1
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Ontiveros I, Fernández-Pozo N, Esteve-Codina A, López-Moya JJ, Díaz-Pendón JA. Enhanced Susceptibility to Tomato Chlorosis Virus (ToCV) in Hsp90- and Sgt1-Silenced Plants: Insights from Gene Expression Dynamics. Viruses 2023; 15:2370. [PMID: 38140611 PMCID: PMC10747942 DOI: 10.3390/v15122370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging whitefly-transmitted crinivirus tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) causes substantial economic losses by inducing yellow leaf disorder in tomato crops. This study explores potential resistance mechanisms by examining early-stage molecular responses to ToCV. A time-course transcriptome analysis compared naïve, mock, and ToCV-infected plants at 2, 7, and 14 days post-infection (dpi). Gene expression changes were most notable at 2 and 14 dpi, likely corresponding to whitefly feeding and viral infection. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses revealed key genes and pathways associated with ToCV infection, including those related to plant immunity, flavonoid and steroid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and hormone signaling. Additionally, virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsRNAs) originating from ToCV predominantly came from RNA2 and were 22 nucleotides in length. Furthermore, two genes involved in plant immunity, Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90) and its co-chaperone Sgt1 (suppressor of the G2 allele of Skp1) were targeted through viral-induced gene silencing (VIGS), showing a potential contribution to basal resistance against viral infections since their reduction correlated with increased ToCV accumulation. This study provides insights into tomato plant responses to ToCV, with potential implications for developing effective disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ontiveros
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture La Mayora (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Spain; (I.O.); (N.F.-P.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08913 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Noé Fernández-Pozo
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture La Mayora (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Spain; (I.O.); (N.F.-P.)
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Juan José López-Moya
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08913 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Díaz-Pendón
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture La Mayora (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Spain; (I.O.); (N.F.-P.)
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2
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Wang W, Rui H, Yu L, Jin N, Liu W, Guo C, Cheng Y, Lou Y. Four-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid Treatment Induces the Defense Resistance of Rice to White-Backed Planthopper Sogatella furcifera. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15722. [PMID: 37958711 PMCID: PMC10648403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical elicitors can increase plant defense against herbivorous insects and pathogens. The use of synthetic chemical elicitors is likely to be an alternative to traditional pesticides for crop pest control. However, only a few synthetic chemicals are reported to protect plants by regulating signaling pathways, increasing the levels of defense metabolites and interfering with insect feeding. Here, we found that the exogenous application of a phenoxycarboxylic compound, 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA), can induce chemical defenses to protect rice plants from white-backed planthoppers (WBPH, Sogatella furcifera). Four-CPA was rapidly taken up by plant roots and degraded to 4-chlorophenol (4-CP). Four-CPA treatment modulated the activity of peroxidase (POD) and directly induced the deposition of lignin-like polymers using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the electron acceptor. The polymers, which are thought to prevent the planthopper's stylet from reaching the phloem, were broken down by WBPH nymphs. Meanwhile, 4-CPA increased the levels of flavonoids and phenolamines (PAs). The increased flavonoids and PAs, together with the degradation product of the polymers, avoided nymphal feeding and prolonged the nymphal period for 1 day. These results indicate that 4-CPA has the potential to be used as a chemical elicitor to protect rice from planthoppers. Moreover, these findings also open a pathway for molecule structure design of phenoxycarboxylic compounds as chemical elicitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, Taizhou University, Taizhou 225300, China; (H.R.); (L.Y.); (W.L.); (C.G.); (Y.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Haiyun Rui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, Taizhou University, Taizhou 225300, China; (H.R.); (L.Y.); (W.L.); (C.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Lei Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, Taizhou University, Taizhou 225300, China; (H.R.); (L.Y.); (W.L.); (C.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Nuo Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Wan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, Taizhou University, Taizhou 225300, China; (H.R.); (L.Y.); (W.L.); (C.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Chen Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, Taizhou University, Taizhou 225300, China; (H.R.); (L.Y.); (W.L.); (C.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yumeng Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, Taizhou University, Taizhou 225300, China; (H.R.); (L.Y.); (W.L.); (C.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yonggen Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
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3
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Zhang P, Yan H, Liu Y, Chai Y. Genome-wide identification and functional characterization of wheat Brassinazole-resistant transcription factors in response to abiotic stresses and stripe rust infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1144379. [PMID: 37384359 PMCID: PMC10293928 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1144379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Brassinazole-resistant (BZR) transcription factors (TFs) are key players in brassinolides (BRs) signaling pathway, which is widely involved in regulating plant growth and development, as well as in plant responding to a variety stresses. Despite their critical roles, little is known about BZR TFs in wheat. In this study, we performed genome-wide analysis of BZR gene family from wheat genome, and 20 TaBZRs were identified. Based on the phylogenetic relationships of TaBZR and BZRs from rice and Arabidopsis, all BZR genes were clustered into four groups. The intron-exon structural patterns and conserved protein motifs of TaBZRs showed high group specificity. TaBZR5, 7, and 9 were significantly induced after salt, drought treatment, and stripe rust infection. However, TaBZR16, which was significantly upregulated under NaCl application, was not expressed during wheat-stripe rust fungus interaction. These results indicated that BZR genes in wheat play different roles in response to various stresses. The results of this study will lay a foundation for further in-depth functional studies of TaBZRs and will provide information for the breeding and genetic improvement of wheat against drought and salt stresses.
