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Wu H, Lu B, Xiang N, Qiu M, Da H, Xiao Q, Zhang Y, Shi H. Different activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex between anxious depression and non-anxious depression during an autobiographical memory task: A fNIRS study. J Affect Disord 2024; 362:585-594. [PMID: 39019227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) previous studies have found that activation differences in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during an autobiographical memory task (AMT) under the condition of different emotional valences may be neurophysiological markers of depression and different depression subtypes. Additionally, compared with non-anxious depression, anxious depression presents abnormal hemodynamic activation in the DLPFC. This study aimed to use fNIRS to investigate hemodynamic activation in the DLPFC of depression patients with and without anxiety during AMT triggered by different emotional valence stimuli. METHODS We recruited 194 patients with depression (91 with non-anxious depression, 103 with anxious depression) and 110 healthy controls from Chinese college students. A 53-channel fNIRS was used to detect cerebral hemodynamic differences in the three groups during AMT. RESULTS The results showed that: (1) the activation of oxy-Hb in the left DLPFC was significantly higher under positive emotional valence than under negative emotional valence for healthy controls and patients with non-anxious depression, while there was no significant difference between positive and negative emotional valence observed in response to anxious depression; and (2) Oxy-Hb activation under negative emotional valence was significantly higher in the anxious depression group than in the non-anxious depression group. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that the hemodynamic hyperactivation of negative emotional valence in the left DLPFC may be due to the neurophysiological differences between anxious and non-anxious patients with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifen Wu
- School of Education, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Baoquan Lu
- School of Education, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China; School of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Nian Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hui Da
- School of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
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Mistica M, Haylock P, Michalewicz A, Raad S, Fitzgerald E, Hitchcock C. A natural language model to automate scoring of autobiographical memories. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:6707-6720. [PMID: 38664340 PMCID: PMC11362422 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02385-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
Biases in the retrieval of personal, autobiographical memories are a core feature of multiple mental health disorders, and are associated with poor clinical prognosis. However, current assessments of memory bias are either reliant on human scoring, restricting their administration in clinical settings, or when computerized, are only able to identify one memory type. Here, we developed a natural language model able to classify text-based memories as one of five different autobiographical memory types (specific, categoric, extended, semantic associate, omission), allowing easy assessment of a wider range of memory biases, including reduced memory specificity and impaired memory flexibility. Our model was trained on 17,632 text-based, human-scored memories obtained from individuals with and without experience of memory bias and mental health challenges, which was then tested on a dataset of 5880 memories. We used 20-fold cross-validation setup, and the model was fine-tuned over BERT. Relative to benchmarking and an existing support vector model, our model achieved high accuracy (95.7%) and precision (91.0%). We provide an open-source version of the model which is able to be used without further coding, by those with no coding experience, to facilitate the assessment of autobiographical memory bias in clinical settings, and aid implementation of memory-based interventions within treatment services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meladel Mistica
- Melbourne Data Analytics Platform (MDAP), University of Melbourne, Melbourne Connect, Carlton, 3053, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Patrick Haylock
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Tin Alley, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Michalewicz
- Melbourne Data Analytics Platform (MDAP), University of Melbourne, Melbourne Connect, Carlton, 3053, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steph Raad
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Tin Alley, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emily Fitzgerald
- Melbourne Data Analytics Platform (MDAP), University of Melbourne, Melbourne Connect, Carlton, 3053, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caitlin Hitchcock
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Tin Alley, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.
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Dehghan Manshadi Z, Neshat-Doost HT, Jobson L. Cognitive factors as mediators of the relationship between childhood trauma and depression symptoms: the mediating roles of cognitive overgeneralisation, rumination, and social problem-solving. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2320041. [PMID: 38433724 PMCID: PMC10913708 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2320041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Childhood trauma has negative immediate and long-term impacts on depression. Questions remain, however, regarding the cognitive factors influencing this relationship. This study aimed to investigate the role of three cognitive factors - cognitive overgeneralisation, rumination and social problem-solving - as mediating factors in the relationship between childhood trauma and symptoms of depression.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in Iran from March to July 2023. Participants (N = 227; Mean age 32.44 ± 8.95 years) with depression completed measures of childhood trauma, depression, self-overgeneralisation, cognitive errors, memory specificity, rumination and social problem-solving. The conceptual model was assessed using structural equation modelling.Results: Structural equation modelling indicated that childhood trauma had a positive direct effect on depression symptoms. Childhood trauma had a positive indirect effect on depression symptoms through both self-overgeneralisation and rumination and a negative indirect effect on depression through effective social problem-solving strategies.Conclusions: The findings suggest increased exposure to childhood trauma may be associated with elevated depression and self-overgeneralisation, rumination, and effective social problem-solving strategies may play an important role in this relationship. These findings hold potential implications for those working with patients with depression and a history of childhood trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Duken SB, Keessen L, Hoijtink H, Kindt M, van Ast VA. Bayesian evaluation of diverging theories of episodic and affective memory distortions in dysphoria. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1320. [PMID: 38351107 PMCID: PMC10864297 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
People suffering from dysphoria retrieve autobiographical memories distorted in content and affect, which may contribute to the aetiology and maintenance of depression. However, key memory difficulties in dysphoria remain elusive because theories disagree how memories of different valence are altered. Here, we assessed the psychophysiological expression of affect and retrieved episodic detail while participants with dysphoria (but without a diagnosed mental illness) and participants without dysphoria relived positive, negative, and neutral memories. We show that participants with dysphoria retrieve positive memories with diminished episodic detail and negative memories with enhanced detail, compared to participants without dysphoria. This is in line with negativity bias but not overgeneral memory bias theories. According to confirmatory analyses, participants with dysphoria also express diminished positive affect and enhanced negative affect when retrieving happy memories, but exploratory analyses suggest that this increase in negative affect may not be robust. Further confirmatory analyses showed that affective responses to memories are not related to episodic detail and already present during the experience of new emotional events. Our results indicate that affective memory distortions may not emerge from mnemonic processes but from general distortions in positive affect, which challenges assumptions of memory theories and therapeutics. Protocol registration: The Stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on the 18rd of March 2021. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14605374.v1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha B Duken
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Liza Keessen
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Herbert Hoijtink
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Merel Kindt
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vanessa A van Ast
