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Seesanong S, Seangarun C, Boonchom B, Laohavisuti N, Boonmee W, Thompho S, Rungrojchaipon P. Low-Cost and Eco-Friendly Calcium Oxide Prepared via Thermal Decompositions of Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Acetate Precursors Derived from Waste Oyster Shells. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3875. [PMID: 39124539 PMCID: PMC11313493 DOI: 10.3390/ma17153875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Waste oyster shells were utilized to produce calcium carbonate (CaCO3) by grinding. This CaCO3 was then reacted with acetic acid to yield calcium acetate monohydrate (Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O). Both CaCO3 and Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O were used as precursors for synthesizing calcium oxide (CaO) through thermal decomposition at 900 °C and 750 °C, respectively. The yields of CaO from both precursors, determined through calcination experiments and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), exceeded 100% due to the high purity of the raw agents and the formation of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis revealed a CaO content of 87.8% for CaO-CC and 91.5% for CaO-CA, indicating the purity and contamination levels. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the presence of CaO and minor peaks of Ca(OH)2, attributed to moisture adsorption. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified the vibrational characteristics of the Ca-O bond. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed similar morphologies for both CaO-CC and CaO-CA, with CaO-CA displaying a significant amount of rod-like crystals. Based on these results, calcium acetate monohydrate (CA) is recommended as the superior precursor for synthesizing high-purity CaO, offering advantages for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somkiat Seesanong
- Office of Administrative Interdisciplinary Program on Agricultural Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand;
| | - Chaowared Seangarun
- Material Science for Environmental Sustainability Research Unit, School of Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand;
| | - Banjong Boonchom
- Material Science for Environmental Sustainability Research Unit, School of Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand;
- Municipal Waste and Wastewater Management Learning Center, School of Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand;
| | - Nongnuch Laohavisuti
- Department of Animal Production Technology and Fishery, School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Wimonmat Boonmee
- Department of Biology, School of Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand;
| | - Somphob Thompho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Pesak Rungrojchaipon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand;
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Seesanong S, Seangarun C, Boonchom B, Ohpasee N, Laohavisuti N, Boonmee W, Rungrojchaipon P. Green Ca-source of cockle shells converted to calcium acetate for environmental sustainability. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32153. [PMID: 38868018 PMCID: PMC11168426 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to synthesize and characterize the calcium acetate monohydrate (Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O) from the exothermic reaction between CaCO3 powder derived from cockle shells with three different acetic acids (8, 10, and 12 mol L-1) concentrations by the rapid and easy process without pH and temperature control to lead to cheap chemical production. The physicochemical characteristics of all synthesized Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O samples are investigated based on the chemical compositions, crystal structures, vibrational characteristics, morphologies, and thermal behavior to confirm the target compound. A suitable concentration of 10 mol L-1 CH3COOH was chosen to produce Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O with the highest yield (96.30 %), maximum calcium content (96.2 % CaO) with lower impurities, and time consumption of 17 h. The calcium acetate product obtained from cockle shells in this work shows differences in thermal stability, morphological structure purity, %yield, and metal contamination with those reported obtained from other sources and another shell type in the previous work. This research investigates the transformation of cockle shell waste into CaCO3 for the production of calcium acetate, aiming to address environmental sustainability concerns by reducing the use of calcium ore resources and greenhouse gas emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somkiat Seesanong
- Office of Administrative Interdisciplinary Program on Agricultural Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Chaowared Seangarun
- Material Science for Environmental Sustainability Research Unit, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Banjong Boonchom
- Material Science for Environmental Sustainability Research Unit, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
- Municipal Waste and Wastewater Management Learning Center, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Natee Ohpasee
- Material Science for Environmental Sustainability Research Unit, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Nongnuch Laohavisuti
- Department of Animal Production Technology and Fishery, School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Wimonmat Boonmee
- Department of Biology, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Pesak Rungrojchaipon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
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Cheng M, Liu M, Chang L, Liu Q, Wang C, Hu L, Zhang Z, Ding W, Chen L, Guo S, Qi Z, Pan P, Chen J. Overview of structure, function and integrated utilization of marine shell. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161950. [PMID: 36740075 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Marine shell resources have received great attention from researchers owing to their unique merits such as high hardness, good toughness, corrosion resistance, high adsorption, and bioactivity. Restricted by the level of comprehensive utilization technology, the utilization rate of shells is extremely low, resulting in serious waste and pollution. The research shows that the unique brick-mud structure of shells makes them have diverse and good functional characteristics, which guides them to have great utilization potential in different fields. Hence, this review highlights the constitutive relationship between microstructure-function-application of shells (e.g., gastropods, cephalopods, and amniotes), and the comprehensive applications and development ideas in the fields of biomedicine, adsorption enrichment, pHotocatalysis, marine carbon sink, and environmental deicer. It is worth mentioning that marine shells are currently well developed in three areas: bone repair, health care and medicinal value, and drug carrier, which together promote the progress of biomedical field. In addition, an in-depth summary of the application of marine shells in the adsorption and purification of various impurities such as crude oil, heavy metal ions and dyes at low-cost and high efficiency is presented. Finally, by integrating thoughts and approaches from different applications, we are committed to providing new pathways for the excavation and future high-value of shell resources, clarifying the existing development stages and bottlenecks, promoting the development of related technology industries, and achieving the synergistic win-win situation of economic and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Cheng
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Man Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Lirong Chang
- Weihai Changqing Ocean Science Technology Co., Ltd., Rongcheng 264300, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Chunxiao Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Le Hu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Ziyue Zhang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Wanying Ding
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Sihan Guo
- Business School, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Zhi Qi
- Business School, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Panpan Pan
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; Weihai Changqing Ocean Science Technology Co., Ltd., Rongcheng 264300, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Jingdi Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai 265599, China.