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4
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Liu C, Liu Q, Mou Z. A direct link between BR and SA signaling: Negative regulation of TGA4 by BIN2. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1254-1256. [PMID: 35689390 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Qingcai Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Zhonglin Mou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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5
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Kim YW, Youn JH, Roh J, Kim JM, Kim SK, Kim TW. Brassinosteroids enhance salicylic acid-mediated immune responses by inhibiting BIN2 phosphorylation of clade I TGA transcription factors in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:991-1007. [PMID: 35524409 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in plant immune response, including resistance to pathogens and systemic acquired resistance. Two major components, NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES (NPRs) and TGACG motif-binding transcription factors (TGAs), are known to mediate SA signaling, which might also be orchestrated by other hormonal and environmental changes. Nevertheless, the molecular and functional interactions between SA signaling components and other cellular signaling pathways remain poorly understood. Here we showed that the steroid plant hormone brassinosteroid (BR) promotes SA responses by inactivating BR-INSENSITIVE 2 (BIN2), which inhibits the redox-sensitive clade I TGAs in Arabidopsis. We found that both BR and the BIN2 inhibitor bikinin synergistically increase SA-mediated physiological responses, such as resistance to Pst DC3000. Our genetic and biochemical analyses indicated that BIN2 functionally interacts with TGA1 and TGA4, but not with other TGAs. We further demonstrated that BIN2 phosphorylates Ser-202 of TGA4, resulting in the suppression of the redox-dependent interaction between TGA4 and NPR1 as well as destabilization of TGA4. Consistently, transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing TGA4-YFP with a S202A mutation displayed enhanced SA responses compared to the wild-type TGA4-YFP plants. Taken together, these results suggest a novel crosstalk mechanism by which BR signaling coordinates the SA responses mediated by redox-sensitive clade I TGAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Woo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Youn
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehee Roh
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Mok Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ki Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae-Wuk Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Wan S, Xin XF. Regulation and integration of plant jasmonate signaling: a comparative view of monocot and dicot. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:704-714. [PMID: 35452856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The phytohormone jasmonate plays a pivotal role in various aspects of plant life, including developmental programs and defense against pests and pathogens. A large body of knowledge on jasmonate biosynthesis, signal transduction as well as its functions in diverse plant processes has been gained in the past two decades. In addition, there exists extensive crosstalk between jasmonate pathway and other phytohormone pathways, such as salicylic acid (SA) and gibberellin (GA), in co-regulation of plant immune status, fine-tuning the balance of plant growth and defense, and so on, which were mostly learned from studies in the dicotyledonous model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato but much less in monocot. Interestingly, existing evidence suggests both conservation and functional divergence in terms of core components of jasmonate pathway, its biological functions and signal integration with other phytohormones, between monocot and dicot. In this review, we summarize the current understanding on JA signal initiation, perception and regulation, and highlight the distinctive characteristics in different lineages of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Xin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS-JIC Center of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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7
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Sarwar R, Geng R, Li L, Shan Y, Zhu KM, Wang J, Tan XL. Genome-Wide Prediction, Functional Divergence, and Characterization of Stress-Responsive BZR Transcription Factors in B. napus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:790655. [PMID: 35058951 PMCID: PMC8764130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.790655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT (BZR) are transcriptional factors that bind to the DNA of targeted genes to regulate several plant growth and physiological processes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. However, information on such genes in Brassica napus is minimal. Furthermore, the new reference Brassica napus genome offers an excellent opportunity to systematically characterize this gene family in B. napus. In our study, 21 BnaBZR genes were distributed across 19 chromosomes of B. napus and clustered into four subgroups based on Arabidopsis thaliana orthologs. Functional divergence analysis among