation is likely due to the cross-reactivity of GOS-specific IgE to lactose and TDG. Basophil activation is performed using purified basophils suggested that cell surface receptors on other blood cells were not required to induce basophil activation. In conclusion, our results suggest that GOS, a low molecular weight sugar, is able to cross-link IgE independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan Gabriella Nadine Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Si Yuan Leow
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hongmei Wen
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian Yi Soh
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen Chin Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics, Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Youjia Zhong
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elizabeth Huiwen Tham
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wenyin Loh
- Department of Paediatrics, Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Bee Wah Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chiung-Hui Huang
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Chiung-Hui Huang
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4
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Ambrogi V, Bottacini F, Cao L, Kuipers B, Schoterman M, van Sinderen D. Galacto-oligosaccharides as infant prebiotics: production, application, bioactive activities and future perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:753-766. [PMID: 34477457 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1953437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are non-digestible oligosaccharides characterized by a mix of structures that vary in their degree of polymerization (DP) and glycosidic linkage between the galactose moieties or between galactose and glucose. They have enjoyed extensive scientific scrutiny, and their health-promoting effects are supported by a large number of scientific and clinical studies. A variety of GOS-associated health-promoting effects have been reported, such as growth promotion of beneficial bacteria, in particular bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, inhibition of pathogen adhesion and improvement of gut barrier function. GOS have attracted significant interest from food industries for their versatility as a bioactive ingredient and in particular as a functional component of infant formulations. These oligosaccharides are produced in a kinetically-controlled reaction involving lactose transgalactosylation, being catalyzed by particular β-galactosidases of bacterial or fungal origin. Despite the well-established technology applied for GOS production, this process may still meet with technological challenges when employed at an industrial scale. The current review will cover relevant scientific literature on the beneficial physiological properties of GOS as a prebiotic for the infant gut microbiota, details of GOS structures, the associated reaction mechanism of β-galactosidase, and its (large-scale) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ambrogi
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Francesca Bottacini
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Linqiu Cao
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Kuipers
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | | | - Douwe van Sinderen
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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5
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Platts‐Mills TA, Hilger C, Jappe U, van Hage M, Gadermaier G, Spillner E, Lidholm J, Keshavarz B, Aalberse RC, van Ree R, Goodman RE, Pomés A. Carbohydrate epitopes currently recognized as targets for IgE antibodies. Allergy 2021; 76:2383-2394. [PMID: 33655520 DOI: 10.1111/all.14802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, glycan epitopes have not been documented by the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee. This was in part due to scarce or incomplete information on these oligosaccharides, but also due to the widely held opinion that IgE to these epitopes had little or no relevance to allergic symptoms. Most IgE-binding glycans recognized up to 2008 were considered to be "classical" cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD) that occur in insects, some helminths and throughout the plant kingdom. Since 2008, the prevailing opinion on lack of clinical relevance of IgE-binding glycans has been subject to a reevaluation. This was because IgE specific for the mammalian disaccharide galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal) was identified as a cause of delayed anaphylaxis to mammalian meat in the United States, an observation that has been confirmed by allergists in many parts of the world. Several experimental studies have shown that oligosaccharides with one or more terminal alpha-gal epitopes can be attached as a hapten to many different mammalian proteins or lipids. The classical CCDs also behave like haptens since they can be expressed on proteins from multiple species. This is the explanation for extensive in vitro cross-reactivity related to CCDs. Because of these developments, the Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee recently decided to include glycans as potentially allergenic epitopes in an adjunct section of its website (www.allergen.org). In this article, the features of the main glycan groups known to be involved in IgE recognition are revisited, and their characteristic structural, functional, and clinical features are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Platts‐Mills
- WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee
- Division of Allergy and Immunology University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Christiane Hilger
- WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee
- Department of Infection and Immunity Luxembourg Institute of Health Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Uta Jappe
- WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Research Center Borstel AirwayResearch Center North (ARCN)German Center for Lung Research Borstel Germany
- Interdisciplinary Allergy Outpatient Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine and Pneumology University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
| | - Marianne van Hage
- WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy Karolinska Institutet & Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Gabriele Gadermaier
- WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee
- Department of Biosciences Paris Lodron University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Edzard Spillner
- WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering Aarhus University Denmark
| | - Jonas Lidholm
- WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Uppsala Sweden
| | - Behnam Keshavarz
- Division of Allergy and Immunology University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Rob C. Aalberse
- Department of Immunopathology Sanquin Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Ree
- WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee
- Departments of Experimental Immunology and of Otorhinolaryngology Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Richard E. Goodman
- WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee
- Food Allergy Research & Resource Program University of Nebraska Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Anna Pomés
- WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee
- Basic Research, Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc. Charlottesville Virginia USA
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6
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Cocconcelli PS, Fernández Escámez PS, Maradona MP, Querol A, Suarez JE, Sundh I, Vlak J, Barizzone F, Correia S, Herman L. Update of the list of QPS-recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 11: suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until September 2019. EFSA J 2020; 18:e05965. [PMID: 32874211 PMCID: PMC7448003 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Qualified presumption of safety (QPS) was developed to provide a generic safety evaluation for biological agents to support EFSA's Scientific Panels. The taxonomic identity, body of knowledge, safety concerns and antimicrobial resistance are assessed. Safety concerns identified for a taxonomic unit (TU) are where possible to be confirmed at strain or product level, reflected by 'qualifications'. No new information was found that would change the previously recommended QPS TUs and their qualifications. The list of microorganisms notified to EFSA was updated with 54 biological agents, received between April and September 2019; 23 already had QPS status, 14 were excluded from the QPS exercise (7 filamentous fungi, 6 Escherichia coli, Sphingomonas paucimobilis which was already evaluated). Seventeen, corresponding to 16 TUs, were evaluated for possible QPS status, fourteen of these for the first time, and Protaminobacter rubrum, evaluated previously, was excluded because it is not a valid species. Eight TUs are recommended for QPS status. Lactobacillus parafarraginis and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii are recommended to be included in the QPS list. Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius and Paenibacillus illinoisensis can be recommended for the QPS list with the qualification 'for production purposes only' and absence of toxigenic potential. Bacillus velezensis can be recommended for the QPS list with the qualification 'absence of toxigenic potential and the absence of aminoglycoside production ability'. Cupriavidus necator, Aurantiochytrium limacinum and Tetraselmis chuii can be recommended for the QPS list with the qualification 'production purposes only'. Pantoea ananatis is not recommended for the QPS list due to lack of body of knowledge in relation to its pathogenicity potential for plants. Corynebacterium stationis, Hamamotoa singularis, Rhodococcus aetherivorans and Rhodococcus ruber cannot be recommended for the QPS list due to lack of body of knowledge. Kodamaea ohmeri cannot be recommended for the QPS list due to safety concerns.
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7
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Böger M, van Leeuwen SS, Lammerts van Bueren A, Dijkhuizen L. Structural Identity of Galactooligosaccharide Molecules Selectively Utilized by Single Cultures of Probiotic Bacterial Strains. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13969-13977. [PMID: 31747272 PMCID: PMC6923793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Various β-galactosidase enzymes catalyze the trans-glycosylation reaction with lactose. The resulting galactooligosaccharide (GOS) mixtures are widely used in infant nutrition to stimulate growth of beneficial gut bacteria. GOS consists mainly of compounds with a degree of polymerization (DP) varying from 2-8 and with diverse glycosidic linkages. In recent years, we have elucidated in detail the composition of several commercial GOS mixtures in terms of DP and the structural identity of the individual compounds. In this work, 13 (single) probiotic strains of gut bacteria, belonging to 11 different species, were grown to stationary phase with a Vivinal GOS-derived sample purified to remove lactose and monosaccharides (pGOS). Growth among the probiotic strains varied strongly between 30 and 100% of OD600nm relative to positive