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Wang Y, Huang Z, Zhao M, Miao H, Shi W, Ruan W. Enhanced chloride-free snow-melting agent generation from organic wastewater by integrating bioconversion and synthesis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 366:128200. [PMID: 36309178 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new process for producing chloride-free snow-melting agents (CSAs) was proposed. Organic wastewater was converted to total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) by anaerobic acidogenic fermentation. The experiments for acid generation showed that the maximum TVFA concentration of 45.9 g/L was obtained at an organic loading rate of 5 g chemical oxygen demand /(L·d), and the proportion of acetic acid reached 78.8 %. Forward osmosis was used for concentrating the TVFA solution. The obtained CSAs, after evaporation and crystallization, had a better ice-melting capacity and less corrosion on metal and concrete than NaCl and CaCl2. Additionally, the damage caused by CSAs to the germination of plant seeds was significantly lesser than that caused by chloride salts. This study proposed a feasible method for the high-value conversion of organic wastewater, providing a new direction for the reuse of organic wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Wang
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenxing Huang
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mingxing Zhao
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Hengfeng Miao
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Treatment Technology & Material, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Wansheng Shi
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Treatment Technology & Material, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Wenquan Ruan
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Treatment Technology & Material, Suzhou 215009, China
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Seesanong S, Wongchompoo Y, Boonchom B, Sronsri C, Laohavisuti N, Chaiseeda K, Boonmee W. Economical and Environmentally Friendly Track of Biowaste Recycling of Scallop Shells to Calcium Lactate. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:14756-14764. [PMID: 35557685 PMCID: PMC9088930 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The scallop shell waste (Pectinidae, one of saltwater clams) was used as a raw material (precursor) to prepare calcium lactate (Ca(C2H4OHCOO)2), and the physicochemical properties of scallop-derived calcium lactate were then investigated. The scallop waste was first ground to obtain calcium carbonate (CaCO3) powder, and the calcium lactate compounds were successfully synthesized by the reactions between shell-derived CaCO3 and lactic acid (C2H4OHCOOH). The short preparation time, high percentage yield, and low-cost production are the preferred manners, and, in this research, it was the reaction of 70 wt % lactic acid and scallop-derived CaCO3. The thermal decompositions of both CaCO3 precursor and all prepared calcium lactates resulted in the formation of calcium oxide (CaO), which is widely used as a catalyst for biodiesel production. By comparing with the literature, the results obtained from the characterization instruments (infrared spectrophotometer, X-ray diffractometer, thermogravimetric analyzer, and scanning electron microscope) confirmed the formation and crystal structure of both CaCO3 and its calcium lactate product. The morphologies of calcium lactate show different sizes depending on the acid concentration used in the reaction process. Consequently, this work reports an easy, uncomplicated, low-cost technique to change the cheap calcium compound product (scallop CaCO3) derived from shellfish waste to the valuable compound (calcium lactate), which can be used in many industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somkiat Seesanong
- Department
of Plant Production Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Yok Wongchompoo
- Material
Science for Environmental Sustainability Research Unit, School of
Science, King Mongkut’s Institute
of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
- Municipal
Waste and Wastewater Management Learning Center, School of Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Banjong Boonchom
- Material
Science for Environmental Sustainability Research Unit, School of
Science, King Mongkut’s Institute
of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
- Municipal
Waste and Wastewater Management Learning Center, School of Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Chuchai Sronsri
- Material
Science for Environmental Sustainability Research Unit, School of
Science, King Mongkut’s Institute
of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Nongnuch Laohavisuti
- Department
of Animal Production Technology and Fishery, School of Agricultural
Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute
of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Kittichai Chaiseeda
- Organic
Synthesis, Electrochemistry and Natural Product Research Unit (OSEN),
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Wimonmat Boonmee
- Department
of Biology, School of Science, King Mongkut’s
Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