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Greene T, Contractor AA, Dicker-Oren SD, Fentem A, Sznitman SR. The Effects of the Processing of Positive Memories Technique on Posttrauma Affect and Cognitions Among Survivors of Trauma: Protocol for a Daily Diary Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2024; 13:e51838. [PMID: 38214953 PMCID: PMC10818235 DOI: 10.2196/51838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Processing of Positive Memories Technique (PPMT) is a promising new treatment approach for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which involves detailed narration and processing of specific positive autobiographical memories. Indeed, preliminary case-series studies have found reductions in PTSD symptoms, negative affect, and negative cognitions among survivors of trauma who have received PPMT. However, PPMT's effects have not been investigated at the daily level. In this study, we describe the protocol for a study that will examine the daily-level impacts of PPMT in a trauma-exposed, nonclinical community sample. OBJECTIVE This study uses an innovative research protocol that combines case-series design and daily diary approaches to examine changes in daily affect, daily cognitions, and daily PTSD symptoms pre- and post-PPMT. We hypothesize that at the daily level, in comparison to their own pre-PPMT levels, following the PPMT intervention, participants will report (1) a lower count of endorsed daily PTSD symptoms, (2) increases in daily positive affect and decreases in daily negative affect, (3) increases in positive affect reactivity to daily positive events, and (4) decreases in daily posttrauma cognitions. METHODS We are currently recruiting participants (target n=70) from a metroplex in the southwest United States. Following a screening survey, eligible participants complete a preintervention baseline survey, followed by 21 daily surveys in their natural environments. Then, they receive 4 PPMT sessions on a weekly basis. After the conclusion of the PPMT intervention, participants complete a postintervention outcome survey and 21 daily surveys. To compare daily affect, daily cognitions, and daily PTSD symptoms before and after PPMT, we will use the daily diary report data and conduct multilevel random intercepts and slopes linear regression models. RESULTS Data collection was initiated in March 2022 and is expected to end by June 2024. As of November 28, 2023, a total of 515 participants had consented to the study in the screening phase. No analyses will be conducted until data collection has been completed. CONCLUSIONS Study findings could clarify whether deficits in positive autobiographical memory processes may also characterize PTSD alongside deficits in traumatic memory processes. Furthermore, PPMT could be an additional therapeutic tool for clinicians to help clients reduce posttraumatic distress in their everyday lives. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/51838.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talya Greene
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Community Mental Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ateka A Contractor
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | | | - Andrea Fentem
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
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Contractor AA, Messman B, Gould P, Slavish DC, Weiss NH. Impacts of repeated retrieval of positive and neutral memories on posttrauma health: An investigative pilot study. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2023; 81:101887. [PMID: 37343425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Evidence indicates that positive memory processes play a role in the etiology and maintenance of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and related posttrauma health indicators. To extend this research, the current pilot study examined if repeated retrieval of positive vs. neutral memories was associated with (1) less PTSS and depression severity; and (2) improved affect and cognitions (fewer posttrauma cognitions, more positively-valenced affect, less negatively-valenced affect, less negative affect interference, less anhedonia, retrieval of more positive specific memories, retrieval of fewer negative specific memories). METHODS Twenty-five trauma-exposed participants were randomly assigned to a positive or neutral memory task condition. They participated in four weekly experimental sessions facilitated by an experimenter virtually; each consecutive session was separated by 6-8 days. We conducted mixed between-within subjects ANOVAs to examine study hypotheses. RESULTS No interaction effects were significant. There were significant main effects of time on PTSS and depression severity, posttrauma cognitions, positively-valenced and negatively-valenced affect, and negative affect interference. LIMITATIONS We used self-report measures, small and non-clinical sample with limited demographic diversity, and virtual format; did not record memory narratives; and did not have a trauma memory condition. CONCLUSIONS Based on pilot data, our findings suggest that individuals who retrieve positive or neutral memories repeatedly may report less PTSS and depression severity, fewer posttrauma cognitions, and improved affect. Results provide an impetus to examine impacts of and mechanisms underlying memory interventions (beyond a sole focus on negatively-valenced memories) in trauma work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brett Messman
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Preston Gould
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Danica C Slavish
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Nicole H Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, RI, USA
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7
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Preko T, Edler K, Behrens B, Valentino K. A Meta-Analysis of the Influence of Cue Valence on Overgeneral Memory and Autobiographical Memory Specificity Among Youth. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:1683-1698. [PMID: 37466746 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Overgeneral memory (OGM), or difficulty recalling specific memories when recounting autobiographical events, is associated with psychopathology. According to functional avoidance theory, OGM-or reduced autobiographical memory specificity (AMS)-may serve as an emotion regulation strategy that aids in the avoidance of painful, negative memories (Sumner, 2012; Williams et al., 2007). Some researchers argue that there may be a valence effect for OGM, such that there is a higher frequency of overgenerality when recalling negative memories compared to positive memories. Although not supported among adults, valence effects may be present among children and adolescents if OGM initially develops in response to negative cues and then generalizes to all memory recall over time. This meta-analysis examined differences in child and adolescent OGM and AMS based on cue valance; standardized mean differences between negative and positive valence cues for OGM and AMS indices were calculated. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search resulted in 26 studies assessing OGM and 30 assessing AMS. There was a significant effect of valence on OGM (d = 0.17, p = 0.01) and AMS (d = -0.20, p = 0.01). There was a higher frequency of overgeneral responses to negative cue words than positive cue words. Similarly, there was a higher frequency of specific responses for positive cue words than negative cue words. Subgroup analyses considering differences in valence effects by participant age (childhood vs. adolescence), sample type (clinical vs. community), and task instructions (verbal vs. written) were not significant. Theoretical advancements for our understanding of OGM and AMS and clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Preko
- Department of Psychology, Corbett Family Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Katherine Edler
- Department of Psychology, Corbett Family Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Brigid Behrens
- Department of Psychology, Corbett Family Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Kristin Valentino
- Department of Psychology, Corbett Family Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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Adelina N, Chiu CHM, Lam K, Takano K, Barry TJ. Social operant conditioning of autobiographical memory sharing. Behav Res Ther 2023; 168:104385. [PMID: 37598525 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The memories for past autobiographical experiences that we share can influence relationship formation and consolidation with important implications for our mental health. However, little is known about how people's responses to our memories can influence subsequent memory sharing. Previous research examined how operant processes (i.e., punishment with aversive sounds) influence the sharing of memories for specific events from our past. Understanding the (social) mechanisms associated with difficulty sharing specific autobiographical memories is important given the association between these difficulties and a range of psychiatric diagnoses. We investigate the effects of verbal and non-verbal social operants on the willingness to share specific autobiographical memories. Participants shared memories with a confederate who coded their memories as specific or non-specific and responded in either an engaged/attentive, dismissive manner or gave no feedback depending on participants' assigned condition. Participants who were reinforced for sharing specific memories and punished for sharing non-specific memories, were more likely to share specific than non-specific memories compared to those who received no feedback. Reinforcement alone was not sufficient for modifying specificity. The ways that we respond to people when they share memories with us can influence their subsequent willingness to share specific events from their past.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Adelina
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - K Lam
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - K Takano
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - T J Barry
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK.
