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Molina A, Oliva J, Vazquez-Lepe M, Lopez-Medina M, Ojeda L, Rios-Jara D, Flores-Zuñiga H. Effect of NiAl alloy microparticles deposited in flexible SERS substrates on the limit of detection of rhodamine B molecules. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:16183-16194. [PMID: 39136150 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02592j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
Flexible-SERS (FSERS) substrates were fabricated by depositing Ni64Al36(NiAl)-alloy-microparticles and/or spherical Ag-NPs (sizes of 10-40 nm) on recycled plastics, which had an aluminum layer on their surface. First, FSERS substrates made of Al + Ag-NPs and an area of 1 cm2 were used to detect rhodamine B (RhB) molecules. The limit-of-detection (LOD) for RhB was 8.35 × 10-22 moles (∼503 molecules), and the enhancement factor (EF) was 3.11 × 1015. After adding NiAl-microparticles to the substrate, the LOD decreased to 8.35 × 10-24 moles (∼5 molecules) and the EF was increased to 2.05 × 1017. Such EF values were calculated with respect to substrates made only with Al + NiAl-alloy (without Ag-NPs), which did not show any Raman signal. Other FSERS substrates were made with graphene-layer + Ag-NPs or graphene-layer + NiAl-alloy + Ag-Nps, and the best LOD and EF values were 8.35 × 10-22 moles and 6.89 × 1015, respectively. Overall, combining the Ag-NPs and NiAl-alloy microparticles allowed for the zeptomole detection of RhB. This was possible due to the formation of Ag aggregates around the alloy microparticles, which enhanced the number of hotspots. If no alloy is present in the FSERS substrates, the detection of RhB is lowered. Overall, we presented a low-cost FSERS substrate that does not require expensive Au films or Au-NPs (as previously reported) to detect RhB at the zeptomole level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Molina
- División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., 78216 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - J Oliva
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - M Vazquez-Lepe
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Proyectos, CUCEI-Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - M Lopez-Medina
- División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., 78216 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - L Ojeda
- División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., 78216 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - D Rios-Jara
- División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., 78216 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - H Flores-Zuñiga
- División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., 78216 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
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Gao H, Han X, Wang R, Zhu K, Han R. Adsorption and catalytic degradation of bisphenol A and p-chlorophenol by magnetic carbon nanotubes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116314. [PMID: 37270083 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are common industrial pollutants that seriously endangers water ecology and human health. Therefore, the development of efficient and recyclable adsorbents is of importance for wastewater treatment. In this research, HCNTs/Fe3O4 composites were constructed using co-precipitation way by loading magnetic Fe3O4 particles onto hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), showing excellent adsorption capacity for Bisphenol A (BPA) and p-chlorophenol (p-CP), and excellent catalytic ability of activating potassium persulphate (KPS) for degradation of BPA and p-CP. The adsorption capacity and catalytic degradation potential were evaluated for the removal of BPA and p-CP from solutions. The results showed that the adsorption took only 1 h to reach equilibrium and HCNTs/Fe3O4 had maximum adsorption capacities of 113 mg g-1 for BPA and 41.6 mg g-1 for p-CP at 303 K, respectively. The adsorption of BPA fitted well using the Langmuir, Temkin and Freundlich models while the adsorption of p-CP fitted well using the Freundlich and Temkin models. BPA adsorption on HCNTs/Fe3O4 was dominated by π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding forces. The adsorption included both the mono-molecular layer adsorption on the adsorbent surface and the multi-molecular layer adsorption on the non-uniform surface. The adsorption of p-CP on HCNTs/Fe3O4 was a multi-molecular layer adsorption on a dissimilar surface. The adsorption was controlled by forces such as π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, partition effect and molecular sieve effect. Moreover, KPS was added to the adsorption system to initiate a heterogeneous Fenton-like catalytic degradation. Over a wide pH range (4-10), 90% of the aqueous BPA solution and 88% of the p-CP solution were degraded in 3 and 2 h, respectively. After three adsorption-regeneration or degradation cycles, the removal of BPA and p-CP remained up to 88% and 66%, indicating that HCNTs/Fe3O4 composite is cost-effective, stable and highly efficient to remove BPA and p-CP from solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Gao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No 100 of Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Han
