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Vass A, Haj-Yahia MM. "I Have to Make Sure She Is Not Sad": Children's Perceptions of Their Mothers' Experiences in Shelters for Battered Women. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:2549-2571. [PMID: 36913742 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231159416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
A qualitative study examined children's subjective perception of their mother's situation during their stay in shelters for battered women (SBW). Thirty-two children, aged 7-12 years, who were staying with their mothers in SBWs participated in this study. Thematic analysis revealed the following two core themes: children's perceptions and insights, and feelings that were related to their perceptions. The findings are discussed in light of the concepts of exposure to IPV as a lived trauma, and re-exposure to violence in new contexts, and the role of the relationship with the abused mother in shaping the child's well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Vass
- School of Social Work, McGill university, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Muhammad M Haj-Yahia
- Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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2
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Bloom M, McCoy C, Hendrix-Dicken AD, Elenwo C, Baxter MA, Coffey S, Hartwell M. Association and disparities of food insecurity and exposure to violence: analysis of the National Survey of Children's Health. J Osteopath Med 2024; 124:369-376. [PMID: 38451468 DOI: 10.1515/jom-2023-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lack of access to food is a significant concern for child well-being, and it creates many health disparities and adverse social outcomes. Food insecurity and its many associated risk factors increase parental stress, which are strongly correlated with an increased risk of child abuse and maltreatment. Research now identifies being witness to domestic abuse as a form of child maltreatment, and exposure to violence in the community has been shown to result in similar long-term impacts. OBJECTIVES Given the potential for lifelong adverse effects from experiencing adverse childhood events involving violence and food insecurity, our primary objective was to assess the relationship between the two and disparities among demographic factors. METHODS We conducted an observational study utilizing data from the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) 2016-2021. The NSCH is a United States nationally representative survey completed by primary caregivers of one child per home aged 0-17 years. We determined population estimates (n=216,799; n=83,424,126) and rates of children experiencing food insecurity and parent-reported exposure to violence. We then constructed logistic regression models to assess associations, through odds ratios (ORs), between food security and exposure to violence including demographic factors. RESULTS Among the sample, 5.42 % of children experienced low food security and 7.4 % were exposed to violence. The odds of exposure to violence are 5.19 times greater for children with low food security compared to food-secure children (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 4.48-6.02). Indigenous and Black children were 7.8 and 6.81 times more likely to experience or witness violence when food insecure compared to food secure White children, respectively (95 % CI: 3.18-19.13, 5.24-8.86 respectively). CONCLUSIONS Food insecurity was associated with increased odds of children experiencing and/or witnessing violence compared to those who were food secure. The interaction between exposure to violence and food insecurity also disproportionately impacts children with specific demographic factors, notably race/ethnicity including multiracial, Indigenous, and Black children. By developing and adapting strategies to improve food security, it is possible to indirectly reduce the rates of childhood exposure to violence and the long-term impacts that result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Bloom
- 12373 Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at Cherokee Nation, Office of Medical Student Research , Tahlequah, OK, USA
| | - Cassie McCoy
- 12373 Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at Cherokee Nation, Office of Medical Student Research , Tahlequah, OK, USA
| | - Amy D Hendrix-Dicken
- Senior Staff Research Assistant, Department of Pediatrics, 161413 University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine , Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Covenant Elenwo
- 12373 Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at Cherokee Nation, Office of Medical Student Research , Tahlequah, OK, USA
| | - Michael A Baxter
- Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Medical Director of Child Abuse Pediatrics Clinic, and Program Director of Child Abuse Pediatrics Fellowship, Department of Pediatrics, 161413 University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine , Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Sara Coffey
- Associate Clinical Professor and Interim Chair, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 33264 Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences , Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Micah Hartwell
- Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 33264 Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences , Tulsa, OK, USA
- Director of Office of Medical Student Research, 12373 Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at Cherokee Nation , Tahlequah, OK, USA
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Donagh B, Taylor J, Bradbury-Jones C. Service evaluation of an independent domestic violence advocate post in a children's hospital. Nurs Child Young People 2024; 36:30-35. [PMID: 37982145 DOI: 10.7748/ncyp.2023.e1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Domestic violence and abuse (DVA) has detrimental effects on the health and well-being of children and young people exposed to it, whether they witness or experience it. The introduction of independent domestic violence advocates in UK hospitals has enhanced the safety of victims of DVA. In 2020-2021 an independent domestic violence advocate post was piloted at a children's hospital for one year, the advocate's role being to train hospital staff and support women who had experienced DVA. A service evaluation showed that the training and support provided by the independent domestic violence advocate had benefits for women, children and staff. It also confirmed that the commissioning of services for children exposed to DVA is often underfunded and overshadowed by the provision of support to adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Donagh
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
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Wu X, Zhang L, Luo H. Witnessing family violence and adolescent cyberbullying perpetration: A longitudinal moderated mediation model involving anger dysregulation and teacher support. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 152:106753. [PMID: 38547563 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family violence has been shown to be associated with traditional adolescent bullying perpetration. However, few studies have considered the association between witnessing family violence and adolescent bullying perpetration in cyberspace. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to reveal the mechanism explaining the association between witnessing family violence and adolescent cyberbullying perpetration by testing the mediating effect of anger dysregulation and the moderating effect of teacher support. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants were 751 Chinese adolescents (Mage at Time 1 = 13.25) who completed the measures of witnessing family violence, anger dysregulation, cyberbullying perpetration, and teacher support at three time points over the year. METHODS Structural equation modeling was used to assess the direct and indirect effects of witnessing family violence on adolescent cyberbullying perpetration through anger dysregulation as a mediator and perceived teacher support as a moderator. RESULTS The results showed that witnessing family violence at baseline positively predicted adolescent cyberbullying perpetration at T3, and anger dysregulation at T2 partially mediated this association. The positive relation between witnessing family violence and later anger dysregulation was stronger for adolescents who perceived higher levels of teacher support. CONCLUSIONS Witnessing family violence could increase the risk for adolescent cyberbullying perpetration, with anger dysregulation mediating this association. The protective effect of perceived teacher support weakens as the levels of witnessing family violence increase. These findings offer insight into the connection between witnessing family violence and adolescent bullying perpetration in the digital age, emphasizing the importance of promoting programs to prevent intrafamilial violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Wu
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, China
| | - Lijin Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive, China.
| | - Haiyan Luo
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, China
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5
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Howard MB, Fornari MJ, Colson CD, Ebner M, Jarvis LR. Intimate Partner Violence: Piloting an E-Module for Pediatric Staff. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2024:99228241254911. [PMID: 38770966 DOI: 10.1177/00099228241254911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Howard
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marci J Fornari
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Cindy D Colson
- Trauma and Burn Surgery, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Megan Ebner
- School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lenore R Jarvis
- School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Emergency Medicine and Trauma Services, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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Jagasia E, Bloom I, Nelson KE, Campbell J. Early adolescent development in the face of violence: A systematic review running. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 151:106751. [PMID: 38531246 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to violence has severe and lasting effects on development. Despite the body of research examining childhood exposures to violence and victimization, developmental outcomes during early adolescence are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To synthesize existing research on the effects of violence exposure on early adolescent development (youth 9-14 years old) and highlight areas for future research. METHOD We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, and EMBASE for articles published between 2012 and 2023. Included articles focused on violence exposure related to experiencing or observing community violence, witnessing domestic violence and/or being the victim of chronic physical abuse. RESULTS Twenty-eight articles spanning four developmental domains were included: behavioral, biological, neurological, and social development. Behaviorally, violence exposure posed significant effects on both internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Biologically, violence exposure was strongly associated with advanced epigenetic age, accelerated puberty, and insomnia. Neurologically, violence exposure had significant associations with both structural and functional differences in the developing brain. Socially, violence exposure was related to poor school engagement, peer aggression, and low social support. CONCLUSION This systematic review highlights varying effects of violence exposure on early adolescent development. The gaps presented should be addressed and implemented into clinical practice via evidence-based policies and procedures to ensure successful transition to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jagasia
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, United States of America.
