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Bond GD, Gill LA, Aragon AF, Jayce Victor, Jiménez JC. How Cultural Practices Influence the Understanding and Emotional Intensity of Mexican Children's Memories of Death Events. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241277926. [PMID: 39180510 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241277926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed whether a sample of 43 children in Puebla, Mexico would show the Fading Affect Bias (FAB) for memories of the death of loved ones or pets and for general negative memories. FAB is a phenomenon in which emotional intensity associated with unpleasant memories fades faster than affect in pleasant memories. Mexican children showed FAB across negative and death memories. Younger children showed lower fading for general negative memories when compared to older children. A second aim of this work assessed whether younger (ages 4.83-9) and older (ages 10-13) children in Mexico would show biological and spiritual understanding of death, and findings indicated that Mexican children's understanding included both biological and spiritual subcomponents. Younger children showed lower comprehension of the death subcomponents Inevitability and Irreversibility. Higher depression, anxiety, and social stress scores as measured with the BASC-2 predicted lower FAB, lateralized to negative memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Bond
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM, USA
| | - Leslie A Gill
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM, USA
| | - Alyissa F Aragon
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM, USA
| | - Jayce Victor
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM, USA
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2
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Cang XL, Guerra RR, Guta B, Bucci P, Rodgers L, Mah H, Feng Q, Agrawal A, MacLean KE. FEELing (key)Pressed: Implicit Touch Pressure Bests Brain Activity for Modeling Emotion Dynamics in the Space Between Stressed & Relaxed. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON HAPTICS 2024; 17:310-318. [PMID: 37665695 DOI: 10.1109/toh.2023.3308059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
In-body lived emotional experiences can be complex, with time-varying and dissonant emotions evolving simultaneously; devices responding in real-time to estimate personal human emotion should evolve accordingly. Models assuming generalized emotions exist as discrete states fail to operationalize valuable information inherent in the dynamic and individualistic nature of human emotions. Our multi-resolution emotion self-reporting procedure allows the construction of emotion labels along the Stressed-Relaxed scale, differentiating not only what the emotions are, but how they are transitioning - e.g., "hopeful but getting stressed" vs. "hopeful and starting to relax". We trained participant-dependent hierarchical models of contextualized individual experience to compare emotion classification by modality (brain activity and keypress force from a physical keyboard), then benchmarked classification performance at F1-scores = [0.44, 0.82] (chance F1=0.22, σ = 0.01) and examined high-performing features. Notably, when classifying emotion evolution in the context of an experience that realistically varies in stress, pressure-based features from keypress force proved to be the more informative modality, and more convenient when considering intrusiveness and ease of collection and processing. Finally, we present our FEEL (Force, EEG and Emotion-Labelled) dataset, a collection of brain activity and keypress force data, labelled with self-reported emotion collected during tense videogame play (N = 16) and open-sourced for community exploration.
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Hoehne S, Zimprich D. Predicting the likelihood and amount of fading, fixed, flourishing, and flexible positive and negative affect of autobiographical memories. Mem Cognit 2024; 52:872-893. [PMID: 38191804 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-023-01507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The emotions attributed to an event can change from occurrence to recall. Autobiographical memories (AMs) exhibit fixed affect (i.e., no change in emotionality), fading affect (i.e., a decrease in emotional intensity), flourishing affect (i.e., an increase in emotional intensity), and flexible affect (i.e., change of valence). Mixed-effects multinomial models were used to predict the likelihood of the different affect change categories. Mixed-effects regression models were used to predict the amount of emotional change within each category. Predictors at the event-level were initial intensity, social rehearsal, and recall frequency. Predictors at the participant-level were components of subjective wellbeing. Analyses were based on 1,748 AMs reported by 117 young participants in response to 16 event cues. Frequency biases, and biases in the amount of change across positive and negative emotionality, were found for all types of emotional change. Specifically, there was more fading of negative (29.98%) than positive affect (11.90%), more flourishing of positive (34.27%) than negative affect (9.61%), and more AMs changing from negative to positive valence (13.33%) than vice versa (3.95%). These biases were also evident in the amount of change within the categories. Moreover, slightly more AMs remained fixed in positive (49.89%) than negative affect (47.08%). Both event and participant level predictors were significantly associated with the likelihood of different affect change categories and the amount of emotional change within the categories. The present findings highlight the importance of considering the different ways in which AMs change emotionally from occurrence to later recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hoehne
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee, 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Daniel Zimprich