controls with glucose. By identifying the components of the pGOS mixture that remain after growth, we showed that strains varied in their consumption of specific GOS compounds. All strains commonly used most of the GOS DP2 pool. Lactobacillus salivarius W57 also utilized the DP3 branched compound β-d-Galp-(1 → 4)-[β-d-Galp-(1 → 2)]-d-Glc. Bifidobacterial strains tended to use GOS with higher DP and branching than lactobacilli; Bifidobacterium breve DSM 20091, Lactobacillus acidophilus W37, and Bifidobacterium infantis DSM 20088 were exceptional in using 38, 36, and 35 compounds, respectively, out of the 40 different structures identified in pGOS. We correlated these bacterial GOS consumption profiles with their genomic information and were able to relate metabolic activity with the presence of genome-encoded transporters and carbohydrate-active enzymes. These detailed insights may support the design of synbiotic combinations pairing probiotic bacterial strains with GOS compounds that specifically stimulate their growth. Such synbiotic combinations may be of interest in food/feed and/or pharmacy/medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Böger
- Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular
Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alicia Lammerts van Bueren
- Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular
Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Elferink H, Rossing E, Huang CH, Lee BW, Cao L, Delsing DJ, Groeneveld A, Boltje TJ. Modular synthesis and immunological evaluation of suspected allergenic galactooligosaccharides. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3108-3112. [PMID: 30843570 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00108e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are widely used in the food industry as prebiotics and in very rare cases, can lead to an allergic reaction. Due to the microheterogeneity of GOS it is very difficult to extract pure and well defined oligosaccharides to establish which component is responsible for the observed allergenicity. Herein, we report the chemical synthesis of a suspected allergen 4PX and three closely related oligosaccharides based on a modular approach. The fact that synthesized 4PX and a regioisomer did not cause basophil activation in subjects with confirmed GOS-allergy excludes both tetrasaccharides as key-epitopes in GOS-allergenicity in Singapore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidde Elferink
- Cluster for Molecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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9
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Tham EH, Leung ASY, Pacharn P, Lee S, Ebisawa M, Lee BW, Wong GWK. Anaphylaxis - Lessons learnt when East meets West. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2019; 30:681-688. [PMID: 31220363 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly increasing prevalence of allergic disorders over the past 2 decades highlights the need to understand the epidemiology of anaphylaxis. In Europe, the United States, and Australia, the incidence of anaphylaxis is estimated to be between 60 and 950 cases per 100 000 population, with a lifetime prevalence of anaphylaxis of 0.05%-2%. The incidence appears to be increasing over time. Although the existing Asian literature is heterogeneous and limited by under-reporting, it also suggests a similar increasing trend in anaphylaxis incidence in Asia. Anaphylaxis triggers in Asia, such as the predominance of shellfish and wheat in older children and adolescents, differ from those seen in Western populations. Triggers unique to Asia such as traditional Chinese medications, galacto-oligosaccharides, and food delicacies have also been reported. Low usage of adrenaline as first-line treatment of anaphylaxis is evident across all countries and is particularly concerning. There is a need to establish prospective, standardized protocols for anaphylaxis data collection and reporting, to enhance the collective understanding of anaphylaxis and its burden, gaps in management and to identify areas for future research and intervention in each region. Understanding of the underlying reasons explaining the difference between East and West will facilitate future primary preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Tham
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Agnes S Y Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Punchama Pacharn
- Department of Pediatrics, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sooyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Motohiro Ebisawa
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Bee Wah Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gary W K Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
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10
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Hossny E, Ebisawa M, El-Gamal Y, Arasi S, Dahdah L, El-Owaidy R, Galvan CA, Lee BW, Levin M, Martinez S, Pawankar R, Tang ML, Tham EH, Fiocchi A. Challenges of managing food allergy in the developing world. World Allergy Organ J 2019; 12:100089. [PMID: 31871534 PMCID: PMC6909084 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2019.