| | - India Bloom
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, United States of America
| | - Katie E Nelson
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, United States of America
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Bacchus LJ, Colombini M, Pearson I, Gevers A, Stöckl H, Guedes AC. Interventions that prevent or respond to intimate partner violence against women and violence against children: a systematic review. Lancet Public Health 2024; 9:e326-e338. [PMID: 38702097 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Efforts to prevent or respond to intimate partner violence (IPV) and violence against children (VAC) are still disparate worldwide, despite increasing evidence of intersections across these forms of violence. We conducted a systematic review to explore interventions that prevent or respond to IPV and VAC by parents or caregivers, aiming to identify common intervention components and mechanisms that lead to a reduction in IPV and VAC. 30 unique interventions from 16 countries were identified, with 20 targeting both IPV and VAC. Key mechanisms for reducing IPV and VAC in primary prevention interventions included improved communication, conflict resolution, reflection on harmful gender norms, and awareness of the adverse consequences of IPV and VAC on children. Therapeutic programmes for women and children who were exposed to IPV facilitated engagement with IPV-related trauma, increased awareness of the effects of IPV, and promoted avoidance of unhealthy relationships. Evidence gaps in low-income and middle-income countries involved adolescent interventions, post-abuse interventions for women and children, and interventions addressing both prevention and response to IPV and VAC. Our findings strengthen evidence in support of efforts to address IPV and VAC through coordinated prevention and response programmes. However, response interventions for both IPV and VAC are rare and predominantly implemented in high-income countries. Although therapeutic programmes for parents, caregivers, and children in high-income countries are promising, their feasibility in low-income and middle-income countries remains uncertain. Despite this uncertainty, there is potential to improve the use of health services to address IPV and VAC together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loraine J Bacchus
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Manuela Colombini
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Isabelle Pearson
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anik Gevers
- Sexual Violence Research Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heidi Stöckl
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Bazo-Alvarez JC, Copez-Lonzoy A, Ipanaqué-Zapata M, Bazalar-Palacios J, Rivera EL, Flores-Ramos EC. Witnessing inter-parental violence in childhood and help-seeking behaviours in violence against women in Peru. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1022. [PMID: 38609932 PMCID: PMC11015581 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence against women (VAW) severely impacts their physical and mental health. In some cultures, women can normalize certain types of violence if they were linked to home models in childhood and, eventually, do not seek for help in adulthood. We aimed to determine, in Peruvian women, (1) the association between witnessing violence in their family of origin and VAW experienced in adulthood, (2) the extent to which women who have experienced VAW seek some help, and (3) identify VAW prevalence by Peruvian region. METHODS Cross-sectional study of secondary data obtained from the 2019 National Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES). The outcome was VAW (psychological, physical and sexual violence), whereas the exposure was witnessing violence in the home of origin. Help-seeking behavior was a secondary outcome, for which VAW was the exposure. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated to assess both associations, unadjusted and adjusted for covariates (aPR). RESULTS Data from 14,256 women aged 15 to 49 years were analysed. 51.5% reported having experienced VAW and 43.8% witnessed violence in the home of origin during childhood. Witnessing inter-parental violence in childhood was associated with psychological violence aPR = 1.25 (95% CI: 1.17-1.33), physical aPR = 1.52 (95% CI: 1.38-1.67), and sexual aPR = 1.99 (95% CI: 1.57-2.52). Women who have experienced both types of violence (physical and sexual) were more likely to help-seeking (aPR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.14-1.50) than women suffering only one type of violence. CONCLUSION Women who reported having witnessed home violence in their childhood are more likely to experience Violence Against Women (VAW) by their current partner. Physical and sexual violence with a current partner was more associated with witnessing inter-parental violence in childhood, and when physical and sexual violence jointly occurred women were more help-seeking. The southern region of Peru is identified as an area of high vulnerability for women. It is crucial to promote educative and community-based programs aimed at the prevention and early recognition of VAW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Bazo-Alvarez
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Trujillo, Peru.
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Anthony Copez-Lonzoy
- Unidad de Investigación en Bibliometría, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Perú
| | | | | | | | - Elaine C Flores-Ramos
- Centre on Climate Change & Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Stanford Center for Innovation in Global Health, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford, USA
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Palmer L, Font S, Eastman AL, Guo L, Putnam-Hornstein E. What Does Child Protective Services Investigate as Neglect? A Population-Based Study. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2024; 29:96-105. [PMID: 35829657 PMCID: PMC10722866 DOI: 10.1177/10775595221114144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most child protective services (CPS) investigations involve allegations of neglect. Broad and vague definitions have led to concerns that CPS-investigated neglect is driven by poverty-based material hardship. In a representative sample of 295 neglect investigations in California in 2017, structured data and narrative text fields were used to characterize the types of neglect and concurrent parental risk factors investigated by CPS and to assess the rate and nature of investigated physical neglect, defined as inadequate food, housing, or hygiene. The most common types of neglect were inadequate supervision (44%) and failure to protect (29%), followed by physical neglect (14%). Common risk factors identified in neglect investigations were parental substance use (41%), domestic violence (21%), mental illness (18%), and co-reported physical or sexual abuse (29%). Nearly all investigations of physical neglect (99%) included concerns related to substance use, domestic violence, mental illness, co-reported abuse or an additional neglect allegation (i.e., abandonment). Given concerns identified in neglect investigations, economic supports are likely insufficient without an array of behavioral-health supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Palmer
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Font
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Andrea Lane Eastman
- Children’s Data Network, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lillie Guo
- Children’s Data Network, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emily Putnam-Hornstein
- Children’s Data Network, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Szilassy E, Coope C, Emsley E, Williamson E, Barbosa EC, Johnson M, Dowrick A, Feder G. Feasibility of a reconfigured domestic violence and abuse training and support intervention responding to affected women, men, children and young people through primary care. BMC PRIMARY CARE 2024; 25:38. [PMID: 38273231 PMCID: PMC10811857 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-023-02249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification in UK general practice of women affected by domestic violence and abuse (DVA) is increasing, but men and children/young people (CYP) are rarely identified and referred for specialist support. To address this gap, we collaborated with IRISi (UK social enterprise) to strengthen elements of the IRIS + intervention which included the identification of men, direct engagement with CYP, and improved guidance on responding to information received from other agencies. IRIS + was an adaptation of the national IRIS (Identification and Referral to Improve Safety) model focused on the needs of women victim-survivors of DVA. Without diminishing the responses to women, IRIS + also responded to the needs of men experiencing or perpetrating DVA, and CYP living with DVA and/or experiencing it in their own relationships. Our study tested the feasibility of the adapted IRIS + intervention in England and Wales between 2019-21. METHODS We used mixed method analysis to triangulate data from various sources (pre/post intervention questionnaires with primary care clinicians; data extracted from medical records and DVA agencies; semi-structured interviews with clinicians, service providers and referred adults and children) to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the IRIS + intervention. RESULTS The rate of referral for women doubled (21.6/year/practice) from the rate (9.29/year/practice) in the original IRIS trial. The intervention also enabled identification and direct referral of CYP (15% of total referrals) and men (mostly survivors, 10% of total referrals). Despite an increase in self-reported clinician preparedness to respond to all patient groups, the intervention generated a low number of men perpetrator referrals (2% of all referrals). GPs were the principal patient referrers. Over two-thirds of referred women and CYP and almost half of all referred men were directly supported by the service. Many CYP also received IRIS + support indirectly, via the referred parents. Men and CYP supported by IRIS + reported improved physical and mental health, wellbeing, and confidence. CONCLUSIONS Although the study showed acceptability and feasibility, there remains uncertainty about the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and scalability of IRIS + . Building on the success of this feasibility study, the next step should be trialling the effectiveness of IRIS + implementation to inform service implementation decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szilassy
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Bristol Medical School (Population Health Sciences), University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.
| | - Caroline Coope
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Bristol Medical School (Population Health Sciences), University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Elizabeth Emsley
- Bristol Medical School (Population Health Sciences), University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | | | - Estela Capelas Barbosa
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Bristol Medical School (Population Health Sciences), University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | | | - Anna Dowrick
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gene Feder
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Bristol Medical School (Population Health Sciences), University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
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Smith A, Bryson H, Gartland D, Mensah F, Wood CE, Price A. Mothers' experiences of emotional abuse from an intimate partner and its associations with children's developmental outcomes at 5 years. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 146:106458. [PMID: 37866251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with an increased risk of poorer child development. Existing research has focused on physical abuse with less known about the associations with emotional IPV. OBJECTIVE To describe the period prevalence of mother's experiences of emotional IPV during children's preschool years and associations with child mental, physical, social, and cognitive development. METHODS Secondary analysis of control group data (n = 194) from an Australian randomised trial (right@home), which recruited pregnant women experiencing social adversity from antenatal clinics in 2013-14. Women reported emotional abuse (Composite Abuse Scale) at child ages 3-5 years. Measures of child development at 5 years included: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Social Skills Improvement System, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, School Entry Alphabetic and Phonological Awareness Readiness Test, NIH executive function subtests, sleep and health. The prevalence of emotional IPV from 3 to 5 years was estimated. Regression models compared developmental outcomes according to emotional IPV exposure, adjusted for child age, child gender, and maternal education. Missing data were accounted for using multiple imputation. RESULTS From 3-5 years, emotional IPV was experienced by 57% of women. Emotional IPV exposure was consistently associated with poorer child developmental outcomes. Differences were most apparent for SDQ internalising (mean difference 1.2, 95% CI 0.2 to 2.1) and externalising difficulties (1.2, 95% CI -0.1 to 2.4). CONCLUSIONS Emotional IPV was highly prevalent amongst families experiencing social adversity. Developing acceptable and effective identification processes and interventions that prioritise families experiencing co-occurring social adversities should be a public health priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee Smith
- Centre for Community Child Health, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Hannah Bryson
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Deirdre Gartland
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Fiona Mensah
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Catherine E Wood
- Department of Psychological Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Anna Price
- Centre for Community Child Health, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Gregory K, Fingarson A, Pierce MC, Budde S, Lorenz D, Charleston E, Rosado N. Examining Cases of Child Physical Abuse Evaluations to Identify Opportunities to Improve Intimate Partner Violence Screening in Pediatric Emergency Departments. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:11429-11444. [PMID: 37421199 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231182379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