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee, 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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Sugimori E, Yamaguchi M, Kusumi T. Writing to your past-self can make you feel better. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1327595. [PMID: 38476384 PMCID: PMC10927754 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1327595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-compassionate writing has been shown to be helpful for improving the mental state in some individuals. Here, we investigated how the writer's attitude toward his/her past, present and future and the focus of the writing, i.e., social experience in the past versus self-experience, modulate these effects. In Experiment 1, 150 undergraduates wrote a compassionate letter to their past-self and to their future-self and responded to the Japanese version of the Adolescent Time Inventory-Time Attitudes (ATI-TA) questionnaire. Writing to past-self decreased negative feelings more than writing to future-self. Further, participants who had negative feelings toward their past, present, and future, as assessed by the ATI-TA, were more likely to be emotionally affected by writing a letter to their past-self. In Experiment 2, 31 undergraduates wrote a letter focusing on what they had experienced together with someone, and another 31 undergraduates wrote focusing on what they had experienced alone. Focusing on a social experience was more helpful for recovering from negative feelings than focusing on a self-experience. In conclusion, writing a compassionate letter to one's past-self can improve mood, especially in individuals with a negative time attitude who focus their writing on a social connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Sugimori
- School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayu Yamaguchi
- School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kusumi
- Division of Cognitive Psychology in Education, Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Crawford MT, Marsh C. Time heals all wounds? Naïve theories about the fading of affect associated with autobiographical events. Mem Cognit 2023; 51:1715-1728. [PMID: 37093460 PMCID: PMC10638185 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-023-01426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The current research examined the naïve theories that individuals hold about how affect fades over time. In three studies (with various replications), participants read about positive and negative events and estimated the emotional impact of those events on either themselves or a hypothetical other over different time frames (i.e., 1 week, 1 month, 1 year-Studies 1a-1c) or how long it would take for specific amounts of fade to occur (Studies 2a & 2b). In a final study, participants were directly asked about their beliefs regarding affect fade. Results demonstrated that people have inaccurate expectations about affect fade for positive and negative events. Specifically, participants rate that positive events fade more in the short term, but that negative events fade more in the long term. Results are discussed in terms of how these (incorrect) naïve theories of affect fade relate to metacognitive biases in memory and emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Crawford
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Claire Marsh
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Skowronski JJ, Crouch JL, Milner JS. Does the Fading Affect Bias Vary by Memory Type and a Parent's Risk of Physically Abusing a Child? A Replication and Extension. Psychol Rep 2023; 126:2418-2432. [PMID: 35383506 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221084901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research described in the present article assessed (a) whether a fading affect bias (FAB) occurred in parent memories of a child as well as parent general personal memories and (b) whether either or both of these FAB effects was moderated by a parent's risk of physically abusing a child. A FAB effect, unmoderated by parents' abuse risk status, emerged for parents' general personal memories. In contrast, the FAB was muted when high abuse risk parents remembered child-related events: High abuse risk parents seemed unable to "let go" of negative affect prompted by recall of negative events involving their children. This finding replicates and extends findings reported in prior research. However, this significant moderation effect occurred for only one event memory collection method. This methodological dependence is unusual: the FAB effect is typically impervious to methodological variations. Implications of these results, as well as suggestions for future research, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Skowronski
- Center for the Study of Family Violence and Sexual Assault, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Julie L Crouch
- Center for the Study of Family Violence and Sexual Assault, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Joel S Milner
- Center for the Study of Family Violence and Sexual Assault, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
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Contractor AA, Batley PN, Compton SE, Weiss NH. Relations Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Positive Memory Characteristics Among Women Reporting Intimate Partner Violence: A Micro-Longitudinal Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:7266-7295. [PMID: 36541198 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221143200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Evidence links posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms to positive autobiographical memory characteristics. To extend this research, we uniquely utilized micro-longitudinal data to examine (1) the trajectory of PTSD symptom count across 30 days; and (2) if more vividness and accessibility of retrieved positive memories at the daily level predicted decreases in the trajectory of PTSD symptom count across 30 days. The current study was a secondary data analysis of a larger study. The sample included 74 women who reported physical or sexual victimization in the past 30 days by their current male partner and reported the use of alcohol and/or drugs during that time (Mage = 39.68 years; 37.80% with diagnostic PTSD; 43.2% White; 37.8% Black or African American). They completed thrice daily measures of PTSD symptoms and positive memory characteristics (vividness and accessibility) across 30 days. Results of the random effects longitudinal multilevel model indicated that, on average, the relation between PTSD symptom count and positive memory vividness was positive and statistically significant (0.19, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] [0.2, 0.35]); and the relation between PTSD symptom count and positive memory accessibility was positive and statistically significant (0.31, 95% CI [0.15, 0.47]). The relationship between PTSD symptom count and positive memory vividness/accessibility (i.e., slopes) varied significantly across participants, with a wide range of positive and negative regression coefficients. Future research needs to investigate why and how positive memory vividness and accessibility may relate to trajectories of PTSD symptoms over time, with potential clinical implications for positive memory interventions addressing PTSD.