these groups evident the shifting of evolutionary rate after the duplication events. In terms of structural analysis, the BnaBZR genes within each subgroup are highly conserved but are distinctive within groups. Organ-specific expression analyses of BnaBZR genes using RNA-seq data and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed complex expression patterns in plant tissues during stress conditions. In which genes belonging to subgroups III and IV were identified to play central roles in plant tolerance to salt, drought, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum stress. The insights from this study enrich our understanding of the B. napus BZR gene family and lay a foundation for future research in improving rape seed environmental adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehman Sarwar
- School of Food Science and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Rui Geng
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yue Shan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ke-Ming Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Li Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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8
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Bai X, Zhan G, Tian S, Peng H, Cui X, Islam MA, Goher F, Ma Y, Kang Z, Xu ZS, Guo J. Transcription factor BZR2 activates chitinase Cht20.2 transcription to confer resistance to wheat stripe rust. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2749-2762. [PMID: 34618056 PMCID: PMC8644182 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The brassinosteroid pathway promotes a variety of physiological processes in plants and the brassinosteroid insensitive1-ethylmethane sulfonate suppressor (BES)/brassinazole-resistant (BZR) functions as one of its key regulators. We previously showed that the BES/BZR-type transcription factor TaBZR2 mediates the drought stress response in wheat (Triticum aestivum) by directly upregulating the transcriptional activity of glutathione S-transferase 1. However, the function of TaBZR2 in plants under biotic stresses is unknown. In this study, we found that transcript levels of TaBZR2 were upregulated in response to inoculation with wheat stripe rust fungus (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, Pst) and treatment with flg22 or an elicitor-like protein of Pst, Pst322. Wheat lines overexpressing TaBZR2 conferred increased resistance, whereas TaBZR2-RNAi lines exhibited decreased resistance to multiple races of Pst. TaBZR2 targeted the promoter of the chitinase gene TaCht20.2, activating its transcription. Knockdown of TaCht20.2 in wheat resulted in enhanced susceptibility to Pst, indicating the positive role of TaCht20.2 in wheat resistance. Upon Pst infection in vivo, the overexpression of TaBZR2 increased total chitinase activity, whereas RNAi-mediated silencing of TaBZR2 reduced total chitinase activity. Taken together, our results suggest that TaBZR2 confers broad-spectrum resistance to the stripe rust fungus by increasing total chitinase activity in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Gangming Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Shuxin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Cui
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/ Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Md Ashraful Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Farhan Goher
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Youzhi Ma
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/ Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Shi Xu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/ Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Author for communication:
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9
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Gough C, Sadanandom A. Understanding and Exploiting Post-Translational Modifications for Plant Disease Resistance. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1122. [PMID: 34439788 PMCID: PMC8392720 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly threatened by pathogens, so have evolved complex defence signalling networks to overcome pathogen attacks. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are fundamental to plant immunity, allowing rapid and dynamic responses at the appropriate time. PTM regulation is essential; pathogen effectors often disrupt PTMs in an attempt to evade immune responses. Here, we cover the mechanisms of disease resistance to pathogens, and how growth is balanced with defence, with a focus on the essential roles of PTMs. Alteration of defence-related PTMs has the potential to fine-tune molecular interactions to produce disease-resistant crops, without trade-offs in growth and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;
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10