The association between child maltreatment and intimate partner violence (IPV) is well supported. Universal IPV screening has been recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the United States Preventative Task Force, and many children's hospitals have established screening protocols. However, the yield and best screening method in families undergoing a child physical abuse (PA) evaluation have not been fully explored. To determine if there is a discrepancy in IPV disclosures between universal IPV screening completed during pediatric emergency department (PED) triage ("triage screening") and IPV screening by a social worker ("social work screening") in families of children who were evaluated for PA. Caregivers of children who presented to an urban tertiary PED and underwent an evaluation for PA via a child abuse pediatrics consult. A retrospective chart review was completed. Data collection included: caregiver responses to both triage screening and social work screening, interview setting details and participants, the child's injuries, and details of the family's reported IPV experiences. Our study (N = 329) revealed that social work screening produced significantly more positive IPV disclosures than triage screening (14.0% vs. 4.3%, p < .001). Additionally, non-IPV violence concerns were identified in 35.7% (n = 5) of the positive triage screens, whereas social work screens had none. These results highlight the benefits of IPV screening by social work in high-risk scenarios, such as child PA evaluations, regardless of universal IPV screening results. Exploring differences between the two screening methods can inform decisions about screening protocols to improve IPV identification in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Gregory
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen Budde
- Juvenile Protective Association, Chicago, IL, USA
- University of Chicago Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy and Practice, IL, USA
| | - Douglas Lorenz
- University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Science, KY, USA
| | | | - Norell Rosado
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, IL, USA
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Engström M, Lindqvist S, Janson S, Feldman I, Dubowitz H, Lucas S. Validation of the Swedish version of the safe environment for every kid (SEEK) parent screening questionnaire. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1989. [PMID: 37828478 PMCID: PMC10571478 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosocial risk factors in the home may impair children's health and development and increase the risk of maltreatment. The Safe Environment for Every Kid (SEEK) model was developed to provide pediatric primary care professionals with a structured way to identify common psychosocial problems. The SEEK model includes use of the Parent Screening Questionnaire (SEEK-PSQ) at routine preventive child health visits, discussion with parents about their responses and, when indicated, referral to relevant services. The SEEK-PSQ has not previously been available in Swedish. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of an adapted Swedish version of the SEEK-PSQ (PSQ-S). METHODS This study is part of a cluster-randomised controlled trial of SEEK in the Swedish child health services. To validate the PSQ-S, parents (n = 852) with children 0-18 months of age were invited to complete a survey including the PSQ-S as well as evidence-based standardized instruments for the targeted psychosocial risk factors: economic worries, depressive symptoms, parental stress, alcohol misuse and intimate partner violence (IPV). Baseline data from 611 (72%) parents were analysed regarding sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for each risk factor. RESULTS As a whole, the PSQ-S had a sensitivity of 93%, specificity of 52%, PPV of 67% and NPV of 87%. For mothers and fathers combined, sensitivity was 80% for economic worries, 89% for depressive symptoms, 78% for parental stress, 47% for intimate partner violence (IPV) and 70% for alcohol misuse. Specificity was highest for IPV and alcohol misuse (91%) and lowest for depressive symptoms (64%). NPV values were high (81-99%) and PPV values were low to moderate (22-69%) for the targeted problems. Sensitivity was higher for mothers compared to fathers for economic worries, depressive symptoms and IPV. This difference was particularly evident for IPV (52% for mothers, 27% for fathers). CONCLUSION The SEEK-PSQ-S demonstrated good psychometric properties for identifying economic worries, depressive symptoms, parental stress and alcohol misuse but low sensitivity for IPV. The PSQ-S as a whole showed high sensitivity and NPV, indicating that most parents with or without the targeted psychosocial risk factors were correctly identified. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN registry, study record 14,429,952 ( https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN14429952 ) Registration date 27/05/2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Engström
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sara Lindqvist
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan Janson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Inna Feldman
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Howard Dubowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven Lucas
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Feresin M, Santonocito M. How Expert Are the Experts? Child Custody Evaluations in Situations of Domestic Violence in Italy. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2023; 38:664-679. [PMID: 37813573 DOI: 10.1891/vv-2021-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, scholars and professionals have investigated the courts' treatment of mothers and children who claim that an ex-partner/father is abusive, especially in child custody proceedings. In Italy, Laws 54/2006 and 154/2013 established that joint-custody and coparenting are critical to ensure the best interest of the child. In the process of custody determination, judges can appoint an expert to assess parenting skills. The aim of this qualitative study was to investigate the knowledge, opinions, and practices of the Court-Appointed Experts (CAEs) in child custody disputes in cases involving allegations of domestic violence (DV). Semistructured face-to-face interviews were conducted with 15 CAEs; the interviews' transcripts were analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results suggested that in the management of child custody cases, most CAEs showed: strong prejudices against women victims of DV, who were often blamed and/or secondarily victimized; adherence to controversial models (e.g., parental alienation syndrome) and characterization of mothers as "alienators"; poor knowledge of DV and relevant laws. CAEs' overlooking DV underlines the urgent need to develop and implement guidelines on child custody decision-making in the context of DV.
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15
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Emsley E, Coope C, Williamson E, Barbosa EC, Feder G, Szilassy E. General practice as a place to receive help for domestic abuse during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative interview study in England and Wales. Br J Gen Pract 2023; 73:e769-e777. [PMID: 37722856 PMCID: PMC10523333 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp.2022.0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND General practice is an important place for patients experiencing or perpetrating domestic violence and abuse (DVA), and for their children to seek and receive help. While the incidence of DVA may have increased during the COVID- 19 pandemic, there has been a reduction in DVA identifications and referrals to specialist services from general practice. Concurrently there has been the imposition of lockdown measures and a shift to remote care in general practices in the UK. AIM To understand the patient perspective of seeking and receiving help for DVA in general practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was then compared with experiences of general practice healthcare professionals. DESIGN AND SETTING A qualitative interview study in seven urban general practices in England and Wales, as part of a feasibility study of IRIS+, an integrated primary care DVA system-level training and support intervention. METHOD Semi-structured interviews with 21 patients affected by DVA and 13 general practice healthcare professionals who had received IRIS+ training. Analysis involved a Framework approach. RESULTS Patients recounted positive experiences of seeking help for DVA in general practice during the pandemic. However, there have been perceived problems with the availability of general practice and a strong preference for face-to-face consultations, over remote consultations, for the opportunities of non- verbal communication. There were also concerns from healthcare professionals regarding the invisibility of children affected by DVA. CONCLUSION Perspectives of patients and their families affected by DVA should be prioritised in general practice service planning, including during periods of transition and change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gene Feder
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol
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16
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Patmisari E, McLaren H. Australian Trends in Academic Literature Concerned With Family and Domestic Violence Perpetrators: A Bibliometric Literature Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:2808-2826. [PMID: 35962579 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221113786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we used a novel hybrid approach to review literature concerned with family and domestic violence (FADV) perpetrators. Our intention was to chart the research and publication activity of authors with Australian affiliation to identify homegrown evidence related to stopping the perpetration of violence. This involved systematic searching of literature from the Scopus electronic database, utilization of VOSviewer to sort keyword co-occurrences and authorship linking for 1,494 publication records over a 30-year period, and the review of 21 articles with perpetrator focus, identified from the 50 most cited publications. We found that Australians' authoring interests in FADV, over the last three decades, with perpetrator focus were predominantly concentrated on gender, rape and sexual assault, coercive control, and child abuse. In the most cited literature, six major themes were identified: perpetrator motivations, perpetrator interventions, patterns of violence, pandemic duet, perception of blame, and cyberstalking and violence. An upward curve in Australian authoring activity in the period under review aligns with societal shifts in which FADV was once considered a private issue and has now become ubiquitous in the public domain. Our findings revealed that research into perpetrators is insufficient to promote a zero-tolerance approach to FADV. Our corresponding in-depth literature review provides valuable insights surrounding perpetrator intervention programs with the goal of more effectively addressing the emerging challenge of technology-facilitated coercive control.
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17
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Mojahed A, Mack JT, Specht L, Sandoz V, Garthus-Niegel S. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic On Violence Against Children: A Narrative Review. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2023; 25:533-543. [PMID: 37721641 PMCID: PMC10627952 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-023-01449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this paper was to explore the different ways the COVID-19 pandemic has affected violence against children (VAC). RECENT FINDINGS Recent research of peer-reviewed articles using operational or survey data revealed the pandemic's impact in terms of institutional responses, risk and mediating factors, changes in VAC dynamics, and a likely increase in child marriage. Findings include a decrease in institutional responses, activities, and prevention case openings; an increased incidence of interparental intimate partner violence (IPV) witnessing cases, hospital admissions for suspected Abusive Head Trauma (AHT), other pediatric injuries, and sexual violence; a change in family conflict dynamics; and an estimated increase in child marriages. It also revealed mediating factors between the relationship of the pandemic and VAC (such as parental stress and mental health symptoms), as well as risk factors observed by service providers, which include the risk of mental health symptoms of both parents and children. Post-pandemic VAC research can be improved by utilizing operational or survey data in a meaningful way to be able to derive sound intervention approaches to diminish the pandemic's impact on VAC and child marriage. We also propose for researchers to integrate child marriage into the definition of VAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amera Mojahed
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Judith T Mack
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy; Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lina Specht
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vania Sandoz
- Child Abuse and Neglect Team, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Susan Garthus-Niegel
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Systems Medicine (ISM) and Faculty of Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Childhood and Families, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Moss KM, Loxton D, Mishra GD. Does Timing Matter? Associations Between Intimate Partner Violence Across the Early Life Course and Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior in Children. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:10566-10587. [PMID: 37224432 PMCID: PMC10466944 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231174505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The association between exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) and child behavior problems is well established. However, questions remain about whether the timing during the child's early life course matters. We used a structured life course approach to investigate associations between the timing of IPV and children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Participants were from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH), a national, randomly sampled community-based study that has surveyed women every 3 years since 1996. For this study, mothers born 1973 to 1978 (N = 2,163) provided data on their three youngest children under 13 years (N = 3,697, 48.5% female) as part of the Mothers and their Children's Health (MatCH) study in 2016/2017. Mothers indicated IPV in ALSWH using the Community Composite Abuse Scale in early (M = 0.99 years, SD = 0.88 years) and middle childhood (M = 3.98 years, SD = 0.92 years), and before birth (preconception). Mothers rated child internalizing and externalizing behavior in MatCH (child age: M = 8.15 years, SD = 2.37 years) using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. We tested critical period, sensitive period, and accumulation hypotheses by comparing the fit of nested linear regression models (separately for girls and boys). Mothers were predominantly Caucasian (>90%) and university educated (65.5%), and 41.7% reported financial stress. Most children were not exposed to IPV (68.1%). Of those who were, 55.2% were exposed at one time, 28.7% at two times, and 16.1% at all three. Accumulation was the best model for externalizing in boys and girls and for internalizing in girls. A critical period in middle childhood was identified for internalizing in boys. Overall, the duration of exposure was more important than the timing. This suggests early detection is essential in mitigating the impact of IPV on children, with particular attention needed for boys exposed to IPV in middle childhood.