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergy (FA) is currently a significant health care problem in the developing world. Widely varying study populations and methodologies, the use of surrogate markers such as self report or hospitalization rates due to anaphylaxis rather than objective methods, limits robust estimation of FA prevalence in low income settings. Also, allergy is under-recognized as a clinical specialty in the developing world which compromises the chance for accurate diagnosis. In this review, most published data on food allergens from developing or low income countries are displayed. The diagnostic challenges and limitations of treatment options are discussed. It seems that FA is an under-appreciated health care issue in the developing world, and accurate determination of its burden in low-income settings represents an important unmet need. Multicenter surveillance studies, using standardized methodologies, are, therefore, needed to reveal the true extent of the problem and provide epidemiological clues for prevention. Preventive strategies should be tailored to fit local circumstances in different geographic regions. In addition, studying the gene environment interactions and impact of early life microbiota on the expression of FA in developing communities would be worthwhile. Efforts and resources should be directed toward public health education and training of health care providers dealing with food allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hossny
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Motohiro Ebisawa
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara National Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yehia El-Gamal
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Lamia Dahdah
- Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Vatican City, Italy
| | - Rasha El-Owaidy
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Cesar A. Galvan
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Alergia Asma e Inmunología (CERNAAI), Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima-Perú, Peru
| | - Bee Wah Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Levin
- Division Paediatric Allergology, University of Cape Town, Red Cross Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Santiago Martinez
- Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Florida State University College of Medicine, Florida, United States
| | - Ruby Pawankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mimi L.K. Tang
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H. Tham
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Figueroa-Lozano S, de Vos P. Relationship Between Oligosaccharides and Glycoconjugates Content in Human Milk and the Development of the Gut Barrier. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 18:121-139. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Figueroa-Lozano
- Immunoendocrinology, Div. of Medical Biology, Dept. of Pathology and Medical Biology; Univ. of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Div. of Medical Biology, Dept. of Pathology and Medical Biology; Univ. of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
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12
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Abstract
With the increased global awareness and rise in food allergies, a multifold interest in food allergens is evident. The presence of undeclared food allergens results in expensive food recalls and increased risks of anaphylaxis for the sensitive individuals. Regardless of the allergenic food, the immunogen needs to be identified and detected before making any efforts to inactivate/eliminate it. In type I food allergies, protein immunogen cross-links immunoglobulin E, leading to basophil/mast cell degranulation, resulting in the symptoms that range from mild irritation to anaphylaxis. A portion/part of the protein, known as the epitope, can interact with either antibodies to elicit allergic reactions or T-cell receptors to initiate allergic sensitization. Antibody-recognized epitopes can be either a linear sequence of amino acids (linear epitope) or a three-dimensional motif (conformational epitope), while T-cell-receptor-recognized epitopes are exclusively linear peptides. Identifying and characterizing human-allergy-relevant epitopes are important for allergy diagnosis/prognosis, immunotherapy, and developing food processing methods that can reduce/eliminate immunogencity/immunoreactivity of the allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqi Liu
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Services , San Diego State University , 308 ENS Building, 5500 Campanile Drive , San Diego , California 92182-7251 , United States
| | - Shridhar K Sathe
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, College of Human Sciences , Florida State University , 402 SAN, 120 Convocation Way , Tallahassee , Florida 32306-1493 , United States
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13
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Gonai M, Shigehisa A, Kigawa I, Kurasaki K, Chonan O, Matsuki T, Yoshida Y, Aida M, Hamano K, Terauchi Y. Galacto-oligosaccharides ameliorate dysbiotic Bifidobacteriaceae decline in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Benef Microbes 2017; 8:705-716. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota affects the host’s metabolism, and it is suggested that there are differences in gut microbiota composition between patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy individuals. Additionally, dysbiosis may increase the concentration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), causing metabolic endotoxemia, which induces impaired glucose tolerance. Several studies have reported relationships between metabolic diseases and the gut microbiota; and prebiotics, such as oligosaccharides, are commonly consumed to regulate gut microbiotas in healthy individuals. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are a major prebiotic, which specifically increase Bifidobacteriaceae abundance. Recent studies have reported that Bifidobacteriaceae improved metabolic endotoxemia or impaired glucose tolerance. However, there are few studies reporting the effects of GOS on patients with type 2 diabetes. In the current study, we compared clinical parameters, faecal gut microbiota, their associated metabolic products and their components such as LPS, and LPS-binding protein (LBP) produced by the host, between patients with diabetes and healthy controls. We then assessed the effects of GOS on glycaemic control, and gut microbiotas and metabolites in patients with type 2 diabetes in a double-blind controlled manner. LBP levels were significantly higher in patients with diabetes than those of healthy subjects, which was consistent with previous reports. The abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae and the diversity of intestinal microbiota were significantly lower in patients with diabetes than in healthy subjects. Interestingly, Bifidobacteriaceae was markedly restored in patients with diabetes after consumption of GOS, whereas LBP and glucose tolerance did not improve during this short-term trial period. In the present study, we demonstrated that GOS can ameliorate dysbiosis in patients with diabetes, and continuous intake of GOS may be a promising method for managing type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Gonai
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kantoh Rosai Hospital, 1-1 Kizukisumiyoshi, Nakahara, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8510, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - A. Shigehisa
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - I. Kigawa
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kantoh Rosai Hospital, 1-1 Kizukisumiyoshi, Nakahara, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8510, Japan
| | - K. Kurasaki
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kantoh Rosai Hospital, 1-1 Kizukisumiyoshi, Nakahara, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8510, Japan
| | - O. Chonan
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - T. Matsuki
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Y. Yoshida
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - M. Aida
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - K. Hamano
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kantoh Rosai Hospital, 1-1 Kizukisumiyoshi, Nakahara, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8510, Japan
| | - Y. Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
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14
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Sotoya H, Shigehisa A, Hara T, Matsumoto H, Hatano H, Matsuki T. Identification of genes involved in galactooligosaccharide utilization in Bifidobacterium breve strain YIT 4014 T. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:1420-1428. [PMID: 28920844 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are mixed oligosaccharides that are mainly composed of galactosyllactoses (GLs), which include 3'-GL, 4'-GL, and 6'-GL. Data from numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that GOS selectively stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria. Previously, we identified the gene locus responsible for 4'-GL utilization, but the selective routes of uptake and catabolism of 3'- and 6'-GL remain to be elucidated. In this study, we used differential transcriptomics to identify the utilization pathways of these GLs within the Bifidobacterium breve YIT 4014T strain. We found that the BBBR_RS 2305-2320 gene locus, which includes a solute-binding protein (SBP) of an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter and β-galactosidase, were up-regulated during 3'- and 6'-GL utilization. The substrate specificities of these proteins were further investigated, revealing that β-galactosidase hydrolyzed both 3'-GL and 6'-GL efficiently. Our surface plasmon resonance results indicated that the SBP bound strongly to 6'-GL, but bound less tightly to 3'-GL. Therefore, we looked for the other SBPs for 3'-GL and found that the BBBR_RS08090 SBP may participate in 3'-GL transportation. We also investigated the distribution of these genes in 17 bifidobacterial strains, including 9 B. breve strains, and found that the β-galactosidase genes were present in most bifidobacteria. Homologues of two ABC transporter SBP genes were found in all B. breve strains and in some bifidobacteria that are commonly present in the human gut microbiota. These results provide insights into the ability of human-resident bifidobacteria to utilize the main component of GOS in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetsugu Sotoya
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Akira Shigehisa
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Taeko Hara
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Hatano
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsuki
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
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15
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Soh JY, Chiang WC, Huang CH, Woo CK, Ibrahim I, Heng K, Pramanick A, Lee BW. An unusual cause of food-induced anaphylaxis in mothers. World Allergy Organ J 2017; 10:3. [PMID: 28232856 PMCID: PMC5301318 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-016-0136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are prebiotics added to commercial milk formula of infants and mothers. In recent years, cases of allergy related to GOS in atopic children have been reported in the South East Asian region. CASE PRESENTATIONS We describe a series of pregnant (n = 4) and lactating mothers (n = 2) who developed anaphylactic reactions after consumption of maternal milk formula containing GOS. All six subjects had pre-existing atopy and a positive skin prick test to GOS and 5/5 of the subjects who were tested had positive basophil activation tests to GOS. All of the mothers and their babies had normal neonatal outcomes after the reactions. CONCLUSIONS The supplementation of GOS into milk and beverages in the Asian region should take into account the rare chance of allergenicity of GOS in the atopic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Soh