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Pan L, Miao H, Wang Q, Walling LL, Liu S. Virus-induced phytohormone dynamics and their effects on plant-insect interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1305-1320. [PMID: 33555072 PMCID: PMC8251853 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Attacks on plants by both viruses and their vectors is common in nature. Yet the dynamics of the plant-virus-vector tripartite system, in particular the effects of viral infection on plant-insect interactions, have only begun to emerge in the last decade. Viruses can modulate the interactions between insect vectors and plants via the jasmonate, salicylic acid and ethylene phytohormone pathways, resulting in changes in fitness and viral transmission capacity of their insect vectors. Virus infection of plants may also modulate other phytohormones, such as auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins, brassinosteroids and abscisic acid, with yet undefined consequences on plant-insect interactions. Moreover, virus infection in plants may incur changes to other plant traits, such as nutrition and secondary metabolites, that potentially contribute to virus-associated, phytohormone-mediated manipulation of plant-insect interactions. In this article, we review the research progress, discuss issues related to the complexity and variability of the viral modulation of plant interactions with insect vectors, and suggest future directions of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Long Pan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsInstitute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Huiying Miao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant GrowthDevelopment and Quality ImprovementMinistry of AgricultureDepartment of HorticultureZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant GrowthDevelopment and Quality ImprovementMinistry of AgricultureDepartment of HorticultureZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Linda L. Walling
- Department of Botany and Plant SciencesCenter for Plant Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiverside, CA92521‐0124USA
| | - Shu‐Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsInstitute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
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11
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Zheng L, Yang Y, Ma S, Wang W, Zhang J, Yue C, Wang Y, Song M, Hao X, Huang J. Genome-Wide Identification of Brassinosteroid Signaling Downstream Genes in Nine Rosaceae Species and Analyses of Their Roles in Stem Growth and Stress Response in Apple. Front Genet 2021; 12:640271. [PMID: 33815475 PMCID: PMC8012692 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.640271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroid signaling downstream genes regulate many important agronomic traits in rice. However, information on such genes is limited in Arabidopsis and Rosaceae species. We identified these genes in Arabidopsis and nine Rosaceae species. They were, respectively, named based on chromosomal locations. Segmental duplication and whole-genome duplication under purifying selection, as determined by Ka/Ks analysis, likely contributed to Rosaceae gene expansion. Apple (Malus domestica), Arabidopsis, and rice genes were generally similar, while several Rosaceae genes differed from their rice homologs in various characteristics, such as gene length, subcellular localization, transmembrane topology, conserved domains, secondary structures, and responses to external signals. The brassinosteroid downstream genes in apple were, respectively, induced or repressed by five phytohormones. Furthermore, these apple downstream genes were differentially expressed in different apple grafting combinations (“Nagafu No. 2”/“Malling 9” and “Nagafu No. 2”/“Nagafu No. 2”) and long–short shoot varieties (“Yanfu No. 6” and “Nagafu No. 2”). Responses of the MdBZR genes to diverse stress signals were examined and candidate hub genes were identified. These findings indicated that several brassinosteroid signaling downstream genes in Rosaceae functionally differed from their rice homologs, and certain apple genes may play roles in plant height and stress responses. This study provided valuable information and presented enriched biological theories on brassinosteroid signaling downstream genes in apple. Identification of such genes serve to help expand apple breeding and growth. This study provides useful information for brassinosteroid signaling downstream genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Zheng
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingli Yang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shengjie Ma
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenming Wang
- National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jimeng Zhang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Caipeng Yue
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongmei Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Maoping Song
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinqi Hao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinyong Huang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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12