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A Novel and Green Method for Turning Food Waste into Environmentally-Friendly Organic Deicing Salts: Enhanced VFA Production through AnMBR. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the production efficiency of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) by anaerobic fermentation of food waste and reduce the cost for the production of organic deicing salt (ODS), ceramic microfiltration (MF) membrane separation was applied in the conventional food waste fermenter to build an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR). Results showed that the maximum VFA concentration in AnMBR was up to 55.37 g/L. Due to the fact that the MF membrane could realize in situ separation of VFAs, the recovery of VFAs could reach 95.0%; 66.6% higher than that of traditional fermentation reactors. After the application of the MF membrane, more than 20.0% of soluble COD, 40.0% of proteins, and 50.0% of polysaccharides were retained and more than 90.0% of VFAs could be transferred in a timely fashion in the AnMBR system. In addition, the enrichment effect of the MF membrane enhanced enzymatic activities such as protease, α-Glucosidase and acetate kinase, and increased the abundance of some important bacteria for organic acid generation such as Amphibacter, Peptoniphilus and Halomonas, which made a significant contribution to the yield of VFAs. After concentration, evaporation and crystallization, the melting efficiency of obtained ODS can reach more than 90.0% in chloride salts, which was 112.0% of commercial calcium magnesium acetate (CMA). When compared to chloride salts and CMA, ODS was more environmentally-friendly as it can reduce the corrosion of carbon steel and concrete significantly. This study created a new way of converting food waste into a high-value organic deicing agent, realizing the resource utilization of solid waste and reducing the production cost of organic deicing agents.
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Simple and Rapid Synthesis of Calcium Acetate from Scallop Shells to Reduce Environmental Issues. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/6450289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for sustainable resources remains a subject of global interest. Calcium acetate used in many fields was prepared using waste scallop shell as a raw material, and its physicochemical properties were investigated. The waste scallop shells were transformed to calcium acetate compounds by reactions with four acetic acid concentrations at ambient temperature until the completely dried powder is obtained. The maximum yield of 87% with short reaction time at a low temperature was observed in the reaction of 60%w/w acetic acid with scallop shells. Thermal transformation reactions of all prepared calcium acetate samples revealed temperature conditions for heating to produce other advanced materials. FTIR and XRD results confirmed the purity and solid phase of all prepared calcium acetate samples, and they were compared with those of literatures and found to be well consistent. The obtained timber-like particles have different sizes depending on the acetic acid concentration. This work reports an easy and low-cost method with no environmental effect to produce cheap calcium products to be used in the industry.
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Wang Z, Zhou Z, Xu W, Yang D, Xu Y, Yang L, Ren J, Li Y, Huang Y. Research status and development trends in the field of marine environment corrosion: a new perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:54403-54428. [PMID: 34406565 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15974-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Corrosion had aroused extensive concern and attention because it was an unavoidable problem for marine equipment and facilities in service. However, the current status and development trend of marine environment corrosion research had seldom been systematically studied. Therefore, it was encouraged to use bibliometrics and information visualization analysis methods to conduct bibliometric analysis of related publications in the field of marine environment corrosion based on HistCite, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer software programs. Compared with the traditional comments of researchers in this field, this research provided a direction for the development of quantitative analysis and visualization of marine environment corrosion on a large scale. The results showed that the overall focus of research in the field of marine environment corrosion continued to increase from 1900 to 2019. China had the highest publication productivity, the USA had the highest h-index value and the second highest average citations per item value, Materials Science was the most popular subject category, Corrosion Science was the main journal and Melchers RE was the author with the most output contributions. This research also exhibited four hot spots in this field. In addition, this work could help new researchers to find research directions and identify research trends and frontiers in the field of marine environment corrosion by tracing the research hotspots of topic categories, countries, institutions, journals, authors, and publications in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengquan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao, 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Open Studio for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - ZiYang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao, 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Open Studio for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Weichen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Dan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao, 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Open Studio for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao, 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Open Studio for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lihui Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jie Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao, 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Open Studio for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yantao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Open Studio for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Yanliang Huang
- Open Studio for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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