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9
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Markostamou I, Randall C, Kvavilashvili L. Dissociations between directly and generatively retrieved autobiographical memories: evidence from ageing. Memory 2023; 31:931-947. [PMID: 37189257 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2212921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Autobiographical memory research has largely focused on effortful, generative retrieval processes, particularly in cognitive ageing literature. However, recent evidence has shown that autobiographical memories are often retrieved directly, without effortful retrieval processes. In the present study, we examined the retrieval characteristics and the phenomenological qualities of directly and generatively retrieved memories in younger and older adults. Participants recalled autobiographical memories in response to word-cues and reported whether each of their memories was retrieved directly (i.e., memory popped into mind) or generatively (i.e., they actively searched for it), and provided ratings for several retrieval and phenomenological characteristics. Overall, directly retrieved autobiographical memories were recalled faster and with less effort, were more recent, more frequently rehearsed, more vivid, and more positive in valence than generatively retrieved memories. Importantly, while younger adults recalled a higher number of generatively retrieved autobiographical memories than older adults, there were no age effects on the number of directly retrieved memories. We also established the parallel-form reliability of the word-cue method in eliciting autobiographical memories by comparing two sets of word-cues. The results provide novel insights on the dissociable effects of retrieval type and ageing on autobiographical memories. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Markostamou
- Psychology Division, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Chloe Randall
- Psychology Division, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Lia Kvavilashvili
- Psychology Division, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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Contractor AA, Jin L, Weiss NH. Open Label Pilot Study on Posttrauma Health Impacts of the Processing of Positive Memories Technique (PPMT). JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY INTEGRATION 2023; 33:213-234. [PMID: 37577256 PMCID: PMC10420900 DOI: 10.1037/int0000290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Processing of Positive Memories Technique (PPMT) was proposed as a novel intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PPMT comprises of 5 sessions focused on identifying and processing positive memories. As an open label pilot study, we explored PPMT's effects on PTSD severity, depression severity, affect and cognitive processes, and therapeutic alliance. A sample of 12 trauma-exposed participants seeking services at a University Psychology Clinic participated in 5 PPMT sessions (Mage=29.25 years; 58.30% women). We used the reliable change indices and clinically significant change score approach. The following number of participants showed statistically reliable changes: 9 participants for PTSD severity (8 recovered/improved); 6 participants for depression severity (5 improved); 5 participants for positive affect levels (2 recovered/improved); 9 participants for negative affect levels (8 recovered); 9 participants for posttrauma cognitions (7 recovered/improved); 5 participants for positive emotion dysregulation (4 recovered); 11 participants for number of retrieved positive memories (3 recovered); and 5 participants for therapeutic alliance (4 recovered). PPMT may impact certain posttrauma targets more effectively (PTSD, depression, negative affect, posttrauma cognitions). PPMT may be more helpful in improving regulation rather than levels of positive affect. PPMT, if supported in further investigations, may add to the clinician tool-box of PTSD interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling Jin
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, CA
| | - Nicole H Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, RI, U.S
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11
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Matsumoto N, Takahashi Y, Hallford DJ. Different retrieval mechanisms of overgeneral autobiographical memory for positive and negative cues in remitted major depressive disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2023; 79:101822. [PMID: 36494217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM) has been shown to occur in depressed and previously depressed populations regardless of the emotional valence of cues. However, recent research has pointed out that the retrieval process underlying OGM, generative retrieval (i.e., retrieval requiring effort or additional information) or direct retrieval (i.e., memory that comes to consciousness without effort or additional information), may differ depending on the emotional valence of cues. We examined the hypotheses that a remitted MDD (major depressive disorder), group compared with a control group, would show (a) more direct retrieval of categoric memories for negative cues, (b) more generative retrieval of categoric memories for positive cues, and (c) less direct retrieval of specific memories for positive cues. METHODS A remitted clinical MDD group (n = 21) and control group (n = 21) completed the Autobiographical Memory Test with minimal instruction, and were required to subjectively judge generative retrieval and direct retrieval. RESULTS As expected, results showed that the remitted MDD group reported more frequent direct retrieval of categoric memory for negative cues and more generative retrieval of categoric memory for positive cues than the control group. LIMITATIONS Our paradigm for distinguishing between generative and direct retrieval relied on subjective judgements. CONCLUSIONS This extends the findings from student sample in previous studies to a help-seeking population. Increased availability of negative categoric memories and the attenuation of positive specific recall represent vulnerabilities for MDD. We discuss how these findings provide further rationale for memory therapeutics for MDD and refinement of those techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Matsumoto
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan.
| | | | - David John Hallford
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Road, Geelong, Australia
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12
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Contractor AA, Messman BA, Slavish DC, Weiss NH. Do positive memory characteristics influence daily-level trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms? an exploratory daily diary study. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2023; 36:320-338. [PMID: 35561031 PMCID: PMC9653523 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2022.2075856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Evidence links posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with positive memory characteristics. To extend this research, we utilized daily diary data to examine (1) concurrent/lagged associations between daily PTSD symptom severity and positive memory vividness/accessibility; and (2) associations between baseline-assessed positive memory characteristics and changes in PTSD symptom severity over time. DESIGN AND METHODS A sample of 238 trauma-exposed participants (Mage = 21.19 years; 86% women) completed baseline and 10 daily measures of PTSD symptoms and positive memory characteristics. Multilevel models covaried for gender, number of trauma types, and number of completed surveys. RESULTS Days with greater PTSD symptom severity than an individual's average associated with less vividness (b = -0.02, p < .001) and accessibility (b = -0.02, p < .001) of the positive memory on the same day. Days with greater positive memory vividness (b = -1.06, p < .001) and accessibility (b = -0.93, p < .001) than an individual's average associated with less PTSD symptom severity on the same day. There were no significant lagged associations between these constructs. There were significant interactions between baseline-assessed psychological distance and time (b = -0.04, p = .042) and between baseline-assessed visual perspective and time (b = 0.05, p = .023) on PTSD symptom severity across days. CONCLUSIONS Findings inform positive memory intervention targets for PTSD and provide impetus for longitudinal investigations on their inter-relations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brett A. Messman
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Danica C. Slavish
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Nicole H. Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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13
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Compton SE, Slavish DC, Weiss NH, Bowen HJ, Contractor AA. Associations between positive memory count and hazardous substance use in a trauma-exposed sample: Examining the moderating role of emotion dysregulation. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79:1480-1508. [PMID: 36861379 PMCID: PMC10182872 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research has demonstrated links between autobiographical memory retrieval and hazardous substance use. However, limited work has examined relations between positive autobiographical memories and hazardous substance use, as well as moderating factors influencing these relations. Thus, we examined the potential moderating roles of negative and positive emotion dysregulation in the relations between count of retrieved positive memories and hazardous substance use (alcohol and drug use separately). METHODS Participants were 333 trauma-exposed students (Mage = 21.05; 85.9% women) who completed self-report measures assessing positive memory count, hazardous alcohol and drug use, negative emotion dysregulation, and positive emotion dysregulation. RESULTS Positive emotion dysregulation significantly moderated the association between positive memory count and hazardous alcohol use (b = 0.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.01, 0.06], p = 0.019), as well as the association between positive memory count and hazardous drug use (b = 0.02, 95% CI [0.01, 0.03], p = 0.002). Individuals with more positive emotion dysregulation had stronger associations between increases in positive memory count and increased hazardous substance use. CONCLUSION Findings indicate that trauma-exposed individuals who retrieve more positive memories and experience difficulties regulating positive emotions report greater hazardous substance use. Positive emotion dysregulation may be an important target for memory-based interventions among trauma-exposed individuals who report hazardous substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danica C. Slavish
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Nicole H. Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Holly J. Bowen
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
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14
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Weiss-Cowie S, Verhaeghen P, Duarte A. An Updated Account of Overgeneral Autobiographical Memory in Depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 149:105157. [PMID: 37030646 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous meta-analyses on Overgeneral Autobiographical Memory (OGM) and depression have emphasized clinically diagnosed current depression, leaving questions about subthreshold and remitted depression. Further, numerous studies of OGM remain unconsidered due to a focus on one testing paradigm, the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT). We conducted a meta-analysis on OGM in depression including remitted, subthreshold, and currently depressed samples and incorporating non-AMT studies. Our novel use of three-level models enabled robust variance analyses with multiple effect sizes from each study while controlling for dependencies across effect sizes. With results from 67 published and unpublished works, ours is the largest meta-analysis to date on OGM in depression. We identified decreased autobiographical memory specificity (Hedges' g = -0.73) and increased categoricity (Hedges' g = 0.77) for depressed individuals over controls. Moderator analyses suggested more severe OGM in current, clinical MDD than subthreshold and remitted depression, although deficits were still present in the latter groups. Our results highlight the importance of utilizing a broader range of testing paradigms and considering non-clinical depression in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Weiss-Cowie
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA; MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Paul Verhaeghen
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Audrey Duarte
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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15
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Contractor AA, Caldas SV, Dolan M, Weiss NH. Factors Related to Positive Memory Count Among Trauma-Exposed Individuals: A Scoping Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2022; 23:1568-1584. [PMID: 33960225 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211013130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To examine the existing knowledge base on trauma experiences and positive memories, we conducted a scoping review of trauma and post-trauma factors related to positive memory count. In July 2019, we searched PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Embase, and PTSDpubs for a combination of words related to "positive memories/experiences," "trauma/posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)," and "number/retrieval." Twenty-one articles met inclusion criteria (adult samples, original articles in English, peer-reviewed, included trauma-exposed group or variable of trauma exposure, trauma exposure examined with a trauma measure/methodology, assessed positive memory count, empirical experimental/non-experimental study designs). Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines, two authors reviewed abstracts, completed a secondary search, and independently extracted data. Our review indicated (1) that depression and PTSD were most researched; (2) no conclusive relationships of positive memory count with several psychopathology (depression, acute stress disorder, eating disorder, and anxiety), cognitive/affective, neurobiological, and demographic factors; (3) trends of potential relationships of positive memory count with PTSD and childhood interpersonal traumas (e.g., sexual and physical abuse); and (4) lower positive memory specificity as a potential counterpart to greater overgeneral positive memory bias. Given variations in sample characteristics and methodology as well as the limited longitudinal research, conclusions are tentative and worthy of further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ateka A Contractor
- Department of Psychology, 3404University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie V Caldas
- Department of Psychology, 3404University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Megan Dolan
- Department of Psychology, 3404University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Nicole H Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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16
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Cognitive-Emotional Benefits of Weekly Exposure to Nature: A Taiwanese Study on Young Adults. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14137828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Empirical evidence of nature’s benefits to cognitive and emotional well-being is emerging. In this study, 48 Taiwanese young adults (24 indoors and 24 outdoors in urban greenspace) completed four weekly 45 min exposure sessions. The study explores whether the outdoor group surpasses the indoor group in cognitive and emotional well-being and nature connectedness. There were no significant differences for the indoor group across different measurements of rumination and connectedness to nature. However, the outdoor group displayed a significant reduction in rumination post-test compared to the one week prior and the first session. Similarly, for sessions two, three, and four and one month post-test, the outdoor group’s connectedness to nature was significantly higher than pre-test. Specific autobiographical memory was enhanced while overgeneral autobiographic memory was reduced during the third and fourth sessions, though these changes were not sustained at one-month follow-up. Surprisingly, both groups yielded similar results in decreased depression, anxiety, and stress. A significantly higher number of outdoor group participants had employed nature exposure for coping with stress or emotions after the program. We discuss the implications of this for counseling services for young adults and highlight future research possibilities, including formulating a nature-exposure protocol and a program evaluation for consolidating evidence-based nature prescription.