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Ortiz-Morea FA, He P, Shan L, Russinova E. It takes two to tango - molecular links between plant immunity and brassinosteroid signalling. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/22/jcs246728. [PMID: 33239345 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the invasion of microorganisms, plants actively balance their resources for growth and defence, thus ensuring their survival. The regulatory mechanisms underlying plant immunity and growth operate through complex networks, in which the brassinosteroid phytohormone is one of the central players. In the past decades, a growing number of studies have revealed a multi-layered crosstalk between brassinosteroid-mediated growth and plant immunity. In this Review, by means of the tango metaphor, we immerse ourselves into the intimate relationship between brassinosteroid and plant immune signalling pathways that is tailored by the lifestyle of the pathogen and modulated by other phytohormones. The plasma membrane is the unique stage where brassinosteroid and immune signals are dynamically integrated and where compartmentalization into nanodomains that host distinct protein consortia is crucial for the dance. Shared downstream signalling components and transcription factors relay the tango play to the nucleus to activate the plant defence response and other phytohormonal signalling pathways for the finale. Understanding how brassinosteroid and immune signalling pathways are integrated in plants will help develop strategies to minimize the growth-defence trade-off, a key challenge for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Andres Ortiz-Morea
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA .,Amazonian Research Center Cimaz-Macagual, University of the Amazon, Florencia 180002622, Colombia
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium .,Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Ma S, Ji T, Liang M, Li S, Tian Y, Gao L. Genome-Wide Identification, Structural, and Gene Expression Analysis of BRI1-EMS-Suppressor 1 Transcription Factor Family in Cucumis sativus. Front Genet 2020; 11:583996. [PMID: 33133168 PMCID: PMC7573293 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.583996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-EMS-suppressor 1 (BES1) is an essential regulator downstream of brassinosteroid signaling and plays important roles in plant stress response, growth, and development. To date, the regulation mechanisms of BES1 transcription factors have been identified and elucidated in model plants Arabidopsis and rice. However, little information is available regarding the BES1 family in Cucumis sativus. Therefore, this study conducted a genome-wide analysis of BES1 genes in cucumber. In cucumber, a total of six CsBES1 genes were identified, and their phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, and cis-elements in promoters were studied. CsBES1 genes were distributed on four of seven chromosomes. Gene structure analysis showed that the intron–exon model of CsBES1 genes was conserved and the CsBES1 protein contained a DUF822-conserved motif. Promoter cis-element prediction showed that plenty of developmental and stress- and hormone-related elements have been found in promoter regions of CsBES1 genes. Meanwhile, BES1 was divided into three groups (I, II, and III) on the basis of phylogenetic relationship analysis in six plant species. In addition, CsBES1 gene expression patterns were confirmed by transcription database and qRT-PCR analysis; the results showed that the expression of CsBES1 genes had not only tissue-specific expression but also different types of CsBES1 isoform which might respond to specific plant stresses. In summary, genome-wide identification, phylogeny, gene structure, and expression profile analysis of CsBES1 genes in cucumber provided a referable theoretical information for further functional study of CsBES1 genes and further facilitated the molecular breeding of cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meiting Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shihui Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Hu J, Huang J, Xu H, Wang Y, Li C, Wen P, You X, Zhang X, Pan G, Li Q, Zhang H, He J, Wu H, Jiang L, Wang H, Liu Y, Wan J. Rice stripe virus suppresses jasmonic acid-mediated resistance by hijacking brassinosteroid signaling pathway in rice. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008801. [PMID: 32866183 PMCID: PMC7485985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice stripe virus (RSV) is one of the most destructive viral diseases affecting rice production. However, so far, only one RSV resistance gene has been cloned, the molecular mechanisms underlying host-RSV interaction are still poorly understood. Here, we show that increasing levels or signaling of brassinosteroids (BR) and jasmonic acid (JA) can significantly enhance the resistance against RSV. On the contrary, plants impaired in BR or JA signaling are more susceptible to RSV. Moreover, the enhancement of RSV resistance conferred by BR is impaired in OsMYC2 (a key positive regulator of JA response) knockout plants, suggesting that BR-mediated RSV resistance requires active JA pathway. In addition, we found that RSV infection suppresses the endogenous BR levels to increase the accumulation of OsGSK2, a key negative regulator of BR signaling. OsGSK2 physically interacts with OsMYC2, resulting in the degradation of OsMYC2 by phosphorylation and reduces JA-mediated defense to facilitate virus infection. These findings not only reveal a novel molecular mechanism mediating the crosstalk between BR and JA in response to virus infection and deepen our understanding about the interaction of virus and plants, but also suggest new effective means of breeding RSV resistant crops using genetic engineering. Brassinosteroids (BR) and jasmonic acid (JA) play critical roles in responding to various stresses. However, the roles of BR and JA, particularly, the crosstalk between these