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Lanchimba C, Díaz-Sánchez JP, Velasco F. Exploring factors influencing domestic violence: a comprehensive study on intrafamily dynamics. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1243558. [PMID: 37743993 PMCID: PMC10513418 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1243558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This econometric analysis investigates the nexus between household factors and domestic violence. By considering diverse variables encompassing mood, depression, health consciousness, social media engagement, household chores, density, and religious affiliation, the study aims to comprehend the underlying dynamics influencing domestic violence. Methods Employing econometric techniques, this study examined a range of household-related variables for their potential associations with levels of violence within households. Data on mood, depression, health consciousness, social media usage, household chores, density, and religious affiliation were collected and subjected to rigorous statistical analysis. Results The findings of this study unveil notable relationships between the aforementioned variables and levels of violence within households. Positive mood emerges as a mitigating factor, displaying a negative correlation with violence. Conversely, depression positively correlates with violence, indicating an elevated propensity for conflict. Increased health consciousness is linked with diminished violence, while engagement with social media demonstrates a moderating influence. Reduction in the time allocated to household chores corresponds with lower violence levels. Household density, however, exhibits a positive association with violence. The effects of religious affiliation on violence manifest diversely, contingent upon household position and gender. Discussion The outcomes of this research offer critical insights for policymakers and practitioners working on formulating strategies for preventing and intervening in instances of domestic violence. The findings emphasize the importance of considering various household factors when designing effective interventions. Strategies to bolster positive mood, alleviate depression, encourage health consciousness, and regulate social media use could potentially contribute to reducing domestic violence. Additionally, the nuanced role of religious affiliation underscores the need for tailored approaches based on household dynamics, positioning, and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintya Lanchimba
- Departamento de Economía Cuantitativa, Facultad de Ciencias Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
- Institut de Recherche en Gestion et Economie, Université de Savoie Mont Blanc (IREGE/IAE Savoie Mont Blanc), Annecy, France
| | - Juan Pablo Díaz-Sánchez
- Departamento de Economía Cuantitativa, Facultad de Ciencias Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Franklin Velasco
- Department of Marketing, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
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20
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Ye M, Hessler D, Ford D, Benson M, Koita K, Bucci M, Long D, Harris NB, Thakur N. Pediatric ACEs and related life event screener (PEARLS) latent domains and child health in a safety-net primary care practice. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:367. [PMID: 37461038 PMCID: PMC10351141 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research examining the connections between individual adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and how groupings of interrelated adversities are linked with subsequent health is scarce, limiting our understanding of risk during a period of rapid expansion of ACE screening in clinical practice. The study objective was to conduct a psychometric analysis to derive latent domains of ACEs and related life events and assess the association between each domain and health outcome. METHODS Participants (3 months-11 years) were recruited from the University of California San Francisco Benioff's Children Hospital Oakland Primary Care Clinic. Children were screened with the Pediatric ACEs and Related Life Events Screener (PEARLS) (n = 340), which assessed 17 total ACEs and related life events, including forms of abuse, household challenges, and social risks. Domains were constructed using confirmatory factor analysis and associations between the three identified domains and 14 health outcomes were assessed using multivariable linear and logistic regression models. RESULTS Three PEARLS domains were identified: Maltreatment (ω = 0.73, ɑ=0.87), Household Challenges (ω = 0.70, ɑ=0.82), and Social Context (ω = 0.55, ɑ=0.70). Measurement invariance was supported across both gender and screening format. All domains were associated with poorer general and behavioral health and stomachaches. Maltreatment and Social Context were additionally associated with eczema while only Social Context was associated with increased odds of reporting headaches and somatic symptoms. CONCLUSION In an underserved, urban west-coast pediatric population, the PEARLS found three adversity domains of Maltreatment, Household Challenges, and Social Context that all had an independent statistically significant association with poorer child health. The results provide a timely and more nuanced representation of risk that can inform clinical practice and policy using more targeted resources and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Ye
- San Francisco Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, 500 Parnassus Avenue, 94143-0841 San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Danielle Hessler
- San Francisco Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, 500 Parnassus Avenue, 94143 San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Derek Ford
- Center for Psychological and Social Health, LLC, 2918 Westover Dr, Danville, VA 24541 USA
| | - Mindy Benson
- San Francisco Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 5220 Claremont Ave, Oakland, CA 94609 USA
| | - Kadiatou Koita
- Center for Youth Wellness, 3450 3rd St, 94124 San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Monica Bucci
- Center for Youth Wellness, 3450 3rd St, 94124 San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Dayna Long
- San Francisco Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 5220 Claremont Ave, Oakland, CA 94609 USA
| | | | - Neeta Thakur
- San Francisco Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, 500 Parnassus Avenue, 94143-0841 San Francisco, CA USA
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21
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Bourey C, Heise L, Tol WA, Greene MC. Partner Alcohol Use and Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence: Independent and Synergistic Effects on Intimate Partner Violence Across 19 Low- and Middle-Income Countries. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:6500-6522. [PMID: 36342211 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221134645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although partner alcohol use and acceptance of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) are critical determinants of IPVAW, little is known about their interaction. We explored how partner alcohol use and attitudes toward IPVAW act independently and jointly at the individual and community levels to influence women's reports of experiencing IPVAW across low- and middle-income countries. We conducted secondary analyses using a pooled sample of reproductive-aged women (n = 166,621) from 19 Demographic and Health Survey datasets. We fit a series of a priori-defined mixed-effects logistic regression models of the total effects, within- and between-community effects, and contextual effects of past-year IPVAW on partner alcohol use, acceptance of IPVAW, and their multiplicative interaction. We then fit a series of models stratified by community alcohol use and acceptance of IPVAW. Partner alcohol use (odds ratio [OR] = 3.20; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [3.07, 3.33]) and women's acceptance of IPVAW (OR = 1.83; 95% CI: [1.76, 1.89]) were consistently associated with increased odds of experiencing IPVAW. Sub-multiplicative interactions were present for within-community effects (ratio of OR = 0.86; 95% CI: [0.79, 0.94]), whereas supra-multiplicative interactions were present for between-community effects (ratio of OR = 1.002; 95% CI: [1.0002, 1.005]) and contextual effects (ratio of OR = 1.003; 95% CI: [1.0007, 1.005]). The odds of IPVAW associated with partner alcohol use was greatet in communities with lower partner alcohol prevalence and lower acceptance of IPVAW. It is important to consider norms and attitudes toward IPVAW alongside alcohol use when understanding epidemiological patterns of IPVAW and potential opportunities for preventive programs and policymaking. Future studies should focus on the complex interactions, at multiple social levels, between interacting risk factors for IPVAW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bourey
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lori Heise
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wietse A Tol
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Athena Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Arq International, Diemen, the Netherlands
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22
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Tullberg E, Vaughon W. Revisiting the Co-Occurrence of Intimate Partner Violence and Child Maltreatment. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:2957-2982. [PMID: 35617252 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221104533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Child welfare (CW) agencies are charged with ensuring children's safety; when children live with families impacted by intimate partner violence (IPV), this task can be complex. To better understand how U.S. CW agencies identify and make decisions about child maltreatment (CM) in the presence of IPV, this mixed-methods study used national data (N = 248,654) to investigate whether IPV was more likely to be documented as co-occurring with certain types of CM. This study also explored the intersection of IPV and CM using 19 semi-structured interviews with child welfare stakeholders to gain insight into the mechanisms underpinning reporting processes. Multinomial logistical regression showed that after controlling for other risk factors, children living in a household with IPV were more likely to be determined to be physically abused and emotionally maltreated than neglected, and less likely to be determined to be sexually abused than neglected, compared with children who did not live in a household with IPV. Those children were also more likely to be determined to be emotionally maltreated than physically abused, and less likely to be determined to be sexually abused than physically abused, compared with children who did not live in a household with IPV (all results, p < .0001). Qualitative results revealed IPV and children's exposure to IPV may be categorized as different types of CM by CW agencies and staff, and that this categorization can vary by agency and staff level. Participants also described challenges to addressing IPV within CW systems. Findings suggest national CW data may obscure when IPV and CM co-occur versus when a given type of CM is serving as a proxy for the presence of or children's exposure to IPV, presenting challenges to interpreting child welfare data. Recommendations are presented to improve CW data accuracy and ensure the safety of children and families impacted by IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Tullberg
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 12297NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, 436523CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wendy Vaughon
- Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, 436523CUNY, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Urban Health, Public Health Program, Hunter College, 436523CUNY, New York, NY, USA
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23
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Li S, Ma X, Zhang Y. Intergenerational transmission of aggression: A meta-analysis of relationship between interparental conflict and aggressive behavior of children and youth. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04219-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Butala N, Asnes A, Gaither J, Leventhal JM, O'Malley S, Jubanyik K, Aydin A, Tiyyagura G. Child safety assessments during a caregiver's evaluation in emergency departments after intimate partner violence. Acad Emerg Med 2023; 30:23-31. [PMID: 36300559 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical abuse of children is reported to occur in 30%-60% of homes with intimate partner violence (IPV). IPV in adult victims presenting to emergency departments (EDs) represents a critical opportunity to evaluate for child safety. OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to determine the frequency of child safety assessments (CSAs), defined as any documented inquiry about the presence of children in the household, when adults presented to EDs for IPV. The secondary aims were to assess (1) the impact of demographic factors, ED type, and social work (SW) involvement on the likelihood of CSAs; (2) the nature of children's exposure; and (3) the frequency of child protective services (CPS) reports. METHODS We performed a chart review of encounters with ICD-10-CM codes for patients aged 18-60 with IPV presenting to three EDs in Connecticut from 2017 through 2019. RESULTS CSAs were completed in 179/277 encounters (78.9%) and were more likely to be completed in encounters with SW involvement than without (162/171 [94.7%] vs. 17/56 [30.3%], p < 0.001). A total of 143 children lived in the home at the time of the incident; of the 107 children for whom the nature of exposure was known, 10 (9.3%) were physically involved and 26 (24.2%) were direct witnesses to the violence. CPS reports were made in 52.4% of the encounters in which children lived in the home. CONCLUSIONS CSAs were omitted in one-fifth of encounters for IPV. Given the high prevalence of children involved in IPV episodes, ED encounters for IPV represent an opportunity to improve the safety of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirali Butala
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrea Asnes
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Julie Gaither
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - John M Leventhal
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shannon O'Malley
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Karen Jubanyik
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ani Aydin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gunjan Tiyyagura
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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25
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Barbier A, Chariot P, Lefèvre T. Intimate partner violence against ever-partnered women in Europe: Prevalence and associated factors-Results from the violence against women EU-wide survey. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1033465. [PMID: 36530735 PMCID: PMC9755339 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1033465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Study questions To describe the prevalence of physical, sexual, and psychological intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in the European Union (EU) and to search for their determinants among demographic, socioeconomic, health-related factors, and partner characteristics. Methods Observational study. Data from the violence against women survey, the first study conducted in the EU, which simultaneously measured all dimensions of IPV and many characteristics. The EU Agency for Fundamental Rights randomly conducted face-to-face interviews among the 28 countries with 42,002 women aged 18-74 who resided in the survey country and spoke the language. IPV is defined by a positive answer to at least one question about physical, sexual, or psychological violence perpetrated by a current or ex-partner. Findings Among the 40,357 women having already been in a relationship, 51.7% (51.2-52.2) reported having been victims of violence in their lifetime. The prevalence of physical, sexual, and psychological IPV was, respectively, 20.0% (19.6-20.4), 8.4% (8.2-8.7), and 48.5% (48.1-49.0). Women, who were younger, employed, had highly qualified work, had at least one immigrant parent, lived in an urban setting, were unmarried, separated, divorced, widowed, childless, cohabited with a partner, and others over the age of 18, had worse self-perceived health, or a history of violence before the age of 15 were more likely to report IPV. It was the same when their partners had a lower level of education, no work, were home staying, earned less than they did, were involved in 10 years of relationship, were frequently drunk, or were violent otherwise. Major implication The lifetime prevalence of reported IPV among women in Europe is high and likely underestimated. The results emphasize the importance of a comprehensive definition of IPV and partners' characteristics. They highlight socioeconomic differences and poorer health status for victims of IPV.