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No 100 of Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Rong Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No 100 of Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Keke Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No 100 of Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Runping Han
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No 100 of Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Visible-Light Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of 4-Chlorophenol Using Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Nanocomposites. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12030281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
4-chlorophenol (4-CP), a hydroxylated aromatic compound (HAC), is a recalcitrant and toxic organic pollutant found in industrial wastewater and various environmental media. In this paper, visible-light-activated photocatalysis using graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) was used to treat 4-CP in an aqueous media. Graphitic carbon nitride from different precursors (dicyanamide, urea, and melamine), as well as GCN/silver nanocomposites (AgBr, Ag3PO4, Ag2CrO4, and Ag), were successfully synthesized and characterized by BET, XRD, SEM, EDS, and UV-Vis DRS. The band gaps of the photocatalysts were estimated using the UV-Vis DRS characterization results and Tauc plots. The evaluation of the efficacy of the GCN-based catalysts in degrading 4-CP was conducted with different photoreactors such as a royal blue light-emitting diode (LED), a UV-A LED, LUZCHEM cool white lamps, and a solar simulator. The results showed that GCNs with royal blue LED can effectively degrade 4-CP from aqueous media. Among the different precursors, urea-derived GCN showed the best performance in degrading 4-CP due to its large surface area. GCN/0.3Ag2CrO4 nanocomposite showed a synergistic effect for the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of 4-CP. The degradation of 4-CP with a rate constant of 2.64 × 10−2 min−1 was achieved with a GCN/0.3Ag2CrO4 nanocomposite under royal blue LED irradiation.
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Lim Y, Yu J, Park S, Kim M, Chen S, Bakri NAB, Sabri NIABM, Bae S, Kim HS. Development of biocatalysts immobilized on coal ash-derived Ni-zeolite for facilitating 4-chlorophenol degradation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 307:123201. [PMID: 32220822 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new type of biocatalyst was developed to facilitate the biochemical decomposition of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) in this study. Oxydoreductases that catalyze the initial steps of 4-CP biodegradation were immobilized on a synthetic inorganic enzyme support. Type-X zeolite, a high-surface area support, was synthesized from coal fly ash, on which nickel ions were plated by impregnation (Ni-zeolite), followed by the effective immobilization (77.5% immobilization yield) of recombinant monooxygenase (CphC-I), dioxygenase (CphA-I), and flavin reductase (Fre) isolated from Pseudarthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6 and Escherichia coli K-12, respectively. The retained catalytic activity of the enzymes immobilized on Ni-zeolite was as high as 64% of the value for the corresponding free enzymes. The Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters vmax and KM of the immobilized enzymes were determined to be 0.20 mM·min-1 and 0.44 mM, respectively. These results are expected to provide useful information with respect to the development of novel enzymatic treatments for phenolic hydrocarbon contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejee Lim
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Yu
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyoon Park
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyu Chen
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Nurul Aziemah Binti Bakri
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sungjun Bae
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Han S Kim
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Chiong T, Lau SY, Zeng X, Danquah MK. Synthesis of peroxidase‐encapsulated sodium cellulose sulphate/poly‐dimethyl‐diallyl‐ammonium chloride biopolymer via polyelectrolyte complexation for enhanced removal of phenol. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tung Chiong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and ScienceCurtin University Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Sie Yon Lau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and ScienceCurtin University Sarawak Malaysia
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6
