New Rapid HPLC Method for Separation and Determination of Benzo[A]Pyrene Hydroxyderivatives

Construction of novel magnetic nanoparticles for enrichment of benzo(α)pyrene from edible oils followed by HPLC determination

A novel method for benzo(α)pyrene (Bαp) enrichment from an oil matrix was developed by using magnetic nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄@dopamine/graphene oxide, Fe₃O₄@DA/GO) as extraction absorbents, and the chemical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized. Various parameters were investigated to optimize the extraction of Bαp from oils. Under optimal conditions (pH, 4; extraction time, 0.5 min; elution solvent, 1 mL; absorbent weight, 20 mg; elution time, 0.5 min), these nanoparticles showed excellent abilities to enrich Bαp from the saponified oil solution and were easily separated by a magnet. High-performance liquid chromatography plus fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) was then applied to determine the Bαp content with excellent linearity (R² = 0.999). The detection limit was 0.13 µg/kg, while the limit of quantification was 0.42 µg/kg. The spiked recoveries of Bαp in oils ranged from 73.5% to 121%. Compared with previous reports, the proposed method displayed many advantages, including a high efficiency of oil matrix removal, short extraction time, and convenient extraction procedure.

Co-exposure to benzo[a]pyrene and ethanol induces a pathological progression of liver steatosis in vitro and in vivo

Hepatic steatosis (i.e. lipid accumulation) and steatohepatitis have been related to diverse etiologic factors, including alcohol, obesity, environmental pollutants. However, no study has so far analyzed how these different factors might interplay regarding the progression of liver diseases. The impact of the co-exposure to the environmental carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and the lifestyle-related hepatotoxicant ethanol, was thus tested on in vitro models of steatosis (human HepaRG cell line; hybrid human/rat WIF-B9 cell line), and on an in vivo model (obese zebrafish larvae). Steatosis was induced prior to chronic treatments (14, 5 or 7 days for HepaRG, WIF-B9 or zebrafish, respectively). Toxicity and inflammation were analyzed in all models; the impact of steatosis and ethanol towards B[a]P metabolism was studied in HepaRG cells. Cytotoxicity and expression of inflammation markers upon co-exposure were increased in all steatotic models, compared to non steatotic counterparts. A change of B[a]P metabolism with a decrease in detoxification was detected in HepaRG cells under these conditions. A prior steatosis therefore enhanced the toxicity of B[a]P/ethanol co-exposure in vitro and in vivo; such a co-exposure might favor the appearance of a steatohepatitis-like state, with the development of inflammation. These deleterious effects could be partly explained by B[a]P metabolism alterations.

Modern Procedures for Removal of Hazardous Compounds From Foods

This chapter deals with interactions between foods or food additives and plastic package materials oriented to elimination of hazardous compounds from foods. As found, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be effectively eliminated from liquid smoke flavors and smoked meat products by migration of PAHs into low-density polyethylene (LDPE), when the limiting factor of the elimination is diffusion in food matrix. After leaving food bulk, PAHs migrate deeper into LDPE bulk what brings about permanent renewal of material imbalance on LDPE/food matrix interface that maintains the migration process in an intensive regime causing extensive lowering of PAH content in food matrix. To the opposite, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in contact with vegetable oils is able to absorb only PAHs on active center deposited on its surface without deeper migration into plastic bulk and therefore this type of elimination process is less effective. Overall, migration processes are affected by polarity of food matrix and package materials, presence of compounds able to compete for adsorption center on PET surface, the time of interactions, and, of course, imbalance of PAH chemical potentials in individual systems.

Determination of benzo[a]pyrene in camellia oil via vortex-assisted extraction using the UPLC-FLD method

In this paper, vortex-assisted extraction using the ultraperformance liquid chromatography analysis method was performed to determine benzo[a]pyrene in camellia oil. Optimum results were obtained when 0.5 g of oil sample was used followed by vortex-assisted extraction for 10 min with 25 mL of acetonitrile. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C₁₈ column (2.1mm×100mm, particle size 1.8 μm). The optimum mobile phase comprised 70% acetone and 30% water. The detection limit of benzo[a]pyrene was 0.2 μg/kg. The recoveries were in the range of 81.0-97.0%. The proposed method was simple and fast, and it provided high throughput in the determination of benzo[a]pyrene in an oil matrix sample.

Sensitive determination of trace urinary 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene using ionic liquids-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by chemical derivatization and high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry

3-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBaP) is widely used as a biomarker for assessing carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene exposure risks. However, monitoring urinary 3-OHBaP suffers from an insufficient sensitivity due to the pg/mL level in urine excretion. In this study, a sensitive method for determination trace urinary 3-OHBaP was developed, involving enzymatic hydrolysis of the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, ionic liquids dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (IL-DLLME) enrichment, derivatization with dansyl chloride and HPLC-HRMS/MS analysis in the positive ion mode. Using IL-DLLME makes the enrichment of trace 3-OHBaP very simple, time-saving, efficiency and environmentally-friendly. To enhanced HPLC-HRMS/MS response, an MS-friendly dansyl group was introduced to increase the ionization and fragmentation efficiency. The optimal IL-DLLME extraction parameters and derivatization reaction conditions were investigated. Good linearity was obtained over a concentration range of 0.6-50.0pg/mL with correlation coefficients (r(2)) of 0.9918. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were 0.2pg/mL and 0.58pg/mL, respectively. The recoveries were 92.0±4.2% with the intra-day and inter-day RSD values ranged from 2.2% to 3.8% and from 3.3% to 6.8%, respectively. The proposed IL-DLLME-Dansylation-HPLC-HRMS/MS method was successfully applied to determine urinary 3-OHBaP of non-occupational exposed smokers and nonsmokers.