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Santos MV, Rodrigues KCS, Veloso IIK, Badino AC, Cruz AJG. Real-Time Monitoring of Ethanol Fermentation Using Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of the Gas Phase. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayara V. Santos
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, C.P. 676, São Carlos, 13565-905 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kaio C. S. Rodrigues
- Federal University of Western Bahia, Luís Eduardo Magalhães, 47850-000 Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ivan I. K. Veloso
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, C.P. 676, São Carlos, 13565-905 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto C. Badino
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, C.P. 676, São Carlos, 13565-905 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio J. G. Cruz
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, C.P. 676, São Carlos, 13565-905 São Paulo, Brazil
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García Martín JF. Potential of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for the Determination of Olive Oil Quality. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22082831. [PMID: 35458818 PMCID: PMC9031905 DOI: 10.3390/s22082831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of the physico-chemical parameters of quality of olive oil is still carried out in laboratories using chemicals and generating waste, which is relatively costly and time-consuming. Among the various alternatives for the online or on-site measurement of these parameters, the available literature highlights the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). This article intends to comprehensively review the state-of-the-art research and the actual potential of NIRS for the analysis of olive oil. A description of the features of the infrared spectrum of olive oil and a quick explanation of the fundamentals of NIRS and chemometrics are also included. From the results available in the literature, it can be concluded that the four most usual physico-chemical parameters that define the quality of olive oils, namely free acidity, peroxide value, K232, and K270, can be measured by NIRS with high precision. In addition, NIRS is suitable for the nutritional labeling of olive oil because of its great performance in predicting the contents in total fat, total saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in olive oils. Other parameters of interest have the potential to be analyzed by NIRS, but the improvement of the mathematical models for their determination is required, since the errors of prediction reported so far are a bit high for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Francisco García Martín
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain;
- University Institute of Research on Olive Groves and Olive Oils, GEOLIT Science and Technology Park, University of Jaén, 23620 Mengíbar, Spain
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Cuadros-Rodríguez L, Jiménez-Carvelo AM, Fernández-Ramos M. Multivariate thinking for optical microfluidic analytical devices – A tutorial review. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.105959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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5
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Wang J, Chen Q, Belwal T, Lin X, Luo Z. Insights into chemometric algorithms for quality attributes and hazards detection in foodstuffs using Raman/surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2476-2507. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Quansheng Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang People's Republic of China
| | - Tarun Belwal
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Lin
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Zisheng Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
- Ningbo Research Institute Zhejiang University Ningbo People's Republic of China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science Hangzhou People's Republic of China
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Near Infra-Red spectroscopy for content uniformity of powder blends - Focus on calibration set development, orthogonality transfer and robustness testing. Talanta 2018; 188:404-416. [PMID: 30029394 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop and validate a NIR method for the quantification of three active ingredients from powder blends. Calibration set formulations were selected based on a D-optimal experimental design with three factors (ibuprofen, paracetamol, caffeine) and five variation levels (80-90-100-110-120%). NIR spectra were recorded in transmittance mode using a rotating sample configuration. Prior to model development the effect of spectral pre-processing was assessed by evaluating its impact over the transfer of orthogonality from concentration space to spectral space. NIR method was validated on the full calibration range with external prediction sets, using the accuracy profile approach. Robustness testing results showed that the accuracy of predictions for the analyte found in lower concentrations (caffeine) was influenced by relative humidity, while paracetamol/ibuprofen predictions were robust to all factors. Redefinition of interfering factor variation level was beneficial to reduce the bias in caffeine content predictions. Also, alternative solutions are provided for ensuring robustness and successful routine use.
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Niazi A, Khorshidi N, Ghaemmaghami P. Microwave-assisted of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and spectrophotometric determination of uranium after optimization based on Box-Behnken design and chemometrics methods. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 135:69-75. [PMID: 25062051 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study an analytical procedure based on microwave-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (MA-DLLME) and spectrophotometric coupled with chemometrics methods is proposed to determine uranium. In the proposed method, 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol (PAR) is used as a chelating agent, and chloroform and ethanol are selected as extraction and dispersive solvent. The optimization strategy is carried out by using two level full factorial designs. Results of the two level full factorial design (2(4)) based on an analysis of variance demonstrated that the pH, concentration of PAR, amount of dispersive and extraction solvents are statistically significant. Optimal condition for three variables: pH, concentration of PAR, amount of dispersive and extraction solvents are obtained by using Box-Behnken design. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration graphs are linear in the range of 20.0-350.0 ng mL(-1) with detection limit of 6.7 ng mL(-1) (3δB/slope) and the enrichment factor of this method for uranium reached at 135. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) is 1.64% (n=7, c=50 ng mL(-1)). The partial least squares (PLS) modeling was used for multivariate calibration of the spectrophotometric data. The orthogonal signal correction (OSC) was used for preprocessing of data matrices and the prediction results of model, with and without using OSC, were statistically compared. MA-DLLME-OSC-PLS method was presented for the first time in this study. The root mean squares error of prediction (RMSEP) for uranium determination using PLS and OSC-PLS models were 4.63 and 0.98, respectively. This procedure allows the determination of uranium synthesis and real samples such as waste water with good reliability of the determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Niazi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran.