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17
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Hallford DJ, Matsumoto N. Direct retrieval bias for general and specific memories for
negatively valenced
cues in major depression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 57:577-584. [PMID: 35429168 PMCID: PMC9541550 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with reduced specificity in autobiographical memory. It has been argued that this tendency occurs through a failure of effortful generative retrieval, regardless of valence of cue word. However, we propose that in MDD general memories are likely to be recalled via direct retrieval, and direct retrieval is more likely for negatively valenced cues. To provide a preliminary test of this, a large sample with MDD (N = 298; M age = 47.2) completed the autobiographical memory test and indicated whether retrievals were generative or direct. Categoric and extended memories for negatively valenced cues were more often directly retrieved than generatively retrieved, and more often than direct retrieval for positively valenced cues. In contrast, categoric and extended memories for positively valenced cues were more often generatively retrieved relative to generative retrieval for negatively valenced cues. Relative to non‐clinical samples, direct retrieval for negatively valenced cues was high. Retrieval method and valence may be moderating processes in the type of memories recalled. This preliminary work presents the possibility of an extension of theory on retrieval tendencies in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noboru Matsumoto
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Arts Shinshu University Nagano Japan
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18
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Hallford DJ, Rusanov D, Yeow JJE, Barry TJ. Overgeneral and specific autobiographical memory predict the course of depression: an updated meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2021; 51:909-926. [PMID: 33875023 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721001343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Impairments in retrieving event-level, specific autobiographical memories, termed overgeneral memory (OGM), are recognised as a feature of clinical depression. A previous meta-analytic review assessing how OGM predicts the course of subsequent depressive symptoms showed small effects for correlations and regression analyses when baseline depressive symptoms were controlled for. We aimed to update this study and examine whether their findings replicate given the decade of research that has been published since. A systematic literature review using the same eligibility criteria as the previous meta-analysis led to a doubling of eligible studies (32 v. 15). The results provided more precise estimates of effect sizes, and largely support the finding that OGM predicts the course of depressive symptoms. The effects were generally small, but significantly larger among clinical samples, compared to studies with non-clinical samples. There was some evidence that higher age was associated with stronger effects, and longer follow-up was associated with weaker effects. The findings on other moderating variables that were analysed were mixed. Continued research into this modifiable cognitive process may help to provide an avenue to better understand and treat highly prevalent and impactful depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hallford
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D Rusanov
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J J E Yeow
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Melbourne, Australia
| | - T J Barry
- Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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19
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Barry TJ, Sewart AR, Adam EK, Zinbarg RE, Mineka S, Craske MG. The longitudinal association between individual differences in recall of positive specific autobiographical memories and daily cortisol. Biol Psychol 2021; 162:108086. [PMID: 33775736 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines the longitudinal association between cortisol (dys)regulation - mean cortisol awakening response (CAR) and area under the curve with respect to ground (AUCg) for total daily cortisol - and autobiographical memory. 135 participants (mean age at baseline = 16.1; Females = 78.5 %) provided cortisol samples (T1). Seven months later participants retrieved autobiographical memories cued by positive and negative words (T2). Four years subsequently, participants provided cortisol samples again (T3). The retrieval of more specific memories cued by positive words, but not negative words, was associated with higher AUCg four years later, independent of sex, recent life stressors and self-reported negative self-related cognitions. There were no associations between CAR and autobiographical memory. Neither AUC nor CAR at T1 predicted subsequent autobiographical memory abilities. People who retrieve more positive specific memories may be more likely to imagine and seek out positive experiences and this may be associated with higher cortisol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J Barry
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Researching Emotional Disorders and Development Lab, The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amy R Sewart
- UCLA Anxiety and Depression Research Centre, Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emma K Adam
- School of Education and Social Policy and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Richard E Zinbarg
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; The Family Institute at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Sue Mineka
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; The Family Institute at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Michelle G Craske
- UCLA Anxiety and Depression Research Centre, Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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20
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Contractor AA, Weiss NH, Forkus SR. Moderating effects of dysregulation and fear of positive emotions on the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and positive memory count. J Clin Psychol 2021; 77:701-721. [PMID: 32844395 PMCID: PMC7878328 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined moderating effects of positive emotion dysregulation and fear of positive emotions in the relation between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity and positive memory count. METHOD Participants were 205 trauma-exposed community individuals (Mage = 35.44; 61.50% female). RESULTS Moderation analyses indicated interaction effects of PTSD severity with nonacceptance of positive emotions (b = -0.01, p = .002) and difficulties with goal-directed behaviors when experiencing positive emotions (b = -0.01, p = .006) on positive memory count. CONCLUSIONS Greater PTSD severity was associated with more specific positive memories when individuals reported less nonacceptance of positive emotions and fewer difficulties engaging in goal-directed behaviors in the context of positive emotions. Greater PTSD severity was associated with fewer specific positive memories when individuals reported greater nonacceptance of positive emotions and greater difficulties engaging in goal-directed behaviors in the context of positive emotions. Results support addressing positive emotion dysregulation in memory-focused interventions for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole H. Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, RI, USA
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21
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Contractor AA, Kearns NT, Weiss NH, Blumenthal H. Examining relations of polytraumatization typologies with positive memory count and phenomenology. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2021; 34:107-120. [PMID: 32686501 PMCID: PMC7769926 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1795644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Most individuals experience multiple potentially traumatizing events (PTEs); hence, it is important to consider count and types of PTEs (polytraumatization) in relation to post-trauma health. Notably, no research has examined polytraumatization typologies in relation to positive memory count and phenomenology. We examined (1) latent subgroupings of individuals based on PTE endorsements; and (2) relation of the optimal latent class solution to positive memory count and phenomenology. Design: Participants were 203 trauma-exposed adults (Mage = 35.40; 61.10% females); we used PTEs endorsed on the Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 as indicators for analyses. Results: Latent class analyses indicated a three-class solution differing in quantity and quality of PTE types: Low Experience, Predominant Interpersonal PTEs, and Predominant Non-Interpersonal PTEs. Further, more positive memories predicted membership in the Low Experience vs. other classes; greater sensory details of a positive memory predicted membership in the Low Experience vs. the Predominant Interpersonal PTEs Classes; and greater accessibility of a positive memory predicted membership in the Predominant Interpersonal PTEs vs. the Predominant Non-Interpersonal PTEs Classes. Conclusions: Results indicated three meaningful subgroups endorsing differing levels/types of PTEs; count, sensory details, and accessibility of positive memories, pending further investigation, may differentiate these subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan T Kearns
- Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Nicole H Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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22