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Bott S, Ruiz-Celis AP, Mendoza JA, Guedes A. Correlates of co-occurring physical child punishment and physical intimate partner violence in Colombia, Mexico and Peru. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2195. [PMCID: PMC9702951 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Violent discipline of children and intimate partner violence (IPV) against women are global public health and human rights problems. To address calls for more evidence on intersections, this study aimed to expand knowledge about correlates of physical child punishment, physical IPV against women and their co-occurrence (both) in the same household.
Methods
Using national, population-based survey datasets from Colombia, Mexico and Peru, multinomial logistic regressions examined correlates of three mutually exclusive patterns of violence in the household: physical child punishment (only), physical IPV ever (only) and co-occurrence (both), each compared with no violence, after adjusting for other factors. Logistic regression was used to analyse odds ratios of physical child punishment in households affected by IPV past year and before past year compared with never, after adjusting for other factors.
Results
In all countries, adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of co-occurrence were significantly higher among women with lower education, more than one child, a child aged 2–5, a partner who tried to socially isolate her, and a history of childhood violence (caregiver violence and/or IPV exposure). They were significantly lower among women who reported collaborative partnerships (joint decision-making and/or shared chores). Co-occurrence was also significantly correlated with a history of child marriage/early motherhood in Colombia and Mexico, partner’s excess drinking in Mexico and Peru, agreement that physical child punishment was necessary in Peru and partner’s history of childhood violence in Colombia and Mexico. Evidence of shared risk factors was strongest for social isolation and caregiver histories of childhood violence and of shared protective factors for collaborative partnership dynamics. In all countries, associations between physical child punishment and physical IPV remained significant after adjusting for other factors, suggesting that correlations could not be explained by shared risk factors alone.
Conclusions
These findings are consistent with several theories relevant for violence prevention: 1) more collaborative, gender equitable partnerships may protect both children and women from violence; 2) violence between intimate partners may ‘spill over’ into violence against children (as correlations could not be explained by shared risk factors alone); and 3) there appears to be strong evidence of intergenerational transmission of violence.
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McTavish JR, Chandra PS, Stewart DE, Herrman H, MacMillan HL. Child Maltreatment and Intimate Partner Violence in Mental Health Settings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192315672. [PMID: 36497747 PMCID: PMC9735990 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) and child maltreatment (physical, emotional, sexual abuse, neglect, and children's exposure to IPV) are two of the most common types of family violence; they are associated with a broad range of health consequences. We summarize evidence addressing the need for safe and culturally-informed clinical responses to child maltreatment and IPV, focusing on mental health settings. This considers clinical features of child maltreatment and IPV; applications of rights-based and trauma- and violence-informed care; how to ask about potential experiences of violence; safe responses to disclosures; assessment and interventions that include referral networks and resources developed in partnership with multidisciplinary and community actors; and the need for policy and practice frameworks, appropriate training and continuing professional development provisions and resources for mental health providers. Principles for a common approach to recognizing and safely responding to child maltreatment and IPV are discussed, recognizing the needs in well-resourced and scarce resource settings, and for marginalized groups in any setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R. McTavish
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 293 Wellington St. North, Hamilton, ON L8L 8E7, Canada
| | - Prabha S. Chandra
- NIMHANS Hospital, Hosur Rd, near Bangalore Milk Dairy, Hombegowda Nagar, Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Donna E. Stewart
- Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St, 7EN229, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Helen Herrman
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Harriet L. MacMillan
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 293 Wellington St. North, Hamilton, ON L8L 8E7, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre 3A, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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McTavish JR, McKee C, Tanaka M, MacMillan HL. Child Welfare Reform: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192114071. [PMID: 36360960 PMCID: PMC9655914 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
While there have been ongoing calls to reform child welfare so that it better meets children's and families' needs, to date there have been no comprehensive summaries of child welfare reform strategies. For this systematic scoping review, we summarized authors' recommendations for improving child welfare. We conducted a systematic search (2010 to 2021) and included published reviews that addressed authors' recommendations for improving child welfare for children, youth, and families coming into contact with child welfare in high-income countries. A total of 4758 records was identified by the systematic search, 685 full-text articles were screened for eligibility, and 433 reviews were found to be eligible for this scoping review. Reviews were theoretically divided, with some review authors recommending reform efforts at the macro level (e.g., addressing poverty) and others recommending reform efforts at the practice level (e.g., implementing evidence-based parenting programs). Reform efforts across socioecological levels were summarized in this scoping review. An important next step is to formulate what policy solutions are likely to lead to the greatest improvement in safety and well-being for children and families involved in child welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R. McTavish
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 293 Wellington Street North, Hamilton, ON L8L 8E7, Canada
| | - Christine McKee
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 293 Wellington Street North, Hamilton, ON L8L 8E7, Canada
| | - Masako Tanaka
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 293 Wellington Street North, Hamilton, ON L8L 8E7, Canada
| | - Harriet L. MacMillan
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 293 Wellington Street North, Hamilton, ON L8L 8E7, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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Grzejszczak J, Gabryelska A, Gmitrowicz A, Kotlicka-Antczak M, Strzelecki D. Are Children Harmed by Being Locked up at Home? The Impact of Isolation during the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Phenomenon of Domestic Violence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13958. [PMID: 36360840 PMCID: PMC9657348 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of violence against children is a very complex one. There are many types of child abuse, and they are culturally dependent to a significant degree. Although studies show that children generally only suffer from mild COVID-19 infection, some social restrictions introduced during the pandemic, such as home isolation, may have many severe consequences on the population's mental health. Studies on this topic suggest that violence against children increased during lockdown due to the COVID-10 pandemic. This narrative review summarizes this available literature on the subject and discusses the different forms of violence against children, their cultural aspects, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the phenomenon of violence, the long-term consequences of the above, and forms of assistance for abused minors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Grzejszczak
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Gabryelska
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gmitrowicz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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Arnell L, Källström Å, Gunnarsdottir H. Relative Wellbeing of Women Maltreated as Children. Violence Against Women 2022; 28:2947-2965. [PMID: 34894883 PMCID: PMC9452851 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211058218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study explores and analyzes how adult women in Sweden exposed to childhood maltreatment describe wellbeing, by using a thematic analysis of 22 semi-structured interviews with women maltreated as children. The results show that wellbeing was described as relative to both social norms and the childhood experiences and constituted four dimensions: Material and/or economic; Social and relational;Emotional; and Physical and/or mental. This study concludes that it is important to consider the relative and multiple ways wellbeing can be experienced and understood and to problematize norms of wellbeing, acknowledging the various ways people appraise their lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Arnell
- School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, 6233Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Åsa Källström
- School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, 6233Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Hrafnhildur Gunnarsdottir
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, 3570University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Health Sciences, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden
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Dobarrio-Sanz I, Fernández-Vargas A, Fernández-Férez A, Vanegas-Coveña DP, Cordero-Ahiman OV, Granero-Molina J, Fernández-Sola C, Hernández-Padilla JM. Development and Psychometric Assessment of a Questionnaire for the Detection of Invisible Violence against Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11127. [PMID: 36078848 PMCID: PMC9518585 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191711127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invisible violence against women (IVAW) can be understood as the set of attitudes, behaviors, and subtle beliefs that men use to subordinate women and that are culturally accepted. These behaviors can be a risk factor for intimate partner violence (IPV), so it is important to design tools that allow us to detect it early. The aim of this study was to design and psychometrically assess a questionnaire for the detection of invisible violence against women (Q-IVAW). METHODOLOGY A descriptive cross-sectional methodological study carried out in three phases: (1) development of the initial version; (2) pilot study (N = 51); and (3) final validation study (N = 990). The tool's reliability, validity, and legibility were assessed. To assess reliability, the internal consistency (Cronbach's α) was analyzed. The validity assessment included an analysis of content, criterion, and construct validity. RESULTS The EFA revealed that the Q-IVAW was comprised of five factors that explained 55.85% of the total variance found. The Q-IVAW showed very high reliability (α = 0.937), excellent content validity, and good construct validity. The criterion validity analysis showed a moderate correlation between A-IPVAW and Q-IVAW (r = 0.30; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The psychometric assessment of the Q-IVAW yielded good results, which could support the tool's ability to assess how often women are subjected to inviable violent behaviors by their partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Dobarrio-Sanz
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Otilia Vanessa Cordero-Ahiman
- Grupo de Investigación en Economía Regional (GIER), Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010107, Ecuador
| | - José Granero-Molina
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 7500000, Chile
| | - Cayetano Fernández-Sola
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 7500000, Chile
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Cavanagh A, Kimber M, MacMillan HL, Ritz SA, Vanstone M. Conceptualizing Physicians' Roles in Addressing Intimate Partner Violence: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Resources for Canadian Physicians. Violence Against Women 2022:10778012221114922. [PMID: 35989661 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221114922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Resources addressing intimate partner violence (IPV) play a role in shaping how physicians conceptualize and perform their roles in caring for affected patients. This study combines environmental scanning with critical discourse analysis (CDA) to parse how roles of physicians were represented in 28 education materials and policy documents about IPV, taking the Canadian training milieu as an example. We developed a cyclical model of three core physician roles in addressing IPV-learning about IPV, identifying patients experiencing IPV, and responding to patients' disclosures of IPV. The construction of these physician roles is suggestive of an ongoing process of medicalization of IPV.