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Crawford MT, Hammond MD, Marsh C. Holding on & letting go: romantic attachment and fading affect bias. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 163:1-18. [PMID: 34935589 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2021.2017254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The current research examined the phenomenon of fading affect bias - the tendency for affect associated with negative events to fade more than affect associated with positive events - within the context of romantic relationships. Participants recalled and evaluated positive and negative relationship-specific and non-relationship autobiographical events. Participants also completed measures of attachment avoidance and anxiety. Multi-level modeling demonstrated fading affect bias for relationship and non-relationship events, but that affect fade was shaped by attachment orientations. Specifically, higher attachment anxiety, and lower attachment avoidance predicted greater importance of relationship events which predicted lower fading of affective intensity of memories. Thus, attachment anxiety sustained, while attachment avoidance suppressed the affect of relational memories. We discuss implications of these findings for relationship maintenance.
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The power of negative and positive episodic memories. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE, & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 22:869-903. [PMID: 35701665 PMCID: PMC9196161 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-01013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The power of episodic memories is that they bring a past moment into the present, providing opportunities for us to recall details of the experiences, reframe or update the memory, and use the retrieved information to guide our decisions. In these regards, negative and positive memories can be especially powerful: Life’s highs and lows are disproportionately represented in memory, and when they are retrieved, they often impact our current mood and thoughts and influence various forms of behavior. Research rooted in neuroscience and cognitive psychology has historically focused on memory for negative emotional content. Yet the study of autobiographical memories has highlighted the importance of positive emotional memories, and more recently, cognitive neuroscience methods have begun to clarify why positive memories may show powerful relations to mental wellbeing. Here, we review the models that have been proposed to explain why emotional memories are long-lasting (durable) and likely to be retrieved (accessible), describing how in overlapping—but distinctly separable—ways, positive and negative memories can be easier to retrieve, and more likely to influence behavior. We end by identifying potential implications of this literature for broader topics related to mental wellbeing, education, and workplace environments.
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10
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Fading Affect Bias in Mexico: Differential Fading of Emotional Intensity in Death Memories and Everyday Negative Memories. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Muir K, Madill A, Brown C. Reflective rumination mediates the effects of neuroticism upon the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory. SELF AND IDENTITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2022.2041080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Muir
- School of Management, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Department of Psychology, School of Sciences, Bath Spa University, Bath, UK
| | - Anna Madill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Charity Brown
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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12
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Gibbons JA, Dunlap S, Friedmann E, Dayton C, Rocha G. The Fading Affect Bias is Disrupted by False Memories in Two Diary Studies of Social Media Events. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Gibbons
- Christopher Newport University, Department of Psychology, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News Virginia United States
| | - Spencer Dunlap
- Christopher Newport University, Department of Psychology, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News Virginia United States
| | - Emma Friedmann
- Christopher Newport University, Department of Psychology, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News Virginia United States
| | - Clare Dayton
- Christopher Newport University, Department of Psychology, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News Virginia United States
| | - Gabriela Rocha
- Christopher Newport University, Department of Psychology, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News Virginia United States
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13
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A Fading Affect Bias First: Specific Healthy Coping with Partner-Esteem for Romantic Relationship and Non-Relationship Events. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910121. [PMID: 34639423 PMCID: PMC8508288 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Fading Affect Bias (FAB) is the faster fading of unpleasant affect than pleasant affect. Research suggests that the FAB is an indicator of general healthy coping, but it has not shown consistent specific healthy coping via differential relations of the FAB to individual differences across event types. Although previous research did not find specific healthy coping for the FAB across romantic relationship events, these researchers did not include non-relationship control events. Therefore, we examined the relation of the FAB to various relationship variables across romantic relationship events and non-relationship control events. We found general healthy coping in the form of robust FAB effects across both event types and expected relations between relationship variables and the FAB. We also found three significant three-way interactions with the FAB showing specific healthy coping for partner-esteem, which is novel for the FAB. Rehearsal ratings mediated all the three-way interactions.