two phytohormones in viral resistance is still very limited. In this work, we found that both BR and JA positively regulate RSV resistance, and JA pathway is necessary for BR-mediated RSV resistance in rice. RSV infection significantly inhibits the BR signaling pathway and increases the accumulation of OsGSK2. OsGSK2 interacts with and phosphorylates OsMYC2, resulting in the degradation of OsMYC2 and suppression of the JA-mediated RSV resistance response to facilitate virus infection. These findings revealed the molecular mechanism of crosstalk between the BR and JA in response to virus infection and deepen our understanding about the mechanism of RSV resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haosen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peizheng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoman You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gen Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YL); (JW)
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YL); (JW)
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Ren B, Liu L, Li S, Kuang Y, Wang J, Zhang D, Zhou X, Lin H, Zhou H. Cas9-NG Greatly Expands the Targeting Scope of the Genome-Editing Toolkit by Recognizing NG and Other Atypical PAMs in Rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1015-1026. [PMID: 30928635 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR technologies enabling precise genome manipulation are valuable for gene function studies and molecular crop breeding. However, the requirement of a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), such as NGG and TTN, for Cas protein recognition restricts the selection of targetable genomic loci in practical applications of CRISPR technologies. Recently Cas9-NG, which recognizes a minimal NG PAM, was reported to expand the targeting space of genome editing in human cells, but it remains unclear whether this Cas9 variant can be used in plants. In this study, we evaluated the nuclease activity of Cas9-NG toward various NGN PAMs by targeting endogenous genes in transgenic rice. We found that Cas9-NG edits all NGG, NGA, NGT, and NGC sites with impaired activity, while the gene-edited plants were dominated by monoallelic mutations. Cas9-NG-engineered base editors were then developed and used to generate OsBZR1 gain-of-function plants that can not be created by other available Cas9-engineered base editors. Moreover, we showed that a Cas9-NG-based transcriptional activator efficiently upregulated the expression of endogenous target genes in rice. In addition, we discovered that Cas9-NG recognizes NAC, NTG, NTT, and NCG apart from NG PAM. Together, these findings demonstrate that Cas9-NG can greatly expand the targeting scope of genome-editing tools, showing great potential for targeted genome editing, base editing, and genome regulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongjie Kuang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Honghui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Huanbin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Peres ALGL, Soares JS, Tavares RG, Righetto G, Zullo MAT, Mandava NB, Menossi M. Brassinosteroids, the Sixth Class of Phytohormones: A Molecular View from the Discovery to Hormonal Interactions in Plant Development and Stress Adaptation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020331. [PMID: 30650539 PMCID: PMC6359644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytohormones are natural chemical messengers that play critical roles in the regulation of plant growth and development as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stress factors, maintaining plant homeostasis, and allowing adaptation to environmental changes. The discovery of a new class of phytohormones, the brassinosteroids (BRs), almost 40 years ago opened a new era for the studies of plant growth and development and introduced new perspectives in the regulation of agronomic traits through their use in agriculture. BRs are a group of hormones with significant growth regulatory activity that act independently and in conjunction with other phytohormones to control different BR-regulated activities. Genetic and molecular research has increased our understanding of how BRs and their cross-talk with other phytohormones control several physiological and developmental processes. The present article provides an overview of BRs' discovery as well as recent findings on their interactions with other phytohormones at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, in addition to clarifying how their network works to modulate plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura G L Peres
- Functional Genome Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - José Sérgio Soares
- Functional Genome Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Rafael G Tavares
- Center for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 400, Australia.
| | - Germanna Righetto
- Functional Genome Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Marco A T Zullo
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Agronomic Institute, Campinas 13020-902, Brazil.
| | - N Bhushan Mandava
- Mandava Associates, LLC, 1050 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Suite 500, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
| | - Marcelo Menossi
- Functional Genome Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil.