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The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on intimate partner violence and mental health: advancing mental health services, research, and policy. Lancet Psychiatry 2022; 9:487-524. [PMID: 35569504 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(22)00008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Skafida V, Morrison F, Devaney J. Prevalence and Social Inequality in Experiences of Domestic Abuse Among Mothers of Young Children: A Study Using National Survey Data from Scotland. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP9811-NP9838. [PMID: 33416002 PMCID: PMC9136476 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520980392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Domestic abuse is a pernicious societal issue that has both short- and long-term consequences for those who are victimized. Research points to motherhood being linked to women's victimization, with pregnancy being a particular point of risk. Across UK jurisdictions, new legislation aims to extend the criminalization of domestic abuse to include coercive control. Less clear is the relationship between mothers' victimization of different "types" of abuse and other factors such as age, socioeconomic status, and level of education. The article makes an original contribution to knowledge by addressing these limitations of the existing literature. Using nationally representative data from a Scottish longitudinal survey (N = 3,633) into children's development this article investigates the social stratification of mothers' exposure to different types of abuse, including coercive control, physical abuse, and threats. Overall, 14% of mothers report experiencing any type of domestic abuse since the birth of the study child (age 6), of which 7% experienced physical abuse. Compared to mothers in the highest income households, mothers in the lowest income quintile were far more likely to experience any form of abuse (Logistic Regression, OR = 3.55), more likely to have experienced more types of abuse and to have experienced these more often (OR = 5.54). Age had a protective effect, with mothers aged 20 or younger at most risk of abuse (OR = 2.60 compared to mothers aged 40+). Interaction effects between age and income suggested that an intersectional lens may help explain the cumulative layers of difficulty which young mothers on low incomes may find themselves in when it comes to abusive partners. The pattern of social stratification remained the same when comparing different types of abuse. Mothers of boys were more likely to experience abuse, and to experience more types of abuse, more often. We reflect on how these findings could inform existing policy interventions.
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Papamichail A, Bates EA. "I Want My Mum to Know That I Am a Good Guy …": A Thematic Analysis of the Accounts of Adolescents Who Exhibit Child-to-Parent Violence in the United Kingdom. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP6135-NP6158. [PMID: 32517529 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520926317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This qualitative study explores child-to-parent violence (CPV) in the United Kingdom based on the accounts of adolescents who exhibit this type of family violence. The key areas of interest concern the familial relationships and contexts within which adolescents are embedded, and their perceptions about their emotional states and how these interplay with CPV. Eight participants were recruited in total from a community sample from two different intervention programs aiming to tackle CPV in England. Methods included participant-observation, face-to-face interviews, and handwritten interviews; all data were analyzed thematically. Results suggest that CPV is linked with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), unsatisfactory relationships with parents, perceived emotional rejection from parents, and emotional dysregulation in young people. In this study, violent behavior was directed not only against mothers but in all cases against siblings and stepfathers. The findings address the complexity of the subject and the need for tailored, evidence-based interventions in the field of CPV.
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Meyer S, Stambe RM. Mothering in the Context of Violence: Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Mothers' Experiences in Regional Settings in Australia. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP7958-NP7983. [PMID: 33231119 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520975818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Domestic and family violence (DFV) disproportionately affects women and children in Australia and globally. On average, one in three women experiences DFV during adulthood and the majority of these women identify as mothers. The prevalence of DFV is higher for Indigenous women and their experiences disproportionately range at the more severe end of physical abuse. For women affected by DFV, mothering during and post this type of victimization is complicated by strategic entrapment, undermining of the mother-child relationship, and threats of harm directed at children and mothers. While a substantial body of literature has examined the experiences of mothers affected by DFV more broadly, research on the experiences of Indigenous mothers affected by DFV remains scarce. Research evidence is further limited when trying to understand the specific constraints experienced by mothers affected by DFV in regional settings. This article examines the experiences of Indigenous and non-Indigenous mothers affected by DFV in regional Queensland, Australia. Data derived from 17 qualitative face-to-face interviews are used to explore the lived experiences of these mothers. Findings identify the immediate and long-term effects of DFV on mothers and children, including similarities and differences in women's experiences of mothering in the context of DFV, experiences of entrapment in an abusive relationship, experiences of post-separation abuse, strategies used to mitigate its impact on children, and surviving as a female-headed single-parent household in regional settings. While mothers in this study shared a number of similar experiences, regionality, the risk of cultural disconnectedness, and socio-structural marginalization disproportionately affected Indigenous mothers in this study. Findings raise key implications for supporting mothers and children's safety and recovery, access to safe and sustainable housing in regional towns, and the empowerment of Indigenous women to overcome the lasting effects of colonization and disproportionate experiences of disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Meyer
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Kieselbach B, Kimber M, MacMillan HL, Perneger T. Prevalence of childhood exposure to intimate partner violence in low-income and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e051140. [PMID: 35428617 PMCID: PMC9014023 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the proportion of children in low-income and lower-middle-income countries exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV). DESIGN Systematic review. DATA SOURCES PubMed, CINAHL, ERIC, PsycINFO, Web of Science, WHO Global Index Medicus, and Violence and Abuse Abstracts, hand searching of specialised journals from inception until 19 May 2019. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Primary quantitative studies that included a measure of self-reported exposure to IPV prior to age 18 and were conducted in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data were screened, extracted and appraised by two independent reviewers. The prevalence estimates were pooled using a random-effects model. Outcomes included lifetime and past-year prevalence of childhood exposure to IPV. Meta-regression was used to explore heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger's regression test. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. RESULTS Sixty-two studies with a total of 231 512 participants were included. Eighty-five lifetime prevalence estimates and 6 estimates of past-year prevalence were available for synthesis. The average lifetime prevalence of childhood exposure to IPV was 29% (95% CI 26% to 31%). The average past-year prevalence in children was 35% (95% CI 21% to 48%). The lifetime prevalence disaggregated by WHO regions ranged from 21% to 34%. There were no statistical differences in prevalence estimates between samples of men and women. CONCLUSION Almost one-third of children in low-income and lower-middle-income countries have been exposed to IPV in their lifetime. There was large heterogeneity between estimates that was not explained by available study and sample characteristics. Our findings indicate that children's exposure to IPV in low-income and lower-middle-income countries is common and widespread; prevention of this major public health exposure should be a priority. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019119698.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Kieselbach
- Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Melissa Kimber
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harriet L MacMillan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Perneger
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Geneva University Hospitals, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Herrman H, Patel V, Kieling C, Berk M, Buchweitz C, Cuijpers P, Furukawa TA, Kessler RC, Kohrt BA, Maj M, McGorry P, Reynolds CF, Weissman MM, Chibanda D, Dowrick C, Howard LM, Hoven CW, Knapp M, Mayberg HS, Penninx BWJH, Xiao S, Trivedi M, Uher R, Vijayakumar L, Wolpert M. Time for united action on depression: a Lancet-World Psychiatric Association Commission. Lancet 2022; 399:957-1022. [PMID: 35180424 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Herrman
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Vikram Patel
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Sangath, Goa, India; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian Kieling
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT Institute, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Claudia Buchweitz
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pim Cuijpers
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Toshiaki A Furukawa
- Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ronald C Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brandon A Kohrt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mario Maj
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania L Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Patrick McGorry
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Charles F Reynolds
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Myrna M Weissman
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA; Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dixon Chibanda
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Centre for Global Mental Health, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Christopher Dowrick
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Louise M Howard
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christina W Hoven
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA; Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Knapp
- Care Policy and Evaluation Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Helen S Mayberg
- Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shuiyuan Xiao
- Central South University Xiangya School of Public Health, Changsha, China
| | - Madhukar Trivedi
- Peter O'Donnell Jr Brain Institute and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rudolf Uher
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Lakshmi Vijayakumar
- Sneha, Suicide Prevention Centre and Voluntary Health Services, Chennai, India
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Kertesz M, Humphreys C, Fogden L, Scott K, Laslett AM, Tsantefski M. KODY, an all-of-family response to co-occurring substance use and domestic violence: protocol for a quasi-experimental intervention trial. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:291. [PMID: 35151298 PMCID: PMC8841086 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The co-occurrence of domestic violence with alcohol and other drugs significantly increases the severity of abuse and violence experienced by family members. Longitudinal studies indicate that substance use is one of few predictors of men’s continued use of, or desistance from, violence. Recent developments in men’s behaviour change programs have focused on men’s attitudes and behaviour towards their children, and the exploration of interventions that address the needs of all family members. However, the research evidence is limited on the most effective elements of men’s behaviour change programs in promoting the safety and wellbeing of child and women victim survivors. This study aims to build on the existing evidence by trialling the KODY program which addresses harmful substance use by men who also perpetrate domestic violence; the safety and wellbeing of women and children; the needs of children in their own right, as well as in relationship with their mothers; and the development of an ‘all-of-family’ service response. The evaluation of these innovations, and the ramifications for policy development to support less fragmented service system responses, provide the rationale for the study. Methods/Design A quasi-experimental design will be used to assess the primary outcomes of improving the safety and wellbeing of mothers and children whose (ex)partners and fathers respectively participate in KODY (the trial program), when compared with ‘Caring Dads standard’ (the comparison group). Psychometric tests will be administered to fathers and mothers at baseline, post-program and at 3-month follow up. Data collection will occur over three years. Discussion By building the evidence base about responses to co-occurring domestic violence and substance use, this study aims to develop knowledge about improving safety outcomes for women and children, and to better understand appropriate support for children in families living at the intersection of domestic violence and substance use. It is anticipated that study findings will point to the ramifications for policy development to support less fragmented service system responses. Trial registration An application for registration with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (https://www.anzctr.org.au/) was lodged on 20 December 2021 (Request number: 383206)—prospectively registered.