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Gibbons JA, Dunlap SM, LeRoy S, Thomas T. Conservatism positively predicted fading affect bias in the 2016
US
presidential election at low, but not high, levels of negative affect. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Taylor Thomas
- Christopher Newport University Newport News Virginia
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15
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El Haj M, Boudoukha A, Moustafa AA, Antoine P, Allain P, Gallouj K. “La vie en rose”: A positive shift of autobiographical memory in Alzheimer’s Disease. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2020; 86:103953. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2019.103953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gibbons JA, Bouldin B. Videogame play and events are related to unhealthy emotion regulation in the form of low fading affect bias in autobiographical memory. Conscious Cogn 2019; 74:102778. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.102778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Pace-Schott EF, Amole MC, Aue T, Balconi M, Bylsma LM, Critchley H, Demaree HA, Friedman BH, Gooding AEK, Gosseries O, Jovanovic T, Kirby LA, Kozlowska K, Laureys S, Lowe L, Magee K, Marin MF, Merner AR, Robinson JL, Smith RC, Spangler DP, Van Overveld M, VanElzakker MB. Physiological feelings. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 103:267-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Walker WR, Alexander H, Aune K. Higher Levels of Grit Are Associated With a Stronger Fading Affect Bias. Psychol Rep 2019; 123:124-140. [PMID: 31126224 DOI: 10.1177/0033294119852579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The affect associated with negative events fades faster than the affect associated with positive events (the fading affect bias). The fading affect bias is present in most participants and is thought to be evidence of a healthy coping mechanism operating in autobiographical memory. Prior research shows that the fading affect bias can be distorted by negative individual difference variables such as dysphoria and anxiety. The goal of this research is to link the fading affect bias to the positive individual difference variable of Grit. A total of 197 participants completed the short Grit Scale and were divided into four groups based on their Grit scores (i.e., low Grit to high Grit). Participants retrieved positive and negative event memories and then made affect ratings for the events. The results show that increased levels of Grit were associated with a stronger fading affect bias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kine Aune
- Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, USA
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19
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Gibbons JA, Lee SA. Rehearsal partially mediates the negative relations of the fading affect bias with depression, anxiety, and stress. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Gibbons
- Department of PsychologyChristopher Newport University Virginia Newport News USA
| | - Sherman A. Lee
- Department of PsychologyChristopher Newport University Virginia Newport News USA
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Zengel B, Lee EM, Walker WR, Skowronski JJ. Romantic relationships and fading of affect for memories of the shared past. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Zengel
- Psychology DepartmentUniversity of Southampton Southampton UK
| | | | | | - John J. Skowronski
- Center for the Study of Family Violence and Sexual AssaultNorthern Illinois University DeKalb USA
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21
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The Effect of Memory in Inducing Pleasant Emotions with Musical and Pictorial Stimuli. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17638. [PMID: 30518885 PMCID: PMC6281742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35899-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Music is known to evoke emotions through a range of mechanisms, but empirical investigation into the mechanisms underlying different emotions is sparse. This study investigated how affective experiences to music and pictures vary when induced by personal memories or mere stimulus features. Prior to the experiment, participants were asked to select eight types of stimuli according to distinct criteria concerning the emotion induction mechanism and valence. In the experiment, participants (N = 30) evaluated their affective experiences with the self-chosen material. EEG was recorded throughout the session. The results showed certain interaction effects of mechanism (memory vs. stimulus features), emotional valence of the stimulus (pleasant vs. unpleasant), and stimulus modality (music vs. pictures). While effects were mainly similar in music and pictures, the findings suggest that when personal memories are involved, stronger positive emotions were experienced in the context of music, even when the music was experienced as unpleasant. Memory generally enhanced social emotions specifically in pleasant conditions. As for sadness and melancholia, stimulus features did not evoke negative experiences; however, these emotions increased strongly with the involvement of memory, particularly in the condition of unpleasant music. Analysis of EEG-data corroborated the findings by relating frontomedial theta activity to memory-evoking material.
