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González-Curbelo MÁ, Kabak B. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Dried Fruits Worldwide, with a Focus on Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:576. [PMID: 37756002 PMCID: PMC10537527 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dried fruits are popular and nutritious snacks consumed worldwide due to their long shelf life and concentrated nutrient content. However, fruits can be contaminated with various toxigenic fungal species during different stages, including cultivation, harvesting, processing, drying, and storage. Consequently, these products may contain high levels of mycotoxins. This risk is particularly pronounced in developed countries due to the impact of climate change. Several factors contribute to mycotoxin production, including the type of fruit, geographical location, climate conditions, harvest treatments, and storage management practices. The main mycotoxins in dried fruits are aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA), which can induce human health problems and economic losses. Mycotoxin contamination can vary significantly depending on the geographic origin of dried fruits (vine fruits, figs, dates, apricots, prunes, and mulberries). The aim of this review was to fill the knowledge gap by consolidating data from various regions to understand the global picture and identify regions with higher contamination risks. By consolidating research from various origins and stages of the supply chain, the review intends to shed light on potential contamination events during pre-harvest, drying, storage, and trading, while also highlighting the effects of storage conditions and climate change on mycotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad EAN, Calle 79 no 11-45, Bogotá 110221, Colombia
| | - Bulent Kabak
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Machinery and Manufacturing Technology Application and Research Center, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey
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2
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Celik D, Kabak B. Assessment to propose a maximum permitted level for ochratoxin A in dried figs. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Nan M, Xue H, Bi Y. Contamination, Detection and Control of Mycotoxins in Fruits and Vegetables. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:309. [PMID: 35622556 PMCID: PMC9143439 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by pathogenic fungi that colonize fruits and vegetables either during harvesting or during storage. Mycotoxin contamination in fruits and vegetables has been a major problem worldwide, which poses a serious threat to human and animal health through the food chain. This review systematically describes the major mycotoxigenic fungi and the produced mycotoxins in fruits and vegetables, analyzes recent mycotoxin detection technologies including chromatography coupled with detector (i.e., mass, ultraviolet, fluorescence, etc.) technology, electrochemical biosensors technology and immunological techniques, as well as summarizes the degradation and detoxification technologies of mycotoxins in fruits and vegetables, including physical, chemical and biological methods. The future prospect is also proposed to provide an overview and suggestions for future mycotoxin research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Nan
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
- Basic Experiment Teaching Center, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Huali Xue
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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4
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Rahman MM, Lee DJ, Jo A, Yun SH, Eun JB, Im MH, Shim JH, Abd El-Aty AM. Onsite/on-field analysis of pesticide and veterinary drug residues by a state-of-art technology: A review. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2310-2327. [PMID: 33773036 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides and veterinary drugs are generally employed to control pests and insects in crop and livestock farming. However, remaining residues are considered potentially hazardous to human health and the environment. Therefore, regular monitoring is required for assessing and legislation of pesticides and veterinary drugs. Various approaches to determining residues in various agricultural and animal food products have been reported. Most analytical methods involve sample extraction, purification (cleanup), and detection. Traditional sample preparation is time-consuming labor-intensive, expensive, and requires a large amount of toxic organic solvent, along with high probability for the decomposition of a compound before the analysis. Thus, modern sample preparation techniques, such as the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method, have been widely accepted in the scientific community for its versatile application; however, it still requires a laboratory setup for the extraction and purification processes, which also involves the utilization of a toxic solvent. Therefore, it is crucial to elucidate recent technologies that are simple, portable, green, quick, and cost-effective for onsite and infield residue detections. Several technologies, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, quantum dots, biosensing, and miniaturized gas chromatography, are now available. Further, several onsite techniques, such as ion mobility-mass spectrometry, are now being upgraded; some of them, although unable to analyze field sample directly, can analyze a large number of compounds within very short time (such as time-of-flight and Orbitrap mass spectrometry). Thus, to stay updated with scientific advances and analyze organic contaminants effectively and safely, it is necessary to study all of the state-of-art technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Musfiqur Rahman
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ju Lee
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Jo
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Yun
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Bang Eun
- Department of Food Science and Technology and BK 21 plus Program, Graduate School of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Hyeog Im
- Department of Food Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Shim