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Pinto CPG, Rickes LN, Zotti MJ, Grutzmacher AD. Compared activity of agonist molecules towards ecdysone receptor in insect cell-based screening system. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000312019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The ecdysone receptor, naturally activated by steroidal hormones, is a key protein for molting and reproduction processes of insects. Artificial activation of such receptor by specific pesticides induces an anomalous process of ecdysis, causing death of insects by desiccation and starvation. In this paper, we established a protocol for screening agonistic molecules towards ecdysone receptor of insect cells line S2 (Diptera) and Sf9 (Lepidoptera), transfected with the reporter plasmid ere.b.act.luc. Therefore, we set dose-response curves with the ecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone, the phytoecdysteroid ponasterone-A, and tebufenozide, a pesticide belonging to the class of diacylhydrazines. In both cell lines, the median effective concentration values on reporter gene induction (EC50) of ponasterone-A was the smallest, meaning the most active agonist molecule. In Sf9 cells, tebufenozide had as smaller EC50 than 20-hydroxyecdysone, indicating the high agonistic capability and lepidopteran specificity. The protocol established in this study can be useful for a quick screening and rational research of site-specific pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Pedro Guidotti Pinto
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
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18
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Yu MH, Zhao ZZ, He JX. Brassinosteroid Signaling in Plant⁻Microbe Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124091. [PMID: 30563020 PMCID: PMC6320871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants are frequently exposed to different stress conditions caused by either biotic or abiotic factors. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie plant interaction with the biotic and abiotic environments is fundamental to both plant biotechnology and sustainable agriculture. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of plant-specific steroidal compounds essential for normal growth and development. Recent research evidence indicates that BRs are also actively involved in plant–environment interactions and play important roles in shaping plant fitness and the growth–defense trade-offs. In this minireview, we focus our attention on recent advances in the understanding of BR functions in modulating plant interactions with different pathogenic microbes, with particular focus on how BR signaling primes the plant innate immunity pathways and achieves a trade-off between growth and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hui Yu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhe-Ze Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jun-Xian He
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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Pan G, Liu Y, Ji L, Zhang X, He J, Huang J, Qiu Z, Liu D, Sun Z, Xu T, Liu L, Wang C, Jiang L, Cheng X, Wan J. Brassinosteroids mediate susceptibility to brown planthopper by integrating with the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4433-4442. [PMID: 29893903 PMCID: PMC6093477 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Improved knowledge of the interactions between plants and insects will facilitate better insect control in crops. Brassinosteroids (BRs) play a vital role in plant growth, developmental processes, and responses to pathogen infection, but the role of BRs in interactions between plants and insects remain largely unknown. In this study, we characterized a negative role of BRs in rice defense against brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) and examined its underlying mechanisms. We found that BPH infestation suppressed the BR pathway while successively activating the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) pathways. In addition, BR-overproducing mutants and plants treated with 24-epibrassinolide (BL) showed increased susceptibility to BPH, whereas BR-deficient mutants were more resistant than the wild-type. BRs down-regulated the expression of genes related to the SA pathway and reduced SA content while genes related to the JA pathway were up-regulated and JA content increased after BPH infestation. Furthermore, BR-mediated suppression of the SA pathway was impaired both in JA-deficient and JA-insensitive mutants. Our results demonstrate that BRs promote the susceptibility of rice plants to BPH by modulating the SA and JA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Linshan Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Zeyu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Daoming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiguang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Linglong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Crop Science, the National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Warmerdam S, Sterken MG, van Schaik C, Oortwijn MEP, Sukarta OCA, Lozano‐Torres JL, Dicke M, Helder J, Kammenga JE, Goverse A, Bakker J, Smant G. Genome-wide association mapping of the architecture of susceptibility to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:724-737. [PMID: 29468687 PMCID: PMC6079644 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in plants is thought to be a complex trait based on multiple genes involved in cell differentiation, growth and defence. Previous genetic analyses of susceptibility to M. incognita have mainly focused on segregating dominant resistance genes in crops. It is not known if plants harbour significant genetic variation in susceptibility to M. incognita independent of dominant resistance. To study the genetic architecture of susceptibility to M. incognita, we analysed nematode reproduction on a highly diverse set of 340 natural inbred lines of Arabidopsis thaliana with genome-wide association mapping. We observed a surprisingly large variation in nematode reproduction among these lines. Genome-wide association mapping revealed four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) located on chromosomes 1 and 5 of A. thaliana significantly associated with reproductive success of M. incognita, none of which harbours typical resistance gene homologues. Mutant analysis of three genes located in two QTLs showed that the transcription factor BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1 and an F-box family protein may function as (co-)regulators of susceptibility to M. incognita in Arabidopsis. Our data suggest that breeding for loss-of-susceptibility, based on allelic variants critically involved in nematode feeding, could be used to make crops more resilient to root-knot nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Warmerdam
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Mark G. Sterken
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Casper van Schaik
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Marian E. P. Oortwijn
- Laboratory of Plant BreedingWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Octavina C. A. Sukarta
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jose L. Lozano‐Torres
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Johannes Helder
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jan E. Kammenga
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jaap Bakker
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
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21
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Cross-talk of Brassinosteroid signaling in controlling growth and stress responses. Biochem J 2017; 474:2641-2661. [PMID: 28751549 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants are faced with a barrage of stresses in their environment and must constantly balance their growth and survival. As such, plants have evolved complex control systems that perceive and respond to external and internal stimuli in order to optimize these responses, many of which are mediated by signaling molecules such as phytohormones. One such class of molecules called Brassinosteroids (BRs) are an important group of plant steroid hormones involved in numerous aspects of plant life including growth, development and response to various stresses. The molecular determinants of the BR signaling pathway have been extensively defined, starting with the membrane-localized receptor BRI1 and co-receptor BAK1 and ultimately culminating in the activation of BES1/BZR1 family transcription factors, which direct a transcriptional network controlling the expression of thousands of genes enabling BRs to influence growth and stress programs. Here, we highlight recent progress in understanding the relationship between the BR pathway and plant stress responses and provide an integrated view of the mechanisms mediating cross-talk between BR and stress signaling.