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Roberts JE, Yanes-Lukin P, Kyung Y. Distinctions between autobiographical memory specificity and detail: Trajectories across cue presentations. Conscious Cogn 2018; 65:342-351. [PMID: 30181070 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Autobiographical memory is central to identity and self-awareness, but individuals with depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder tend to have overgeneral memories. Recent research has suggested that the ability to retrieve specific memories and individual differences in the amount of detail in specific memories are independent (Kyung, Yanes-Lukin, & Roberts, 2016). We re-analyzed data from Kyung et al. to test whether these constructs are distinct in terms of their trajectories over cue presentations. Results indicated a U-shaped trajectory for specificity, but a inverted-U trajectory for detail, suggesting a dissociation in which periods of decreasing probability of retrieving specific memories correspond to increasing amounts of detail. Further, trajectories had similar forms when memories included emotional content, but differed for recollections that did not include emotional content. Finally, at the individual level, slopes for specificity and detail across trials were uncorrelated. These findings provide further support for the independence of these constructs.
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Gibbons JA, Lee SA, Fehr AMA, Wilson KJ, Marshall TR. Grief and Avoidant Death Attitudes Combine to Predict the Fading Affect Bias. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1736. [PMID: 30104526 PMCID: PMC6121466 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The fading affect bias (FAB) occurs when unpleasant affect fades faster than pleasant affect. To detect mechanisms that influence the FAB in the context of death, we measured neuroticism, depression, anxiety, negative religious coping, death attitudes, and complicated grief as potential predictors of FAB for unpleasant/death and pleasant events at 2 points in time. The FAB was robust across older and newer events, which supported the mobilization-minimization hypothesis. Unexpectedly, complicated grief positively predicted FAB, and death avoidant attitudes moderated this relation, such that the Initial Event Affect by Grief interaction was only significant at the highest 3 quintiles of death avoidant attitudes. These results were likely due to moderate grief ratings, which were, along with avoidant death attitudes, related to healthy outcomes in past research. These results implicate complicated grief and death avoidant attitudes as resiliency mechanisms that are mobilized during bereavement to minimize its unpleasant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Gibbons
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA.
| | - Sherman A Lee
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA.
| | - Ashley M A Fehr
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, 5115 Hampton Blvd, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
| | - Kalli J Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA.
| | - Timothy R Marshall
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA.
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Corsa AJ, Walker WR. Moral psychology of the fading affect bias. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2018.1477126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Corsa
- College of Arts and Sciences, Lynn University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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Rollins L, Gibbons JA, Cloude EB. Affective change greater for unpleasant than pleasant events in autobiographical memory of children and adults: A retrospective study. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nørby
- Danish School of Education, Aarhus University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Gibbons JA, Horowitz KA, Dunlap SM. The fading affect bias shows positive outcomes at the general but not the individual level of analysis in the context of social media. Conscious Cogn 2017. [PMID: 28622585 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Unpleasant affect fades faster than pleasant affect (e.g., Walker, Vogl, & Thompson, 1997); this effect is referred to as the Fading Affect Bias (FAB; Walker, Skowronski, Gibbons, Vogl, & Thompson, 2003a). Research shows that the FAB is consistently related to positive/healthy outcomes at a general but not at a specific level of analysis based on event types and individual differences (e.g., Gibbons et al., 2013). Based on the positive outcomes for FAB and negative outcomes for social media (Bolton et al., 2013; Huang, 2010), the current study examined FAB in the context of social media events along with related individual differences. General positive outcomes were shown in the form of robust FAB effects across social media and non-social media events, a larger FAB for non-social media events than for social media events, negative correlations of FAB with depression, anxiety, and stress as well as a positive correlation of FAB with self-esteem. However, the lack of a negative correlation between FAB and anxiety for social media events in a 3-way interaction did not show positive outcomes at a specific level of analysis. Rehearsal ratings mediated the 3-way interaction. Implications are discussed.