- Department of Paediatrics, National University Hospital, Tower Block Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228 Singapore ; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - W C Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics, Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - C H Huang
- Department of Paediatrics, National University Hospital, Tower Block Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228 Singapore ; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - C K Woo
- Department of Medicine, Gleneagles Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I Ibrahim
- Emergency Medicine Department, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore ; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - K Heng
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ; Emergency Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A Pramanick
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - B W Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, National University Hospital, Tower Block Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228 Singapore ; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Synthesis of an allergy inducing tetrasaccharide “4P-X”. Carbohydr Res 2017; 439:44-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Matsuki T, Tajima S, Hara T, Yahagi K, Ogawa E, Kodama H. Infant formula with galacto-oligosaccharides (OM55N) stimulates the growth of indigenous bifidobacteria in healthy term infants. Benef Microbes 2016; 7:453-61. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2015.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate whether an infant formula supplemented with galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS; OM55N) was able to stimulate the growth of indigenous bifidobacteria and to establish microbiota similar to that of breastfed infants. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed using 35 healthy term infants (31-54 days of age; 42±6 days) to determine whether infant formula with 0.3 g/dl GOS (OM55N) stimulated the growth of bifidobacteria in the infants’ guts. At the trial onset and 2 weeks after, the infants’ faecal samples were examined for microbiota composition (bacterial abundance and α-diversity) and faecal characteristics. Among the 35 infants, 5 were withdrawn and 8 were excluded from the final evaluation before breaking the blinding since the indigenous bifidobacteria were not detected at the trial onset. After 2 weeks, the abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae was significantly increased in the GOS feeding group compared to the control (+11.6±24.1% vs -3.9±13.0%; P=0.043). The Shannon index, which accounts for both abundance and evenness of the present species, was significantly decreased with GOS supplementation (-0.1±0.4 vs +0.4±0.4; P=0.014). Faecal characteristics such as pH and organic acids were similar in both groups, with no statistical differences. No adverse side effects related to the formula consumption were reported. Although the concentration of GOS was relatively low, the infant formula with GOS increased the abundance of bifidobacteria and resulted in a reduced α-diversity of the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Matsuki
- Yakult Central Institute, Basic Research Department, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - S. Tajima
- Yakult Central Institute, Basic Research Department, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - T. Hara
- Yakult Central Institute, Basic Research Department, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - K. Yahagi
- Yakult Central Institute, Basic Research Department, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - E. Ogawa
- Teikyo University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - H. Kodama
- Teikyo University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Soh JY, Huang CH, Chiang WC, Llanora GV, Lee AJ, Loh W, Chin YLC, Tay VYJ, Chan YH, Dianne D, Lee BW. Anaphylaxis to galacto-oligosaccharides--an evaluation in an atopic population in Singapore. Allergy 2015; 70:1020-3. [PMID: 25951913 DOI: 10.1111/all.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Anaphylaxis to galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), a prebiotic, has been described in atopic patients following its supplementation in commercial milk formula in South-East Asia. The epidemiology of this usual allergy to a carbohydrate is unknown. This study evaluated the prevalence of allergy to two formulations of commercial GOS, Vivinal™ GOS (vGOS) and Oligomate™ , in an atopic cohort. Atopic subjects (n = 487) from two specialist allergy clinics were surveyed via structured questionnaire and underwent skin prick tests to GOS. Subjects with positive skin prick tests to GOS (n = 30, 6.2%) underwent basophil activation tests, and a subset (n = 13) underwent oral challenge tests to both formulations of GOS. Six subjects had positive challenges to vGOS; and none to Oligomate. By extrapolating the BAT and oral challenge results, the prevalence of allergy to vGOS is estimated at up to 3.5% (95% CI 2.2-5.5%) of our atopic population. Our findings show that GOS allergy may be common amongst atopics in Singapore.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Y. Soh
- Department of Paediatrics; National University Hospital; Singapore Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - C.-H. Huang