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Khataee A, Sohrabi H, Arbabzadeh O, Khaaki P, Majidi MR. Frontiers in conventional and nanomaterials based electrochemical sensing and biosensing approaches for Ochratoxin A analysis in foodstuffs: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 149:112030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Fadlalla MH, Ling S, Wang R, Li X, Yuan J, Xiao S, Wang K, Tang S, Elsir H, Wang S. Development of ELISA and Lateral Flow Immunoassays for Ochratoxins (OTA and OTB) Detection Based on Monoclonal Antibody. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:80. [PMID: 32211342 PMCID: PMC7067699 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxins were important secondary metabolites secreted by fungi, and OTA and OTB are mainly significant mycotoxin, having toxic effects on humans and animals. Therefore, it is important to establish a rapid, sensitive, and precise method for ochratoxins detection and quantification in real samples. In this study, a stable monoclonal antibody (mAb) that recognizing both OTA and OTB toxins was employed for the establishment of indirect competitive ELISA (ic-ELISA), colloidal gold nanoparticles (CGNs), and nanoflowers gold strips (AuNFs) for detection of ochratoxins in real samples. A 6E5 hybridoma cell line stable secreting mAb against both OTA and OTB toxins was obtained by fusion of splenocytes with myeloma SP2/0 cells. The 6E5 mAb had a high affinity (3.7 × 108 L/mol) to OTA, and also showed similar binding activity to OTB. The optimized ic-ELISA resulted in a linear range of 0.06–0.6 ng/mL for ochratoxins (OTA and OTB) detection. The IC50 was 0.2 ng/mL and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.03 ng/mL. The mean recovery rate from the spiked samples was 89.315 ± 2.257%, with a coefficient variation of 2.182%. The result from lateral flow immunoassays indicated that the LOD of CGNs and AuNFs were 5 and 1 μg/mL, respectively. All these results indicated that the developed ic-ELISA, CGNs, and AuNFs in this study could be used for the analysis of the residual of ochratoxins (OTA and OTB) in food and agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hassan Fadlalla
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sumei Ling
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rongzhi Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiulan Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shiwei Xiao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuqin Tang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hoyda Elsir
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shihua Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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López-Puertollano D, Mercader JV, Agulló C, Abad-Somovilla A, Abad-Fuentes A. Novel haptens and monoclonal antibodies with subnanomolar affinity for a classical analytical target, ochratoxin A. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9761. [PMID: 29950703 PMCID: PMC6021394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A is a potent toxic fungal metabolite whose undesirable presence in food commodities constitutes a problem of public health, so it is strictly regulated and controlled. For the first time, two derivatives of ochratoxin A (OTAb and OTAd) functionalized through positions other than the native carboxyl group of the mycotoxin, have been synthesized in order to better mimic, during the immunization process, the steric and conformational properties of the target analyte. Additionally, two conventional haptens making use of that native carboxyl group for protein coupling (OTAe and OTAf) were also prepared as controls for the purpose of comparison. The immunological performance in rabbits of protein conjugates based on OTAb and OTAd overcome that of conjugates employing OTAe and OTAf as haptens. After immunization of mice with OTAb and OTAd conjugates, a collection of high-affinity monoclonal antibodies to ochratoxin A was generated. In particular, one of those antibodies, the so-called OTAb#311, is very likely the best antibody produced so far in terms of selectivity and affinity to ochratoxin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel López-Puertollano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josep V Mercader
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Agustí Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Agulló
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad-Somovilla
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad-Fuentes
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Agustí Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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8
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Cui X, Jin M, Du P, Chen G, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Shao Y, Wang J. Development of immunoassays for multi-residue detection of small molecule compounds. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2018.1428284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Cui
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Quality and Food Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maojun Jin
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Quality and Food Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Du
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Quality and Food Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ge Chen
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Quality and Food Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Quality and Food Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yudan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Quality and Food Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Shao
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Quality and Food Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Quality and Food Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Oplatowska-Stachowiak M, Kleintjens T, Sajic N, Haasnoot W, Campbell K, Elliott CT, Salden M. T-2 Toxin/HT-2 Toxin and Ochratoxin A ELISAs Development and In-House Validation in Food in Accordance with the Commission Regulation (EU) No 519/2014. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E388. [PMID: 29189752 PMCID: PMC5744108 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9120388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin/HT-2 toxin (T-2/HT-2) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are mycotoxins that can contaminate a variety of agricultural commodities. To protect consumers' health, indicative limits for T-2/HT-2 and maximum limits for OTA have been set by the European Commission, requiring food business operators and controlling agencies to conduct routine checks for the presence of these harmful contaminants. Screening methods are increasingly used for monitoring purposes. Due to the demand for new and improved screening tools, two individual detection methods, T-2/HT-2 and OTA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), were developed in this study. The T-2/HT-2 ELISA was based on a T-2 monoclonal antibody with an IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) of 0.28 ng/mL and 125% cross-reactivity with HT-2. As regards the OTA ELISA, a new sensitive monoclonal antibody specific to OTA with an IC50 of 0.13 ng/mL was produced. Both developed ELISA tests were then validated in agricultural commodities in accordance with the new performance criteria guidelines for the validation of screening methods for mycotoxins included in Commission Regulation (EU) No 519/2014. The T-2/HT-2 ELISA was demonstrated to be suitable for the detection of T-2/HT-2 in cereals and baby food at and above the screening target concentration (STC) of 12.5 μg/kg and 7.5 μg/kg, respectively. The OTA ELISA was shown to be applicable for the detection of OTA in cereals, coffee, cocoa and wine at and above the STC of 2 μg/kg, 2.5 μg/kg, 2.5 μg/kg and 0.4 ng/mL, respectively. The accuracy of both ELISAs was further confirmed by analysing proficiency test and reference samples. The developed methods can be used for sensitive and high-throughput screening for the presence of T-2/HT-2 and OTA in agricultural commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nermin Sajic
- EuroProxima B.V., Arnhem 6827 BN, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5BN, UK.