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28
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Ali S, Alea N. Does Who I Am or How I Regulate Matter? Consequences of Manipulation of Emotion Regulation Strategies. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2016; 85:135-163. [PMID: 27940903 DOI: 10.1177/0091415016682252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study experimentally examined the affective and social consequences of emotion regulation in men and women from young adulthood to old age. Participants were instructed to reappraise, suppress, or given no instructions while recalling a negative memory about their romantic relationship. Participants were 191 adults in a Trinidadian lifespan sample. Engaging in suppression resulted in higher relationship satisfaction, particularly for women, whereas engaging in reappraisal reduced negative affect for middle-aged versus younger adults. Reappraisal was, however, particularly consequential for young women who experienced higher levels of negative affect compared with men of the same age and older aged women. Regardless of instructions, older adults experienced higher relationship satisfaction, higher positive and lower negative affect than younger aged adults. Results are discussed considering the positivity effect for older adults, and how the current and historical climate of Trinidad influences the way women regulate their emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sideeka Ali
- 1 University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
| | - Nicole Alea
- 1 University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
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Gibbons JA, Rollins L. Assessing the Initial Pleasantness for Fading Affect, Fixed Affect, Flourishing Affect, and Flexible Affect Events. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leslie Rollins
- 1051 Forbes Hall; Christopher Newport University; Newport News USA
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Skowronski JJ, Crouch JL, Coley SL, Sasson S, Wagner MF, Rutledge E, Cote K, Miksys C, Milner JS. Fading of Affect Associated with Negative Child-Related Memories Varies by Parental Child Abuse Potential. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gibbons JA, Fehr AMA, Brantley JC, Wilson KJ, Lee SA, Walker WR. Testing the fading affect bias for healthy coping in the context of death. DEATH STUDIES 2016; 40:513-527. [PMID: 27261212 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2016.1186760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Affect fades faster for unpleasant events than for pleasant events (e.g., Walker, Vogl, & Thompson, 1997 ), which is referred to as the fading affect bias (FAB; Walker, Skowronski, Gibbons, Vogl, & Thompson, 2003 ). Although research has generally shown that the FAB is a healthy coping mechanism, this same finding has not been demonstrated at a specific level of analysis accounting for particular event types and related individual differences (e.g., Gibbons et al., 2013 ). Given the strong unpleasant emotions associated with death (Rask, Kaunonen, & Paunonen-Ilmonen, 2002 ), the current study examined FAB in the context of death events and participant attitudes toward death. General healthy coping was shown by robust FAB across death and control (i.e., everyday) events and by a negative correlation between negative religious coping and FAB. Although healthy coping at a specific level of analysis was supported by increased FAB for participants who held accepting attitudes toward death when they recalled everyday events, it was not supported by decreased FAB for the same participants when they recalled death events. This effect was mediated by rehearsal ratings, not depression. Implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Gibbons
- a Department of Psychology , Christopher Newport University , Newport News , Virginia , USA
| | - Ashley M A Fehr
- a Department of Psychology , Christopher Newport University , Newport News , Virginia , USA
| | - J Claire Brantley
- a Department of Psychology , Christopher Newport University , Newport News , Virginia , USA
| | - Kalli J Wilson
- a Department of Psychology , Christopher Newport University , Newport News , Virginia , USA
| | - Sherman A Lee
- a Department of Psychology , Christopher Newport University , Newport News , Virginia , USA
| | - W Richard Walker
- b Department of Psychology , Winston Salem State University , Winston-Salem , North Carolina , USA
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32
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Muir K, Madill A, Brown C. Individual differences in emotional processing and autobiographical memory: interoceptive awareness and alexithymia in the fading affect bias. Cogn Emot 2016; 31:1392-1404. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1225005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Muir
- Faculty of Business and Law, Centre for the Study of Behaviour Change and Influence, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Anna Madill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Charity Brown
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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33