- Department of Paediatrics; National University Hospital; Singapore Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - W. C. Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics; Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital; Singapore Singapore
| | - G. V. Llanora
- Department of Paediatrics; National University Hospital; Singapore Singapore
| | - A. J. Lee
- Department of Paediatrics; National University Hospital; Singapore Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - W. Loh
- Department of Paediatrics; Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital; Singapore Singapore
| | - Y. L. C. Chin
- Department of Paediatrics; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - V. Y. J. Tay
- Department of Paediatrics; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - Y. H. Chan
- Department of Biostatistics; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - D. Dianne
- FrieslandCampina; Amersfoort The Netherlands
| | - B. W. Lee
- Department of Paediatrics; National University Hospital; Singapore Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
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20
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Shigehisa A, Sotoya H, Sato T, Hara T, Matsumoto H, Matsuki T. Characterization of a bifidobacterial system that utilizes galacto-oligosaccharides. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2015; 161:1463-70. [PMID: 25903756 PMCID: PMC4635504 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) OLIGOMATE 55N (Yakult) is a mixture of oligosaccharides, the main component of which is 4′-galactosyllactose (4′-GL). Numerous reports have shown that GOSs are non-digestible, reach the colon and selectively stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria. The product has been used as a food ingredient and its applications have expanded rapidly. However, the bifidobacterial glycoside hydrolases and transporters responsible for utilizing GOSs have not been characterized sufficiently. In this study, we aimed to identify and characterize genes responsible for metabolizing 4′-GL in Bifidobacterium breve strain Yakult. We attempted to identify B. breve Yakult genes induced by 4′-GL using transcriptional profiling during growth in basal medium containing 4′-GL with a custom microarray. We found that BbrY_0420, which encodes solute-binding protein (SBP), and BbrY_0422, which encodes β-galactosidase, were markedly upregulated relative to that during growth in basal medium containing lactose. Investigation of the substrate specificity of recombinant BbrY_0420 protein using surface plasmon resonance showed that BbrY_0420 protein bound to 4′-GL, but not to 3′-GL and 6′-GL, structural isomers of 4′-GL. Additionally, BbrY_0420 had a strong affinity for 4-galactobiose (4-GB), suggesting that this SBP recognized the non-reducing terminal structure of 4′-GL. Incubation of purified recombinant BbrY_0422 protein with 4′-GL, 3′-GL, 6′-GL and 4-GB revealed that the protein efficiently hydrolysed 4′-GL and 4-GB, but did not digest 3′-GL, 6′-GL or lactose, suggesting that BbrY_0422 digested the bond within Gal1,4-β-Gal. Thus, BbrY_0420 (SBP) and BbrY_0422 (β-galactosidase) had identical, strict substrate specificity, suggesting that they were coupled by co-induction to facilitate the transportation and hydrolysis of 4′-GL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shigehisa
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Sotoya
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Taeko Hara
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | | | - Takahiro Matsuki
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
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21
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Abstract
The literature supports the notion that carbohydrate epitopes, on their own, do not contribute significantly to the induction of allergic reactions. They bind weakly to IgE antibodies and have been termed as cross reactive carbohydrate determinants. These epitopes cause confusion in in vitro IgE testing through nonspecific cross-reactivity. Coincident with the rising trends in food allergy prevalence, there has recently been reports of anaphylaxis induced by carbohydrate epitopes. There are two distinct groups, each with unique characteristics and geographical distribution. Anaphylaxis and acute allergic reactions related to the carbohydrate galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) epitope that are present in the monoclonal antibody, cetuximab and red meat have been described in the United States and Europe populations where tick bites have been found to be the primary sensitizer. Another carbohydrate inducing anaphylaxis is galacto-oligosaccharides in commercial milk formula which has been described in the several Asian populations including Singapore. The latter is unique in that the allergen is a pure carbohydrate. We summarize the current literature on carbohydrate-induced food allergy, and evaluate the two new groups of carbohydrate allergy that have defied previous findings on carbohydrates and their role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yi Soh
- Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat National Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore 119228, Singapore. ; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Chiung Hui Huang
- Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat National Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore 119228, Singapore. ; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Bee Wah Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat National Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore 119228, Singapore. ; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
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