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Adams C, Hooker L, Taft A. The characteristics of Australian Maternal and Child Health home visiting nurses undertaking family violence work: An interpretive description study. J Adv Nurs 2022; 79:1314-1328. [PMID: 35084788 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the family violence practice of home visiting nurses and identify the personal and professional characteristics of nurses undertaking family violence work. DESIGN A qualitative research design using interpretive description. METHODS The family violence nursing practice and characteristics of home visiting nurses in Victoria, Australia, were explored by analysing semi-structured interviews (n = 37) conducted over 4 months in 2019-2020. Twenty-five nurses and 12 nurse managers worked in urban, regional city and rural/remote settings. The data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS We categorized the characteristics of home visiting nurses into two broad themes with sub-themes: 'Things you can learn'; and 'You just bring yourself'. CONCLUSION By researching the characteristics of home visiting nurses undertaking family violence work, this study has identified the personal characteristics managers should consider when recruiting nurses to this specialist role. Identifying the personal and professional skills required will improve nurses' working experience by reducing the risk of a potential skill/role mismatch. These insights may enhance the effectiveness of home visiting nurses so that the Enhanced Maternal and Child Health program contributes effectively to the support of women experiencing family violence. IMPACT Interviewing home visiting nurses and their managers has enabled a clearer insight into this specialist practitioner's previously unexplored work. Identifying the nurses' personal, professional, and clinical characteristics should inform the development of position roles and identify nurses who are best suited for this role. This knowledge will ensure that the Maternal and Child Health program effectively supports women experiencing family violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catina Adams
- Judith Lumley Centre, School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leesa Hooker
- Judith Lumley Centre, School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Rural Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Angela Taft
- Judith Lumley Centre, School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Roy J, Williamson E, Pitt K, Stanley N, Man MS, Feder G, Szilassy E. 'It felt like there was always someone there for us': Supporting children affected by domestic violence and abuse who are identified by general practice. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:165-174. [PMID: 33963618 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One in five children in the UK are affected by domestic violence and abuse. However, primary care clinicians (GPs and nurses) struggle to effectively identify and support children and young people living in homes where it is present. The IRIS+ (Enhanced Identification and Referral to Improve Safety) training and advocacy support intervention aimed to improve how clinicians respond to children and young people affected by domestic violence and abuse. IRIS+ training was delivered as part of a feasibility study to four general practices in an urban area in England (UK). Our mixed method design included interviews and questionnaires about the IRIS+ intervention with general practice patients, including children and young people as well as with clinicians and advocacy service providers. We collected the number of identifications and referrals by clinicians of children experiencing domestic violence and abuse through a retrospective search of medical and agency records 10 months after the intervention. Forty-nine children exposed to domestic violence and abuse were recorded in medical records. Thirty-five children were referred to a specialist domestic violence and abuse support service over a period of 10 months. Of these, 22 received direct or indirect support. The qualitative findings indicated that children benefitted from being referred by clinicians to the service. However, several barriers at the patient and professional level prevented children and young people from being identified and supported. Some of these barriers can be addressed through modifications to professional training and guidance, but others require systematic and structural changes to the way health and social care services work with children affected by domestic violence and abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Roy
- School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma Williamson
- School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Katherine Pitt
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicky Stanley
- School of Social Work, Care and Community, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Mei-See Man
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Gene Feder
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eszter Szilassy
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Dessimoz Künzle L, Cattagni Kleiner A, Romain-Glassey N. Suffering and Care of 0-12 Year-Old Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence: Making Clinical Forensic Data Talk. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:805097. [PMID: 35546958 PMCID: PMC9081761 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.805097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Children's exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) is a widespread phenomenon that can have detrimental consequences on their health and well-being. This study examined how clinical forensic consultation data of adult victims of IPV might provide information on the potential suffering of children exposed to IPV, the duration of exposure and the knowledge of the situation by the professionals with whom those children were in contact. Data were collected from the consultation files of 112 adult victims of IPV who consulted the Violence Medical Unit at the Lausanne University Hospital (Switzerland) in 2014, and who were parents of children aged 0 through 12. Descriptive quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed. Symptoms of suffering, such as dysregulation of instinctual functions and developmental, behavioral or emotional difficulties, were reported for nearly one-third of the victims' children. Children's exposure to IPV often started around their birth and about four in 10 children had been exposed for three years or more. Health and childhood professionals were unaware of the exposure for the vast majority of the children. Clinical forensic data can be useful in providing information on the suffering and care of children exposed to IPV. Their suffering took the form of a non-specific posttraumatic symptomatology and therefore might be difficult to detect. It is necessary to make professionals and parents aware of the fact that IPV can have a harmful impact on children's health and well-being, and to encourage health professionals to consider the possibility of IPV when facing such symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyne Dessimoz Künzle
- Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Cattagni Kleiner
- University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Romain-Glassey
- University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institut et Haute École de la Santé La Source, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Focardi M, Grassi S, Raddi S, Rosati ME, Cazzato F, D'Onofrio P, Doretti V, Bianchi I, Vetrugno G, Oliva A, Pinchi V. Trend in 167 cases of minors witnessing violence: The role played by COVID-19 pandemic. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:949922. [PMID: 36275057 PMCID: PMC9581130 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.949922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There currently is no evidence that COVID-19 has had an impact on the rates of psychological abuses occurring when a minor witnesses interpersonal violence. AIM Our aim was to describe the accesses of the last four years to the Emergency Department of a tertiary hospital (Careggi University Hospital-Florence, Italy) due to this issue and then to evaluate whether the COVID-19 has had an impact on this trend. METHODS We collected data regarding cases of abuse in which at least a minor had reportedly witnessed the event. Medical records stored between January 1, 2018 to January 1, 2022 were analyzed, extracting sex, age and nationality of the victim; sex of the perpetrator and relationship with the victim; known previous episodes of abuse in the medical history of the victim; setting of the abuse (domestic vs. non-domestic); type of abuse (physical, psychological, sexual); whether the perpetrator was under the influence of alcohol/drugs; whether the victim was hospitalized; prognosis of the victim; number, relation with the victim and involvement in the abuse (as co-victim) of the minor(s) who witnessed the abuse. RESULTS A total of 167 eligible cases were registered. 69% of victims had previous episodes of abuse. The perpetrators were all known and mainly males (96%).The abuses were mainly domestic (79%). In 74% of the cases only a type of violence was perpetrated. In 12% of the cases, the minors were also victims of physical abuse. No statistically significant relationships were found between the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and the changes in the number of cases of domestic abuse (p = 0.07), physical abuse (p = 0.62), psychological abuse (p = 0.83) or sexual abuse (p = 0.88). However, during the institutional lockdown in Italy (March-May 2022) only two cases occurred - a number that did not allow period-specific statistical inference. CONCLUSIONS Empowering the hospital policies specifically aimed at identifying and protecting the victims of violence/witnessed violence remains a critical goal from both a public health and medico-legal point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Focardi
- Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Grassi
- Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Raddi
- Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Cazzato
- Legal Medicine, Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola D'Onofrio
- Responsible for the Unit of the Rose Code, Area of Emergency Rooms of Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Vittoria Doretti
- Head of Department Health Promotion and Health Ethics, Azienda USL Toscana Sud Est, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Ilenia Bianchi
- Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Law, University of Macerata, Macerata, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vetrugno
- Legal Medicine, Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Oliva
- Legal Medicine, Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Vilma Pinchi
- Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Bott S, Ruiz-Celis AP, Mendoza JA, Guedes A. Co-occurring violent discipline of children and intimate partner violence against women in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic search and secondary analysis of national datasets. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2021-007063. [PMID: 34887305 PMCID: PMC8663074 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intersections between violent discipline (physical punishment and/or verbal aggression) of children and intimate partner violence (IPV) against women have received growing international attention. This study aimed to determine how many Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries had national data on co-occurring IPV and violent discipline in the same household, how estimates compared and whether violent discipline was significantly associated with IPV. Methods A systematic search (following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines) was used to identify which LAC countries had eligible, national co-occurrence data. The most recent eligible dataset in each country was obtained and reanalysed for comparability. Standardised national estimates were produced for prevalence of violent discipline, physical and/or sexual IPV and co-occurrence among ever partnered women of reproductive age living with a child aged 1–14. Bivariate analyses and logistic regressions produced levels and odds ratios (ORs) of physical punishment and verbal aggression in households affected by IPV (past year and before past year) compared with never, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. Results Nine countries had eligible datasets. Co-occurring physical punishment with past year IPV ranged from 1.7% (Nicaragua) to 17.5% (Bolivia); and with IPV ever from 6.0% (Nicaragua) to 21.2% (Haiti). In almost all countries, children in IPV affected households experienced significantly higher levels and ORs of physical punishment and verbal aggression, whether IPV occurred during or before the past year. Significant adjusted ORs of physical punishment ranged from 1.52 (95% CI 1.11 to 2.10) in Jamaica to 3.63 (95% CI 3.26 to 4.05) in Mexico for past year IPV; and from 1.50 (95% CI 1.23 to 1.83) in Nicaragua to 2.52 (95% CI 2.30 to 2.77) in Mexico for IPV before past year. Conclusions IPV is a significant risk factor for violent discipline, but few national surveys in LAC measure both. Co-occurrence merits greater attention from policymakers and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bott