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Zhang S, Zhang C, Liu M, Huang R, Su R, Qi W, He Z. Poly (γ-Glutamic Acid) Promotes Enhanced Dechlorination of p-Chlorophenol by Fe-Pd Nanoparticles. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:219. [PMID: 30043321 PMCID: PMC6057857 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2634-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has shown considerable promise in the treatment of chlorinated organic compounds, but rapid aggregation and inactivation hinder its application. In this study, palladium-doped zero-valent iron nanoparticles involving poly (γ-glutamic acid) (Fe-Pd@PGA NPs) were synthesized. The nanoparticles were small (~100 nm), uniformly distributed, and highly stable. The dechlorination performance of Fe-Pd@PGA NPs was evaluated using p-CP as a model. The results demonstrated that Fe-Pd@PGA NPs show high activity even in weakly alkaline conditions. The maximum rate constant reached 0.331 min- 1 at pH 9.0 with a Fe to p-CP ratio of 100. Additionally, the dechlorination activity of Fe-Pd@PGA NPs is more than ten times higher than that of the bare Fe-Pd NPs, demonstrating the crucial role of PGA in this system. Furthermore, we investigated the dechlorination performance in the presence of different anions. The results indicated that Fe-Pd@PGA NPs can maintain high activity in the presence of Cl-, H2PO4-, and humic acid, while HPO42-and HCO3- ions slightly reduce the dechlorination activity. We believed that PGA is a promising stabilizer and promoter for Fe-Pd NPs and the Fe-Pd@PGA NPs have the potential for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Renliang Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongxin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhimin He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
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Matta R, Chiron S. Oxidative degradation of pentachlorophenol by permanganate for ISCO application. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2018; 39:651-657. [PMID: 28317441 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1309077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) has been an effective technology for the in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) of many organic compounds including chlorinated alkanes and alkenes, but it has rarely been applied for oxidizing aromatic organochlorines. This study confirms the ability of permanganate to oxidize an aromatic chlorinated compound, pentachlorophenol (PCP), in an efficient manner at neutral pH. The rate of the reaction between KMnO4 and PCP was calculated and the results indicated that the reaction between PCP and permanganate is relatively fast with a second-order rate constant k″ ∼ 30 M-1 s-1. Besides the kinetic aspect, the authors identified the main reaction by-products, and proposed a possible reaction mechanism scheme. The general pathway shows the formation of chlorinated intermediates, and ultimately, the complete mineralization to chloride, water, and CO2 confirmed by total organic carbon and chloride measurement in solution. Flow-through column experiments, consisting of flushing a PCP-contaminated sandy or natural soil with oxidant, showed the good ability of permanganate to eliminate the pollutant. After 24 h of treatment, 77% and 56% of PCP abatement were obtained for sandy and natural soil, respectively. These findings show the high potential of permanganate for the in situ remediation of aromatic organochlorine contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Matta
- a Faculty of Sciences, Chemistry and Life & Earth Sciences Department , Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK) , Jounieh , Lebanon
| | - Serge Chiron
- b UMR HydroSciences Montpellier , Montpellier , France
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8
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Beristain-Montiel L, Martínez-Hernández S, de María Cuervo-López F, Ramírez-Vives F. Dynamics of a microbial community exposed to several concentrations of 2-chlorophenol in an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 36:1776-1784. [PMID: 25666400 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1010595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to contribute to the knowledge on the dynamic of the microbial community involved in anaerobic degradation of different concentrations of 2-chlorophenol (2CP, from 28 to 196 mg 2CP-C/L) and a mixture of 2CP and phenol (from 28 to 196 mg phenol-C/L) and its relationship with the respiratory process in two anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (ASBR). The dynamic of the microbial community was evaluated by denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and ecological indices (S and J indices). The respiratory process was evaluated by means of substrate consumption efficiency, biogas yield, and specific consumption rates as response variables. The high consumption efficiency (90%) and the constant biogas yields obtained at concentrations up to 140 mg C/L may be related with the evenness of microbial populations (J index=0.97±0.2) present in both reactors. Pseudomonas genus was present in all concentrations tested, suggesting a possible relationship with the dehalogenation observed in both reactors. The decrease in specific consumption rate and biogas yield as well as the accumulation of phenol and volatile fatty acids observed in both reactors at 196 mg 2CP-C/L might be associated with the disappearance of the bands related to Caulobacter and Bacillus. At these conditions, the disappearance of fermentative or acetogenic bacteria resulted in reduction of substrates required to carry out methanogenesis, which eventually might cause the declination in methanogenic populations present in the reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizeth Beristain-Montiel