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Hallford D, Austin D, Takano K, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Raes F. Computerized Memory Specificity Training (c-MeST) for major depression: A randomised controlled trial. Behav Res Ther 2021; 136:103783. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Belcher J, Kangas M. Autobiographical memory specificity in response to emotion pictorial cues among non‐clinical participants. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Belcher
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - Maria Kangas
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
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24
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Van den Bergh O, Brosschot J, Critchley H, Thayer JF, Ottaviani C. Better Safe Than Sorry: A Common Signature of General Vulnerability for Psychopathology. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 16:225-246. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691620950690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several labels, such as neuroticism, negative emotionality, and dispositional negativity, indicate a broad dimension of psychopathology. However, largely separate, often disorder-specific research lines have developed that focus on different cognitive and affective characteristics that are associated with this dimension, such as perseverative cognition (worry, rumination), reduced autobiographical memory specificity, compromised fear learning, and enhanced somatic-symptom reporting. In this article, we present a theoretical perspective within a predictive-processing framework in which we trace these phenotypically different characteristics back to a common underlying “better-safe-than-sorry” processing strategy. This implies information processing that tends to be low in sensory-perceptual detail, which allows threat-related categorical priors to dominate conscious experience and for chronic uncertainty/surprise because of a stagnated error-reduction process. This common information-processing strategy has beneficial effects in the short term but important costs in the long term. From this perspective, we suggest that the phenomenally distinct cognitive and affective psychopathological characteristics mentioned above represent the same basic processing heuristic of the brain and are only different in relation to the particular type of information involved (e.g., in working memory, in autobiographical memory, in the external and internal world). Clinical implications of this view are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jos Brosschot
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University
| | - Hugo Critchley
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex
| | - Julian F. Thayer
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Cristina Ottaviani
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome
- Laboratorio di Neuroimmagini Funzionali, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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25
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Hallford DJ, Takano K, Raes F, Austin DW. Psychometric Evaluation of an Episodic Future Thinking Variant of the Autobiographical Memory Test – Episodic Future Thinking-Test (EFT-T). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Future-oriented variants of the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) are often used to assess the generation of specific episodic future thoughts, however, as yet the underlying factor structure of items in this modified test has not been examined. Therefore, over two studies we examined the factor structure and validity of an episodic future thinking variant of the Autobiographical Memory Test (Episodic Future Thinking-Test; EFT-T). In Study 1, exploratory factor analysis ( N = 466) showed a one-factor structure underlying responses to positive, negative, and concrete noun cue words on the EFT-T. In Study 2, confirmatory factor analysis with a different sample ( N = 304) and using different cue words showed a good fit for a single-factor structure. In both studies, good convergent validity was found with scores on the EFT-T correlating with autobiographical memory specificity scores, with support for divergent factors also. Mixed support was found for associations with measures of mental imagery, and the implications for measurement are discussed. These studies provide the first evidence that the EFT-T unidimensionally assesses specificity in episodic future thinking across two cue word sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Hallford
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Keisuke Takano
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Filip Raes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - David W. Austin
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Increased Direct Retrieval of Overgeneral Categoric Memory in Individuals with Dysphoria and a History of Major Depression. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Contractor AA, Greene T, Dolan M, Weiss NH, Armour C. Relation between PTSD symptom clusters and positive memory characteristics: A network perspective. J Anxiety Disord 2020; 69:102157. [PMID: 31751918 PMCID: PMC6960352 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Positive memory characteristics relate to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity. We utilized a network approach to examine relations between PTSD clusters (intrusions, avoidance, negative alterations in cognitions and mood [NACM], alterations in arousal and reactivity [AAR]) and positive memory characteristics (count, accessibility, valence, vividness, coherence, time perspective, sensory details). We identified differential relations between PTSD clusters and positive memory characteristics, and central/bridging symptoms. Participants were an Amazon Mechanical Turk-recruited sample of 206 individuals (Mage = 35.36; 61.20% females). We estimated a regularized Gaussian Graphic Model comprising four nodes representing the PTSD clusters and six nodes representing positive memory characteristics. Regarding cross-community relations, AAR (highest node strength) was negatively associated with positive memory count, valence, coherence, and accessibility; avoidance was positively and negatively associated with positive memory vividness and count respectively. The NACM-AAR and intrusion-avoidance edges were significantly stronger than most edges. From the PTSD community, AAR and avoidance had the highest bridge strength and bridge expected influence respectively; from the positive memory community, coherence and vividness had the highest bridge strength and bridge expected influence respectively. Results indicate the potential pivotal role of AAR, avoidance, coherence, and vividness in the PTSD-positive memory relation, which renders them assessment/treatment targets pending further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Talya Greene
- Department of Community Mental Health, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Megan Dolan
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Nicole H. Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, RI, TX, USA
| | - Cherie Armour
- School of Psychology, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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28
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Barry TJ, Takano K, Boddez Y, Raes F. Lower Sleep Duration Is Associated With Reduced Autobiographical Memory Specificity. Behav Sleep Med 2019; 17:586-594. [PMID: 29424553 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2018.1435542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective/Background: Sleep can have an important influence on memory. However, it is unclear whether there is any relation between sleep quality and the specificity with which autobiographical memories are retrieved, a key factor associated with vulnerability for, and the presence of, depression and other psychiatric diagnoses. The present study provides the first investigation of the association between sleep quality and autobiographical memory specificity. Participants and Method: Fifty-four unselected community participants completed the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) to assess memory specificity, while subjective and objective measures of total sleep time and sleep onset latency were provided through a daily diary and an actigraphy wristwatch worn for a week. Participants also completed questionnaires that measure known correlates of AMT specificity: the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Results: Shorter sleep duration, measured using actigraphy, was associated with reduced autobiographical memory specificity. There was no evidence of an association between total sleep time recorded by self-report diaries, or of sleep onset latency recorded using actigraphy or diaries and memory specificity. The relation between actigraphy-assessed total sleep time and memory specificity was independent of the effects of rumination or depressive symptoms on these variables. Conclusions: Shorter sleep duration is associated with reduced memory specificity. Future research examining memory specificity and its association with psychopathology should consider the role of sleep quality around the time of memory recall in specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J Barry
- a Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong.,b Department of Psychology, The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Keisuke Takano
- c Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Yannick Boddez
- d Centre for Learning Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Filip Raes
- d Centre for Learning Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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29