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Lindeman MIH, Zengel B, Skowronski JJ. An exploration of the relationship among valence, fading affect, rehearsal frequency, and memory vividness for past personal events. Memory 2016; 25:724-735. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2016.1210172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Leonhardt A, Schmukle SC, Exner C. Evidence of Big-Five personality changes following acquired brain injury from a prospective longitudinal investigation. J Psychosom Res 2016; 82:17-23. [PMID: 26944394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many studies using different assessment methods have reported personality changes after acquired brain injury (ABI). However, to our knowledge, no prospective study has yet been conducted to examine whether previous cross-sectional and retrospective results can be replicated in a longitudinal prospective design. Further, because clinical control groups were only rarely used, it remains debatable if the personality changes found are unique to patients with ABI or if they also affect patients with other disabilities. METHODS This study examined personality change in 114 participants with different kinds of ABI, 1321 matched controls (general control, GC), and 746 matched participants with restrictive impairments other than brain injury (clinical control, CC) in a prospective longitudinal design using data from the panel survey Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA). RESULTS Participants with ABI showed significantly larger declines in Extraversion and Conscientiousness compared with the GC group. When the ABI participants were compared with the CC group, only the difference in Conscientiousness remained significant. CONCLUSION Our prospective data corroborate evidence from previous cross-sectional studies that patients with ABI experience larger declines in Extraversion and Conscientiousness than the general population. Whereas the effect on Conscientiousness was unique to patients with ABI, the decline in Extraversion was also observed in participants with other impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Leonhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Neumarkt 9-19, D-04081 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Stefan C Schmukle
- Department of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Neumarkt 9-19, D-04081 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cornelia Exner
- Department of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Neumarkt 9-19, D-04081 Leipzig, Germany
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Abstract
Is forgetting mostly a positive force in human life? On the surface, this seems to not be the case, and people often associate memory loss with frustration in their everyday lives. Yet, forgetting does not have exclusively negative consequences; it also serves valuable, indeed vital, functions. In this article, I review and reflect on evidence from various areas of research, and I argue that forgetting serves at least three broad purposes. First, it is part of emotion regulation, and it promotes subjective well-being by limiting access to negative memories and by reducing unpleasant affect. Forgetting thereby allows for positivity and painlessness. Second, it is involved in knowledge acquisition, and it provides a basis for obtaining semantic and procedural knowledge by allowing for abstraction and automatization. Third, forgetting is part of context attunement, and it orients information processing for the present and the future by facilitating environmental sensitivity and by ensuring that knowledge is current, which enables timeliness and updating. Overall, I suggest that forgetting helps people to be happy, well-structured, and context sensitive, and thereby that it serves fundamentally adaptive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nørby
- Danish School of Education, Aarhus University
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Gibbons JA, Hartzler JK, Hartzler AW, Lee SA, Walker WR. The Fading Affect Bias shows healthy coping at the general level, but not the specific level for religious variables across religious and non-religious events. Conscious Cogn 2015. [PMID: 26196449 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The research on fading emotions has shown that unpleasant emotions fade more over time than pleasant emotions, which is a phenomenon referred to as the Fading Affect Bias (FAB). Based on the negative relation between the FAB and dysphoria (Walker, Skowronski, Gibbons, Vogl, & Thompson, 2003), some researchers have argued that the FAB is a healthy coping mechanism (Walker, Skowronski, & Thompson, 2003). As religious variables are related to positive emotions and emotional coping (e.g., Cohen, 2002; Pargament, Smith, Koenig, & Perez, 1998), we examined the FAB as a healthy coping mechanism at the general and specific levels of analysis in the context of religion. General healthy coping was supported by (1) FAB effects across both religious events (REs) and non-religious events (NREs) and (2) a positive relation for spirituality and the FAB. However, specific healthy coping was not supported by a small FAB for (1) REs at high levels of positive religious coping (PRC) for NREs, (2) NREs at low levels of PRC for NREs, and (3) purely REs relative to REs involving spirituality. Other implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - W Richard Walker
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Colorado State University at Pueblo Pueblo, CO 81001, United States.