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22
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Liu L, Liu H, Li S, Zhang X, Zhang M, Zhu N, Dufresne CP, Chen S, Wang Q. Regulation of BZR1 in fruit ripening revealed by iTRAQ proteomics analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33635. [PMID: 27680870 PMCID: PMC5041101 DOI: 10.1038/srep33635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a complex and genetically programmed process. Brassinosteroids (BRs) play an essential role in plant growth and development, including fruit ripening. As a central component of BR signaling, the transcription factor BZR1 is involved in fruit development in tomato. However, the transcriptional network through which BZR1 regulates fruit ripening is mostly unknown. In this study, we use isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) labeling technology to explore important proteins regulated by BZR1 in two independent tomato transgenic lines over-expressing BZR1-1D at four ripening stages, identifying 411 differentially expressed proteins. These proteins were implicated in light reaction, plant hormone pathways and cell-wall-related metabolism, etc. The ‘light reaction’ metabolic pathway was identified as a markedly enhanced pathway by BZR1 during tomato fruit ripening. The protein level of a probable 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase 2-ODD2, involved in gibberellin biosynthesis was significantly increased at all four developmental and ripening stages. The results reveal molecular links between BR signaling pathway and downstream components involved in multiple ripening-associated events during tomato fruit ripening, which will provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying tomato ripening regulatory networks, and be potential in understanding BR-regulated fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China.,Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Haoran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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23
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Gan L, Wu H, Wu D, Zhang Z, Guo Z, Yang N, Xia K, Zhou X, Oh K, Matsuoka M, Ng D, Zhu C. Methyl jasmonate inhibits lamina joint inclination by repressing brassinosteroid biosynthesis and signaling in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 241:238-45. [PMID: 26706074 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lamina joint inclination or leaf angle (the angle between the leaf blade and vertical culm) is a major trait of rice plant architecture. The plant hormone brassinosteroid (BR) is the main regulator of this trait, while other plant hormones, including ethylene, gibberellin, and auxin, also influence leaf angle. In this study, we found that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) also participates in regulating lamina joint inclination. MeJA decreased lamina joint inclination and inhibited the BR-induced increase in lamina joint inclination. Furthermore, addition of a BR synthesis inhibitor increased the extent of change in lamina joint inclination in response to treatment with a low concentration of MeJA (0.05 or 0.5mgL(-1)), but it did not alter the lamina joint inclination of plants treated with a high concentration of MeJA (5mgL(-1)). Further studies showed that MeJA treatment significantly repressed the expression of BR biosynthesis-related genes and decreased endogenous BRs levels. In addition, the lamina joint inclination in the OsBRI1 mutant d61-1 was less sensitive to MeJA compared with its wild type counterpart, and lithium chloride-induced inactivation of GSK3-like kinase, a negative regulator of BR signaling, partly rescued the MeJA-induced reduction in lamina joint inclination. Further studies showed that MeJA treatment reduced the mRNA levels of BR signaling and target genes. These results indicate that MeJA-inhibition of lamina joint inclination may depend on BR biosynthesis and the BR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Gan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Hong Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dapeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhanfang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhengfei Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Na Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xie Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Keimei Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438, Shimoshinjo Nakano, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsuoka
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Denny Ng
- CH BIOTECH R&D CO., LTD. No.121, Xian'an Rd., Xianxi Township, Changhua County 50741, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Changhua Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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