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Contractor AA, Banducci AN, Dolan M, Keegan F, Weiss NH. Relation of positive memory recall count and accessibility with post-trauma mental health. Memory 2019; 27:1130-1143. [PMID: 31189410 PMCID: PMC6643998 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1628994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Positive memory encoding and retrieval deficits have an empirical relation with several post-trauma outcomes. Drawing from the Contractor et al. model, we examined relations between positive memory characteristics and post-trauma mental health indicators. A trauma-exposed community sample of 203 participants (Mage = 35.40 years; 61.10% female) was recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Participants completed measures of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; PTSD Checklist for DSM-5), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), posttraumatic cognitions (Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory), affect (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule), count/number of recalled specific positive memories (Autobiographical Memory Test) and accessibility of a specific positive memory (i.e., subjective ease of recalling details of a memory; Memory Experiences Questionnaire-Short Form). Linear regression results indicated that PTSD intrusion severity, PTSD negative alterations in cognitions and mood (NACM) severity, PTSD alterations in arousal and reactivity (AAR) severity, self-blame, and positive affect significantly and negatively predicted the count of specific positive memories. Further, PTSD NACM severity, PTSD AAR severity, negative cognitions about the self, and negative affect significantly and negatively predicted accessibility of a specific positive memory. Thus, count/accessibility of specific positive memories was associated with several post-trauma mental health indicators; this highlights the relevance and potential impact of integrating positive memories into trauma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ateka A Contractor
- a Department of Psychology , University of North Texas , Denton , TX , USA
| | - Anne N Banducci
- b The National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System , Boston , MA , USA
- c Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Megan Dolan
- a Department of Psychology , University of North Texas , Denton , TX , USA
| | - Fallon Keegan
- a Department of Psychology , University of North Texas , Denton , TX , USA
| | - Nicole H Weiss
- d Department of Psychology , University of Rhode Island , Kingston , RI , USA
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Barry TJ, Vinograd M, Boddez Y, Raes F, Zinbarg R, Mineka S, Craske MG. Reduced autobiographical memory specificity affects general distress through poor social support. Memory 2019; 27:916-923. [PMID: 31092144 PMCID: PMC10948046 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1607876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sharing specific autobiographical events is likely to influence the support people give us; a person who shares little detail of their lives may be unlikely to attract social support and this may in turn contribute towards anxious and depressive symptoms. Participants (N = 142) reported memories evoked by negative and positive cue words and these memories were coded for whether or not they referred to a specific event lasting less than 24 h. At this time (T1) and one year later (T2), participants also completed the UCLA Life Stress Interview (LSI), which includes a measure of social support, and measures of depression and anxiety comprising a general distress latent construct. The tendency to recall fewer specific memories was associated with lower social support given by friends and romantic partners and this was in turn associated with elevated general distress at T2, even when accounting for T1 social support and general distress. Our findings contribute to the literature regarding the social function of memory and suggest another route via which reduced specificity contributes to emotional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J Barry
- a Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychology , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
- b Researching Emotional Disorders and Development Lab , The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Meghan Vinograd
- c Department of Psychology , UCLA Anxiety and Depression Research Centre, University of California , Los Angeles , USA
| | - Yannick Boddez
- d Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
- e Centre for Learning Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology , University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Filip Raes
- e Centre for Learning Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology , University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Richard Zinbarg
- f Department of Psychology , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL , USA
- g The Family Institute at Northwestern University , Evanston , IL , USA
| | - Susan Mineka
- f Department of Psychology , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL , USA
- g The Family Institute at Northwestern University , Evanston , IL , USA
| | - Michelle G Craske
- c Department of Psychology , UCLA Anxiety and Depression Research Centre, University of California , Los Angeles , USA
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31
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Barry TJ, Sze WY, Raes F. A meta-analysis and systematic review of Memory Specificity Training (MeST) in the treatment of emotional disorders. Behav Res Ther 2019; 116:36-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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32
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Nieto M, Latorre JM, García‐Rico MA, Hernández‐Viadel JV, Ros L, Ricarte JJ. Autobiographical memory specificity across life periods in people with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychol 2019; 75:1011-1021. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nieto
- Department of PsychologyFaculty of Medicine, University of Castilla La ManchaAlbacete Spain
| | - José Miguel Latorre
- Department of PsychologyFaculty of Medicine, University of Castilla La ManchaAlbacete Spain
| | | | | | - Laura Ros
- Department of PsychologyFaculty of Medicine, University of Castilla La ManchaAlbacete Spain
| | - Jorge Javier Ricarte
- Department of PsychologyFaculty of Medicine, University of Castilla La ManchaAlbacete Spain
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33
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Kaczmarczyk M, Wingenfeld K, Kuehl LK, Otte C, Hinkelmann K. Childhood trauma and diagnosis of major depression: Association with memory and executive function. Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:880-886. [PMID: 30551338 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive function is often impaired in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Childhood trauma is a risk factor for developing MDD and is also associated with cognitive impairments in later life. We aimed to investigate the effects of childhood trauma on cognitive function in MDD. 68 medication-free MDD patients and 75 healthy controls (HC) participated. We tested cognitive function with the Autobiographical Memory Test, Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), Trail Making Test A and B, Rey-Osterrieth/Taylor Complex Figure Test, and Digit Span Backward. Childhood trauma was assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Patients and HC did not differ with respect to age, sex, education. Mean CTQ sum scores differed significantly for depressed and HC with mean 47.8 (19.2) and 31.0 (6.8), respectively. Depressed patients and HC (without taking childhood trauma into account) differed only in AVLT performance. When childhood trauma was considered, this group difference disappeared. Subsequent regression analyses revealed that higher CTQ scores but not a diagnosis of MDD were associated with less specific autobiographical memories. Associations of CTQ with other cognitive domains failed significance after correction for multiple testing. Our results suggest that cognitive function is influenced by childhood trauma in MDD. However, the effects are small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Katja Wingenfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linn K Kuehl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Otte
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim Hinkelmann
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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34
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Feurer C, Woody ML, Tsypes A, Burkhouse KL, Champagne K, Gibb BE. Episodic Life Stress and the Development of Overgeneral Autobiographical Memory to Positive Cues in Youth. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 46:1563-1571. [PMID: 29450821 PMCID: PMC6093815 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM) has been established as a risk factor for depression in both youth and adults, but questions remain as to how OGM develops. Although theorists have proposed that the experience of stressful life events may contribute to the development of OGM, no studies have examined the impact of negative life events on prospective changes in OGM. The goal of the current study was to address this gap in the literature. Participants included 251 mothers and their biological children (aged 8-14 years old at the initial assessment). Using a multi-wave prospective design with assessments every 6 months for 2 years, we found that episodic life stress predicted prospective decreases in youths' autobiographical memory specificity to positive, but not negative, cues. This study supports theories proposing that negative life events may contribute to the development of OGM, but suggest that, in youth, the impact of life stress on OGM may be specific to positive rather than negative memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cope Feurer
- Center for Affective Science, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA.