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5BN, UK.
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Ling S, Pang J, Yu J, Wang R, Liu L, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Jin N, Wang S. Preparation and identification of monoclonal antibody against fumonisin B1 and development of detection by Ic-ELISA. Toxicon 2014; 80:64-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Prelle A, Spadaro D, Denca A, Garibaldi A, Gullino ML. Comparison of clean-up methods for ochratoxin A on wine, beer, roasted coffee and chili commercialized in Italy. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1827-44. [PMID: 24152987 PMCID: PMC3813914 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5101827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common technique used to detect ochratoxin A (OTA) in food matrices is based on extraction, clean-up, and chromatography detection. Different clean-up cartridges, such as immunoaffinity columns (IAC), molecular imprinting polymers (MIP), Mycosep™ 229, Mycospin™, and Oasis® HLB (Hydrophilic Lipophilic balance) as solid phase extraction were tested to optimize the purification for red wine, beer, roasted coffee and chili. Recovery, reproducibility, reproducibility, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated for each clean-up method. IAC demonstrated to be suitable for OTA analysis in wine and beer with recovery rate >90%, as well as Mycosep™ for wine and chili. On the contrary, MIP columns were the most appropriate to clean up coffee. A total of 120 samples (30 wines, 30 beers, 30 roasted coffee, 30 chili) marketed in Italy were analyzed, by applying the developed clean-up methods. Twenty-seven out of 120 samples analyzed (22.7%: two wines, five beers, eight coffees, and 12 chili) resulted positive to OTA. A higher incidence of OTA was found in chili (40.0%) more than wine (6.6%), beers (16.6%) and coffee (26.6%). Moreover, OTA concentration in chili was the highest detected, reaching 47.8 µg/kg. Furthermore, three samples (2.5%), two wines and one chili, exceeded the European threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Prelle
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO) 10095, Italy.
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Yang C, Lates V, Prieto-Simón B, Marty JL, Yang X. Rapid high-throughput analysis of ochratoxin A by the self-assembly of DNAzyme-aptamer conjugates in wine. Talanta 2013; 116:520-6. [PMID: 24148439 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report a new label-free colorimetric aptasensor based on DNAzyme-aptamer conjugate for rapid and high-throughput detection of Ochratoxin A (OTA, a possible human carcinogen, group 2B) in wine. Two oligonucleotides were designed for this detection. One is N1 for biorecognition, which includes two adjacent sequences: the OTA-specific aptamer sequence and the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-mimicking DNAzyme sequence. The other is a blocking DNA (B2), which is partially complementary to a part of the OTA aptamer and partially complementary to a part of the DNAzyme. The existence of OTA reduces the hybridization between N1 and B2. Thus, the activity of the non-hybridized DNAzyme is linearly correlated with the concentration of OTA up to 30 nM with a limit of detection of 4 nM (3σ). Meanwhile, a double liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method is accordingly developed to purify OTA from wine. Compared with the existing HPLC-FD or immunoassay methods, the proposed strategy presents the most appropriate balance between accuracy and facility, resulting in a considerable improvement of real-time quality control, and thereby, preventing chronic poisoning caused by OTA contained red wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
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