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Chen XJ, Liu LL, Cui JF, Wang Y, Shum DHK, Chan RCK. Chinese and Australians showed difference in mental time travel in emotion and content but not specificity. Front Psychol 2015; 6:879. [PMID: 26167154 PMCID: PMC4481147 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental time travel refers to the ability to recall episodic past and imagine future events. The present study aimed to investigate cultural differences in mental time travel between Chinese and Australian university students. A total of 231 students (108 Chinese and 123 Australians) participated in the study. Their mental time travel abilities were measured by the Sentence Completion for Events from the Past Test (SCEPT) and the Sentence Completion for Events in the Future Test (SCEFT). Results showed that there were no cultural differences in the number of specific events generated for the past or future. Significant differences between the Chinese and Australian participants were found mainly in the emotional valence and content of the events generated. Both Chinese and Australian participants generated more specific positive events compared to negative events when thinking about the future and Chinese participants were more positive about their past than Australian participants when recalling specific events. For content, Chinese participants recalled more events about their interpersonal relationships, while Australian participants imagined more about personal future achievements. These findings shed some lights on cultural differences in episodic past and future thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Jie Chen
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Lu-Lu Liu
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Ji-Fang Cui
- Information Center, National Institute of Education SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - David H. K. Shum
- Behavioural Basis of Health Program and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith UniversityGold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Raymond C. K. Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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Ritchie TD, Sedikides C, Skowronski JJ. Emotions experienced at event recall and the self: Implications for the regulation of self-esteem, self-continuity and meaningfulness. Memory 2015; 24:577-91. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2015.1031678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ritchie TD, Walker WR, Marsh S, Hart C, Skowronski JJ. Narcissism Distorts the Fading Affect Bias in Autobiographical Memory. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - W. Richard Walker
- Department of Psychological Sciences; Winston-Salem State University; Winston-Salem USA
| | - Shawnda Marsh
- Department of Psychological Sciences; Winston-Salem State University; Winston-Salem USA
| | - Claire Hart
- School of Psychology; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
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Walker WR, Yancu CN, Skowronski JJ. Trait anxiety reduces affective fading for both positive and negative autobiographical memories. Adv Cogn Psychol 2014; 10:81-9. [PMID: 25320653 PMCID: PMC4197641 DOI: 10.5709/acp-0159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The affect associated with negative events fades faster than the affect
associated with positive events (the Fading Affect Bias; the FAB). The research
that we report examined the relation between trait anxiety and the FAB. Study 1
assessed anxiety using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale; Studies 2 and
3 used the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Studies 1 and 2 used retrospective procedures
to probe positive event memories and negative event memories while Study 3 used
a diary procedure. The results of all 3 studies showed that increased anxiety
was associated with both a lowered FAB and lower overall affect fading for both
positive events and negative events. These results suggest that for people free
of trait anxiety, the FAB reflects the operation of a healthy coping mechanism
in autobiographical memory that is disrupted by trait anxiety.
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Muir K, Brown C, Madill A. The fading affect bias: Effects of social disclosure to an interactive versus non-responsive listener. Memory 2014; 23:829-47. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2014.931435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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42
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Westerhof GJ, Bohlmeijer ET. Celebrating fifty years of research and applications in reminiscence and life review: State of the art and new directions. J Aging Stud 2014; 29:107-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaging.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ritchie TD, Batteson TJ, Bohn A, Crawford MT, Ferguson GV, Schrauf RW, Vogl RJ, Walker WR. A pancultural perspective on the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory. Memory 2014; 23:278-90. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2014.884138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ritchie TD, Skowronski JJ, Cadogan S, Sedikides C. Affective Responses to Self-Defining Autobiographical Events. SELF AND IDENTITY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2013.863222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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46
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The fading affect bias across alcohol consumption frequency for alcohol-related and non-alcohol-related events. Conscious Cogn 2013; 22:1340-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Finnbogadóttir H, Berntsen D. Involuntary future projections are as frequent as involuntary memories, but more positive. Conscious Cogn 2012; 22:272-80. [PMID: 22884775 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mental time travel (MTT) is the ability to mentally project oneself into one's personal past or future, in terms of memories of past events or projections of possible future events. We investigated the frequency and valence of involuntary (spontaneously arising) MTT in the context of high trait worry. High (N=18) and low (N=16) worriers recorded the frequency and valence of involuntary memories and future projections using a structured notebook and completed measures probing individual differences related to negative affectivity. Involuntary future projections were as frequent as involuntary memories. We found a positivity bias for both past and future MTT, in that fewer negative events were reported than positive or neutral ones. This positivity bias was greater for future than for past events. Individual differences related to negative affectivity were positively associated with the proportion of negative events, indicating a reduced positivity bias in individuals with a general tendency to experience negative affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildur Finnbogadóttir
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark.
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49
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Hartnett JL, Skowronski JJ. Affective forecasts and the Valentine's Day shootings at NIU: People are resilient, but unaware of it. JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2010.498615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Walker WR, Skowronski JJ. The Fading affect bias: But what the hell is it for? APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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