| | - Mary L Woody
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aliona Tsypes
- Center for Affective Science, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Katie L Burkhouse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Brandon E Gibb
- Center for Affective Science, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA
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35
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Barry TJ, Del Rey F, Ricarte JJ. Valence‐related impairments in the retrieval of specific autobiographical memories amongst patients with schizophrenia. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 58:140-153. [DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom J. Barry
- Department of Psychology The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
- Department of Psychology The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience King's College London UK
| | - Francisco Del Rey
- Regional Ministry for Social Welfare of Castilla‐La Mancha Albacete Spain
| | - Jorge J. Ricarte
- Department of Psychology Faculty of Medicine University of Castilla‐La Mancha Albacete Spain
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36
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Takano K, Hallford DJ, Vanderveren E, Austin DW, Raes F. The computerized scoring algorithm for the autobiographical memory test: updates and extensions for analyzing memories of English-speaking adults. Memory 2018; 27:306-313. [PMID: 30081736 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1507042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) has been central in psychopathological studies of memory dysfunctions, as reduced memory specificity or overgeneralised autobiographical memory has been recognised as a hallmark vulnerability for depression. In the AMT, participants are asked to generate specific memories in response to emotional cue words, and their responses are scored by human experts. Because the manual coding takes some time, particularly when analysing a large dataset, recent studies have proposed computerised scoring algorithms. These algorithms have been shown to reliably discriminate between specific and non-specific memories of English-speaking children and Dutch- and Japanese-speaking adults. The key limitation is that the algorithm is not developed for English-speaking adult memories, which may cover a wider range of vocabulary that the existing algorithm for English-speaking child memories cannot process correctly. In the present study, we trained a new support vector machine to score memories of English-speaking adults. In a performance test (predicting memory specificity against human expert coding), the adult-memory algorithm outperformed the child-memory variant. In another independent performance test, the adult-memory algorithm showed robust performances to score memories that were generated in response to a different set of cues. These results suggest that the adult-memory algorithm reliably scores memory specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Takano
- a Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - David J Hallford
- b School of Psychology , Deakin University , Geelong , Australia
| | - Elien Vanderveren
- c Center for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology , University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - David W Austin
- b School of Psychology , Deakin University , Geelong , Australia
| | - Filip Raes
- c Center for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology , University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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37
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Chiu CP, Griffith JW, Lenaert B, Raes F, Hermans D, Barry TJ. Meta-analysis of the association between rumination and reduced autobiographical memory specificity. Memory 2018; 26:1323-1334. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1474928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Connie P.Y. Chiu
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - James W. Griffith
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bert Lenaert
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Filip Raes
- Centre for Learning Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Hermans
- Centre for Learning Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom J. Barry
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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38
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Ros L, Romero D, Ricarte JJ, Serrano JP, Nieto M, Latorre JM. Measurement of overgeneral autobiographical memory: Psychometric properties of the autobiographical memory test in young and older populations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196073. [PMID: 29672583 PMCID: PMC5908191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) is the most widely used measure of overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM). The AMT appears to have good psychometric properties, but more research is needed on the influence and applicability of individual cue words in different languages and populations. To date, no studies have evaluated its usefulness as a measure of OMG in Spanish or older populations. This work aims to analyze the applicability of the AMT in young and older Spanish samples. We administered a Spanish version of the AMT to samples of young (N = 520) and older adults (N = 155). We conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), item response theory-based analysis (IRT) and differential item functioning (DIF). Results confirm the one-factor structure for the AMT. IRT analysis suggests that both groups find the AMT easy given that they generally perform well, and that it is more precise in individuals who score low on memory specificity. DIF analysis finds three items differ in their functioning depending on age group. This differential functioning of these items affects the overall AMT scores and, thus, they should be excluded from the AMT in studies comparing young and older samples. We discuss the possible implications of the samples and cue words used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ros
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Dulce Romero
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jorge J. Ricarte
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Juan P. Serrano
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Marta Nieto
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jose M. Latorre
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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39
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A test of the functional avoidance hypothesis in the development of overgeneral autobiographical memory. Mem Cognit 2018; 46:895-908. [DOI: 10.3758/s13421-018-0810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Zare Khormizi H, Salehinejad MA, Nitsche MA, Nejati V. Sleep-deprivation and autobiographical memory: evidence from sleep-deprived nurses. J Sleep Res 2018; 28:e12683. [PMID: 29624749 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Negative effects of sleep deprivation on different types of memory are well documented, but the specific effects on autobiographical memory performance are not well studied. In this study, we investigated performance on the autobiographical memory test in a group of sleep-deprived and well-rested nurses. One-hundred participants divided into sleep-deprived (N = 50, 25 females) and well-rested (N = 50, 25 females) groups took part in the study. The sleep-deprived group included night-shift nurses with 8-12 hr sleep deprivation, while the well-rested group had the usual night sleep before performance assessment. All participants were matched for gender, age, education and employment status. They completed depression and anxiety inventories, and underwent the autobiographical memory test, which included 18 cue words with positive, negative and neutral valence. The sleep-deprived group scored significantly higher in depression scores. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) results showed that sleep-deprived participants had a significantly poorer autobiographical memory compared with the well-rested group. Additionally, specific memories were significantly declined in the sleep-deprived group. This group remembered significantly less positive and more negative memories. Findings implicate that sleep deprivation has detrimental effects on autobiographical memory specificity and valence, and is associated with mood dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Ali Salehinejad
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany.,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | - Vahid Nejati
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Education & Psychology, Shahid Behehsti University, Tehran, Iran
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41
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Stewart TM, Hunter SC, Rhodes SM. A prospective investigation of rumination and executive control in predicting overgeneral autobiographical memory in adolescence. Mem Cognit 2018; 46:482-496. [PMID: 29340943 PMCID: PMC5880861 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-017-0779-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The CaR-FA-X model (Williams et al., 2007), or capture and rumination (CaR), functional avoidance (FA), and impaired executive control (X), is a model of overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM). Two mechanisms of the model, rumination and executive control, were examined in isolation and in interaction in order to investigate OGM over time. Across two time points, six months apart, a total of 149 adolescents (13-16 years) completed the minimal-instruction autobiographical memory test, a measure of executive control with both emotional and nonemotional stimuli, and measures of brooding rumination and reflective pondering. The results showed that executive control for emotional information was negatively associated with OGM, but only when reflective pondering levels were high. Therefore, in the context of higher levels of reflective pondering, greater switch costs (i.e., lower executive control) when processing emotional information predicted a decrease in OGM over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy M Stewart
- Moray House School of Education, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 8AQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Simon C Hunter
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1QE, Scotland, UK
| | - Sinéad M Rhodes
- SMC Research Centre for Learning Difficulties, Child Life & Health, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 20 Sylvan Place, Edinburgh, EH9 1UW, UK.
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42
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Barry TJ, Lenaert B, Hermans D, Raes F, Griffith JW. Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Autobiographical Memory Specificity and Exposure to Trauma. J Trauma Stress 2018. [PMID: 29513912 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive models of emotional disorders suggest that reduced autobiographical memory specificity that results from exposure to traumatic events may play an important role in the aetiology and maintenance of these disorders. However, there has yet to be a comprehensive meta-analysis of the association between trauma exposure and memory specificity, and the role of posttraumatic stress symptoms on this association. We searched PsycINFO and MEDLINE databases and extracted data from studies regarding the mean number or proportion of specific memories that participants with and without trauma exposure recalled on the Autobiographical Memory Test. We also extracted data on differences between groups in terms of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms, along with data on trauma timing and participants' ages at the time of assessment. The effect size of memory specificity between participants with and without exposure to trauma was large, d = 0.77, and differed significantly from zero, p < .001. In metaregression, trauma timing was a significant predictor of the heterogeneity in trauma-exposure specificity effect sizes, but posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms were not. Compromised memory specificity represents an important cognitive consequence of trauma exposure that might have an important influence on risk for, and maintenance of, subsequent emotional pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J Barry
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bert Lenaert
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands
| | - Dirk Hermans
- Centre for Learning Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Raes
- Centre for Learning Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - James W Griffith
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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43
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Unraveling the linguistic nature of specific autobiographical memories using a computerized classification algorithm. Behav Res Methods 2018; 49:835-852. [PMID: 27338931 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-016-0753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we explored the linguistic nature of specific memories generated with the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) by developing a computerized classifier that distinguishes between specific and nonspecific memories. The AMT is regarded as one of the most important assessment tools to study memory dysfunctions (e.g., difficulty recalling the specific details of memories) in psychopathology. In Study 1, we utilized the Japanese corpus data of 12,400 cue-recalled memories tagged with observer-rated specificity. We extracted linguistic features of particular relevance to memory specificity, such as past tense, negation, and adverbial words and phrases pertaining to time and location. On the basis of these features, a support vector machine (SVM) was trained to classify the memories into specific and nonspecific categories, which achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of .92 in a performance test. In Study 2, the trained SVM was tested in terms of its robustness in classifying novel memories (n = 8,478) that were retrieved in response to cue words that were different from those used in Study 1. The SVM showed an AUC of .89 in classifying the new memories. In Study 3, we extended the binary SVM to a five-class classification of the AMT, which achieved 64%-65% classification accuracy, against the chance level (20%) in the performance tests. Our data suggest that memory specificity can be identified with a relatively small number of words, capturing the universal linguistic features of memory specificity across memories in diverse contents.