- Gender and Development Research, UNICEF Office of Research Innocenti, Florence, Italy
| | - Ana P Ruiz-Celis
- Gender and Development Research, UNICEF Office of Research Innocenti, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Guedes
- Gender and Development Research, UNICEF Office of Research Innocenti, Florence, Italy
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Silva EP, Emond A, Ludermir AB. Depression in childhood: The role of children's exposure to intimate partner violence and maternal mental disorders. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 122:105305. [PMID: 34517271 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global problem with high prevalence rates, and is linked to maternal mental disorders (MMD). Children's exposure to IPV (CEIPV) can have impacts on their physical and mental health, including depression. OBJECTIVE To analyze the associations between exposure to both CEIPV and MMD and depression in schoolchildren. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 630 mother-child pairs were evaluated in a poor urban district in Recife, Northeast Brazil. METHODS A cohort study investigated the effects of IPV during pregnancy, postpartum and six to nine years after delivery. Women were asked about their experience of IPV, their own mental health, and the exposure of their child to violence. The child's mood was reported by the mother, using the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ). Ten types of CEIPV, and the age of onset of exposure, were compared with the child's subsequent risk of depression. RESULTS IPV was associated with MMD in 31.9% of the women at some period of time. Depressive symptoms were reported in 15.7% of school-age children. All types of CEIPV were associated with depression at school age. Multivariable analyses of exposure to IPV and MMD at different ages showed that exposure to both IPV and MMD in the first year of life had the strongest association with childhood depression (OR = 9.1; 95% CI: 2.4-33.9). CONCLUSIONS The frequency of CEIPV and MMD, and the high prevalence of depression at school age, shows the importance of assessing MMD and identifying exposure to IPV in pregnancy and the early years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Pereira Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Hospital das Clínicas, 2o andar - Av. Prof. Moraes Rêgo, s/n. Cidade Universitária, 50.670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Alan Emond
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, 1-5 Whiteladies Road Clifton, Bristol BS8 1NU, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Bernarda Ludermir
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Bloco "D" - 1° Andar - Cidade Universitária, 50.740-600, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Gartland D, Conway LJ, Giallo R, Mensah FK, Cook F, Hegarty K, Herrman H, Nicholson J, Reilly S, Hiscock H, Sciberras E, Brown SJ. Intimate partner violence and child outcomes at age 10: a pregnancy cohort. Arch Dis Child 2021; 106:1066-1074. [PMID: 33883191 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-320321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assess the mental health, physical health, cognitive and language development of 10-year old children in families where mothers have reported intimate partner violence (IPV) compared with children with no reported IPV exposure. DESIGN Prospective pregnancy cohort. Maternal report of IPV (Composite Abuse Scale) at 1, 4 and 10 years. Maternal and direct assessment of child mental health (probable psychiatric diagnosis, anxiety and emotional/behavioural difficulties), cognition (IQ and executive function), language (general, pragmatic and receptive) and physical health at 10 years. SETTING A subsample of 615 mother-child dyads drawn from a pregnancy cohort of 1507 nulliparous women recruited from six public hospitals in Melbourne, Australia. RESULTS Any IPV exposure from infancy to age 10 was associated with poorer child outcomes at age 10. Specifically, twice the odds of a probable psychiatric diagnosis, emotional/behavioural difficulties, impaired language skills (general and pragmatic), and having consulted a health professional about asthma or sleep problems. IPV exposure at age 10 associated with two to three times higher odds of all mental health outcomes, elevated blood pressure and sleep problems. Early life exposure alone (at 1 and/or 4 years) associated with three times higher odds of a general language problem and asthma at age 10. CONCLUSION The high prevalence of IPV and increased risk of poorer health and development among children exposed highlights the burden of ill health carried by children in families experiencing IPV. Fewer difficulties where exposure was limited to the early years builds the case for better identification, understanding and resourcing of effective early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Gartland
- Intergenerational Health Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia .,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura J Conway
- Intergenerational Health Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Giallo
- Intergenerational Health Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona K Mensah
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fallon Cook
- Intergenerational Health Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelsey Hegarty
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre of Family Violence Prevention, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Herrman
- Orygen and Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jan Nicholson
- Judith Lumley Centre, School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Early Childhood and Inclusive Education, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sheena Reilly
- Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Harriet Hiscock
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Health Services Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Sciberras
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie J Brown
- Intergenerational Health Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Duvvury N, Scriver S, Gammage S, John N. The impacts of violence against women on choice and agency: Evidence from Ghana and Pakistan. WOMENS STUDIES INTERNATIONAL FORUM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wsif.2021.102536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Longitudinal effects of maltreatment, intimate partner violence, and Reminiscing and Emotion Training on children's diurnal cortisol regulation. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 33:868-884. [PMID: 32665044 DOI: 10.1017/s095457942000019x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation in children's physiological stress systems is a key process linking early adversity to poor health and psychopathology. Thus, interventions that improve children's stress physiology may help prevent deleterious health outcomes. Reminiscing and Emotion Training (RET) is a brief relational intervention designed to improve maternal caregiving support by enhancing maltreating mothers' capacity to reminisce with their young children. This study evaluated associations between maltreatment, intimate partner violence, and the RET intervention with changes in children's diurnal cortisol regulation across the 1 year following the intervention, and the extent to which improvements in maternal elaborative reminiscing differed between intervention groups and mediated change in children's physiological functioning. Participants were 237 children (aged 36 to 86 months) and their mothers. Results indicated that the RET intervention was associated with significant positive change in elaborative reminiscing, which was sustained over time. Mothers' elaboration immediately after the intervention served as a mediator of RET's effects on improvements in children's diurnal cortisol regulation (steeper diurnal slopes) from baseline to 1 year following intervention. This suggests RET is effective in facilitating physiological regulation among maltreated children.
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Goldstein BL, Grasso DJ, McCarthy KJ, DiVietro S, Briggs-Gowan MJ. Neurophysiological patterns associated with blunted emotional face processing and withdrawal tendencies in young children exposed to intimate partner violence. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22154. [PMID: 34196402 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies linking child maltreatment to abnormal neurophysiological responses to emotional stimuli and mental health impairment have not specifically explored these patterns in young children exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV). The present study examined two neurophysiological indicators, resting-state electroencephalography and an emotion event-related potential (ERP) in 21 IPV exposed and 30 nonexposed children ages 4-6 years recruited from the community and domestic violence shelters. Frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) was assessed while at rest. FAA is often associated with avoidant/withdrawn behavior and increased risk of IPV-related mental health conditions (e.g., depression). Additionally, the late positive potential (LPP) ERP component, reflecting motivated attention, was acquired in the context of an age-appropriate affective oddball paradigm with low probability animal pictures as targets and human facial expressions (angry, happy, neutral) as distracters. Results demonstrated that IPV-exposed children, compared with nonexposed children, exhibited lower left FAA during resting state and reduced LPPs to oddball targets and affective faces relative to neutral faces in the oddball task. Together, these results suggest neural patterns associated with a blunted response to emotional stimuli and withdrawal tendencies, respectively, in young children exposed to IPV. Implications for emotional socialization in this vulnerable population are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Damion J Grasso
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kimberly J McCarthy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Susie DiVietro
- Injury Prevention Center, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Margaret J Briggs-Gowan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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50
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Miranda JK, Crockett MA, Vera-Pavez JI. The co-occurrence of intimate partner violence exposure with other victimizations: A nationally representative survey of Chilean adolescents. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 117:105046. [PMID: 33839497 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have found a high co-occurrence between Intimate Partner Violence exposure (IPVe) and other forms of victimization, such as physical and sexual abuse, yet little is known about this issue from community samples in Latin America or -in particular- Chile. OBJECTIVE To examine the prevalence, sociodemographic correlates and co-occurrence of IPVe with other youth victimizations in Chile. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A secondary data analysis of the First Poly-victimization Survey in Children and Adolescents in Chile was conducted, which had 19,684 responses from 7th to 11th grade students attending publicly-funded, subsidized and independent schools in urban areas across the country. METHODS The Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire was applied, and sociodemographic information was collected. Multiple logistic regression models were used. RESULTS The prevalence of lifetime IPVe was 13.0 % (95 % CI [12.4-13.6]), and 3.6 % (95 % CI [3.4-4.0]) for past-year IPVe. The factors that were positively associated with lifetime IPVe were: female, over 14 years old, indigenous ethnicity, with a disability, mother with immigrant status, living with only one parent, and attending publicly-funded and subsidized schools. Most of these associations were maintained for past-year IPVe. All victimizations studied were positively associated with lifetime and past-year IPVe. Poly-victimization, maltreatment and witnessing sibling abuse showed the strongest associations (adjusted OR > 4.0). Co-occurrence was particularly high among IPVe youth, especially for community violence (86.2 %) and any maltreatment (81.5 %) in lifetime reports. CONCLUSIONS An integrated approach to assessing IPVe and other forms of victimizations would enrich research and clinical practice, especially early detection of IPVe occurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenniffer K Miranda
- Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Capitán Ignacio Carrera Pinto 1045, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Marcelo A Crockett
- Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths (Imhay). Profesor Alberto Zañartu 1030, Independencia, Santiago, Chile; Escuela de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile. Avenida Independencia 939, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Juan Ignacio Vera-Pavez
- Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Capitán Ignacio Carrera Pinto 1045, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
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