- a Department of Biotechnology , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa , Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa , D.F 09340 , México
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Murcia MD, Gómez M, Bastida J, Hidalgo AM, Montiel MC, Ortega S. Application of a diffusion-reaction kinetic model for the removal of 4-chlorophenol in continuous tank reactors. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2014; 35:1866-1873. [PMID: 24956780 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.885067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A continuous tank reactor was used to remove 4-chlorophenol from aqueous solutions, using immobilized soybean peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide. The influence of operational variables (enzyme and substrate concentrations and spatial time) on the removal efficiency was studied. By using the kinetic law and the intrinsic kinetic parameters obtained in a previous work with a discontinuous tank reactor, the mass-balance differential equations of the transient state reactor model were solved and the theoretical conversion values were calculated. Several experimental series were used to obtain the values of the remaining model parameters by numerical calculation and using an error minimization algorithm. The model was checked by comparing the results obtained in some experiments (not used for the determination of the parameters) and the theoretical ones. The good concordance between the experimental and calculated conversion values confirmed that the design model can be used to predict the transient behaviour of the reactor.
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10
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Lesage O, Roques-Carmes T, Commenge JM, Duten X, Tatoulian M, Cavadias S, Mantovani D, Ognier S. Degradation of 4-Chlorobenzoïc Acid in a Thin Falling Film Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie403772t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lesage
- Institut
de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP), University Pierre et Marie Curie (University of Paris 06), UMR 8247 CNRS, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France
- Laboratory
of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (LBB), Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Thibault Roques-Carmes
- Laboratoire
Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), École Nationale Supérieure des Industries Chimiques, Nancy 54000, France
| | - Jean-Marc Commenge
- Laboratoire
Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), École Nationale Supérieure des Industries Chimiques, Nancy 54000, France
| | - Xavier Duten
- Laboratoire
des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux (LSPM), University of Paris 13, Paris 93430, France
| | - Michael Tatoulian
- Institut
de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Chimie ParisTech, UMR 8247 CNRS, 11 rue Pierre et
Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Simeon Cavadias
- Institut
de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP), University Pierre et Marie Curie (University of Paris 06), UMR 8247 CNRS, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Diego Mantovani
- Laboratory
of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (LBB), Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Stephanie Ognier
- Institut
de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP), University Pierre et Marie Curie (University of Paris 06), UMR 8247 CNRS, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France
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Karci A. Degradation of chlorophenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates, two representative textile chemicals, in water by advanced oxidation processes: the state of the art on transformation products and toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 99:1-18. [PMID: 24216260 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes based on the generation of reactive species including hydroxyl radicals are viable options in eliminating a wide array of refractory organic contaminants in industrial effluents. The assessment of transformation products and toxicity should be, however, the critical point that would allow the overall efficiency of advanced oxidation processes to be better understood and evaluated since some transformation products could have an inhibitory effect on certain organisms. This article reviews the most recent studies on transformation products and toxicity for evaluating advanced oxidation processes in eliminating classes of compounds described as "textile chemicals" from aqueous matrices and poses questions in need of further investigation. The scope of this paper is limited to the scientific studies with two classes of textile chemicals, namely chlorophenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates, whose use in textile industry is a matter of debate due to health risks to humans and harm to the environment. The article also raises the critical question: What is the state of the art knowledge on relationships between transformation products and toxicity?
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Affiliation(s)
- Akin Karci
- Bogazici University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey.
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