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44
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Young KD, Bodurka J, Drevets WC. Functional neuroimaging of sex differences in autobiographical memory recall in depression. Psychol Med 2017; 47:2640-2652. [PMID: 28446254 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171700112x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Females are more likely than males to develop major depressive disorder (MDD). The current study used fMRI to compare the neural correlates of autobiographical memory (AM) recall between males and females diagnosed with MDD. AM overgenerality is a persistent cognitive deficit in MDD, the magnitude of which is correlated with depressive severity only in females. Delineating the neurobiological correlates of this deficit may elucidate the nature of sex-differences in the diathesis for developing MDD. METHODS Participants included unmedicated males and females diagnosed with MDD (n = 20/group), and an age and sex matched healthy control group. AM recall in response to positive, negative, and neutral cue words was compared with a semantic memory task. RESULTS The behavioral properties of AMs did not differ between MDD males and females. In contrast, main effects of sex on cerebral hemodynamic activity were observed in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus during recall of positive specific memories, and middle prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and precuneus during recall of negative specific memories. Moreover, main effects of diagnosis on regional hemodynamic activity were observed in left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and mPFC during positive specific memory recall, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex during negative specific memory recall. Sex × diagnosis interactions were evident in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, caudate, and precuneus during positive memory recall, and in the posterior cingulate cortex, insula, precuneus and thalamus during negative specific memory recall. CONCLUSIONS The differential hemodynamic changes conceivably may reflect sex-specific cognitive strategies during recall of AMs irrespective of the phenomenological properties of those memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Young
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research,Tulsa, OK,USA
| | - J Bodurka
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research,Tulsa, OK,USA
| | - W C Drevets
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, of Johnson & Johnson, Inc.,New Brunswick, NJ,USA
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45
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Gethin JA, Lythe KE, Workman CI, Mayes A, Moll J, Zahn R. Early life stress explains reduced positive memory biases in remitted depression. Eur Psychiatry 2017; 45:59-64. [PMID: 28728096 PMCID: PMC5695977 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is contradictory evidence regarding negative memory biases in major depressive disorder (MDD) and whether these persist into remission, which would suggest their role as vulnerability traits rather than correlates of mood state. Early life stress (ELS), common in patients with psychiatric disorders, has independently been associated with memory biases, and confounds MDD versus control group comparisons. Furthermore, in most studies negative biases could have resulted from executive impairments rather than memory difficulties per se. METHODS To investigate whether memory biases are relevant to MDD vulnerability and how they are influenced by ELS, we developed an associative recognition memory task for temporo-spatial contexts of social actions with low executive demands, which were matched across conditions (self-blame, other-blame, self-praise, other-praise). We included fifty-three medication-free remitted MDD (25 with ELS, 28 without) and 24 healthy control (HC) participants without ELS. RESULTS Only MDD patients with ELS showed a reduced bias (accuracy/speed ratio) towards memory for positive vs. negative materials when compared with MDD without ELS and with HC participants; attenuated positive biases correlated with number of past major depressive episodes, but not current symptoms. There were no biases towards self-blaming or self-praising memories. CONCLUSIONS This demonstrates that reduced positive biases in associative memory were specific to MDD patients with ELS rather than a general feature of MDD, and were associated with lifetime recurrence risk which may reflect a scarring effect. If replicated, our results would call for stratifying MDD patients by history of ELS when assessing and treating emotional memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gethin
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - K E Lythe
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - C I Workman
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A Mayes
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - J Moll
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), 22280-080 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - R Zahn
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders, King's College London, London SE5 8AZ, UK.
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Makransky G, Lilleholt L, Aaby A. Development and validation of the Multimodal Presence Scale for virtual reality environments: A confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory approach. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lost in distractors: Reduced Autobiographical Memory Specificity and dispersed activation spreading over distractors in working memory. Behav Res Ther 2017; 94:19-35. [PMID: 28441521 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies on autobiographical memory retrieval highlight the prominence of rapid and direct access to a specific event memory. Because it has been believed that autobiographical memory retrieval mostly relies on an effortful generative process, there is little empirical evidence on the early stage of information processing that contributes to autobiographical memory specificity (AMS). Therefore, we investigated the associations between AMS and automatic activation of information stimulated by rapid presentation of emotional words. Study 1 involved a visual search task to assess activation of various distractors in working memory. Participants with reduced AMS showed a tendency to activate distractors that were not semantically associated with preceding cues. In Study 2, we manipulated the levels of AMS by using a computerized version of Memory Specificity Training (c-MeST) to observe the changes in the activation of distractors. Results showed that increases in AMS were associated with decreases in activation of cue-unassociated distractors. These findings suggest that reduced AMS can be characterized by dispersed activation spreading over semantically unassociated distractors in automatic information selection of working memory. Because we also found an association between depressive symptoms and AMS, the role of automatic information processing in the relation between reduced AMS and depression is discussed.
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Hallford DJ, Mellor D. Autobiographical memory specificity and general symptoms of anxiety: Indirect associations through rumination. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00207411.2017.1294968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David John Hallford
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Mellor
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Gutenbrunner C, Salmon K, Jose PE. Do Overgeneral Autobiographical Memories Predict Increased Psychopathological Symptoms in Community Youth? A 3-Year Longitudinal Investigation. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 46:197-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Takano K, Mori M, Nishiguchi Y, Moriya J, Raes F. Psychometric properties of the written version of the autobiographical memory test in a japanese community sample. Psychiatry Res 2017; 248:56-63. [PMID: 28013087 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The autobiographical memory test (AMT) is a widely used measure to assess the specificity of autobiographical memories. Reduced Autobiographical Memory Specificity (AMS) or increased overgeneralization of memories is considered as a cognitive hallmark of depression. Therefore, reduced AMS is the subject of much psychopathological research, and is a promising target for psychological interventions. Although considerable evidence has been gathered on the clinical relevance of reduced AMS over the past decades, studies on AMS have been mainly conducted in Western populations, and few have been conducted in Asian populations. This could be because of the unknown psychometric properties of the AMT given cultural and language differences. Therefore, the present study examined the psychometric properties of the AMT in a Japanese community sample (N=1240). Our data replicated that (a) the AMT has a uni-factorial structure; (b) AMS has a small but statistically significant negative correlation with depressive symptoms; (c) AMS shows a significant declining trend as a function of age, which influences the magnitude of the association between AMS and depressive symptoms in older adults. These findings suggest that the AMT has robust psychometric properties across different languages and cultural backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Takano
- Center for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Masaki Mori
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishiguchi
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Jun Moriya
- Department of Sociology, Kansai University, 3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Filip Raes
- Center for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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