| | - Neda Khorshidi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Pegah Ghaemmaghami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
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Dos-Santos N, Bueso MC, Fernández-Trujillo JP. Aroma volatiles as biomarkers of textural differences at harvest in non-climacteric near-isogenic lines of melon. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pizarro C, Esteban-Díez I, Rodríguez-Tecedor S, González-Sáiz J. Determination of the peroxide value in extra virgin olive oils through the application of the stepwise orthogonalisation of predictors to mid-infrared spectra. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chen D, Grant E. Evaluating the validity of spectral calibration models for quantitative analysis following signal preprocessing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:2317-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Ni Y, Gu Y, Kokot S. Interpreting Analytical Chemistry Data: Recent Advances in Curve Resolution with the Aid of Chemometrics. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.655657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Combining chromatography and chemometrics for the characterization and authentication of fats and oils from triacylglycerol compositional data—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 724:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Indrayanto G. Validation of analytical methods-update 2011. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2012; 37:439-465. [PMID: 22469326 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397220-0.00012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Sacks DB, Arnold M, Bakris GL, Bruns DE, Horvath AR, Kirkman MS, Lernmark A, Metzger BE, Nathan DM. Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2011; 34:e61-99. [PMID: 21617108 PMCID: PMC3114322 DOI: 10.2337/dc11-9998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple laboratory tests are used to diagnose and manage patients with diabetes mellitus. The quality of the scientific evidence supporting the use of these tests varies substantially. APPROACH An expert committee compiled evidence-based recommendations for the use of laboratory testing for patients with diabetes. A new system was developed to grade the overall quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations. Draft guidelines were posted on the Internet and presented at the 2007 Arnold O. Beckman Conference. The document was modified in response to oral and written comments, and a revised draft was posted in 2010 and again modified in response to written comments. The National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry and the Evidence-Based Laboratory Medicine Committee of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry jointly reviewed the guidelines, which were accepted after revisions by the Professional Practice Committee and subsequently approved by the Executive Committee of the American Diabetes Association. CONTENT In addition to long-standing criteria based on measurement of plasma glucose, diabetes can be diagnosed by demonstrating increased blood hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) concentrations. Monitoring of glycemic control is performed by self-monitoring of plasma or blood glucose with meters and by laboratory analysis of HbA(1c). The potential roles of noninvasive glucose monitoring, genetic testing, and measurement of autoantibodies, urine albumin, insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide, and other analytes are addressed. SUMMARY The guidelines provide specific recommendations that are based on published data or derived from expert consensus. Several analytes have minimal clinical value at present, and their measurement is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Sacks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Sacks DB, Arnold M, Bakris GL, Bruns DE, Horvath AR, Kirkman MS, Lernmark A, Metzger BE, Nathan DM. Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Clin Chem 2011; 57:e1-e47. [PMID: 21617152 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.161596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple laboratory tests are used to diagnose and manage patients with diabetes mellitus. The quality of the scientific evidence supporting the use of these tests varies substantially. APPROACH An expert committee compiled evidence-based recommendations for the use of laboratory testing for patients with diabetes. A new system was developed to grade the overall quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations. Draft guidelines were posted on the Internet and presented at the 2007 Arnold O. Beckman Conference. The document was modified in response to oral and written comments, and a revised draft was posted in 2010 and again modified in response to written comments. The National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry and the Evidence Based Laboratory Medicine Committee of the AACC jointly reviewed the guidelines, which were accepted after revisions by the Professional Practice Committee and subsequently approved by the Executive Committee of the American Diabetes Association. CONTENT In addition to long-standing criteria based on measurement of plasma glucose, diabetes can be diagnosed by demonstrating increased blood hemoglobin A(1c) (Hb A(1c)) concentrations. Monitoring of glycemic control is performed by self-monitoring of plasma or blood glucose with meters and by laboratory analysis of Hb A(1c). The potential roles of noninvasive glucose monitoring, genetic testing, and measurement of autoantibodies, urine albumin, insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide, and other analytes are addressed. SUMMARY The guidelines provide specific recommendations that are based on published data or derived from expert consensus. Several analytes have minimal clinical value at present, and their measurement is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Sacks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1508, USA.
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Pizarro C, González-Sáiz JM, Esteban-Díez I, Orio P. Prediction of total and volatile acidity in red wines by Fourier-transform mid-infrared spectroscopy and iterative predictor weighting. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:2061-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Contribution of external parameter orthogonalisation for calibration transfer in short waves—Near infrared spectroscopy application to gasoline quality. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 642:6-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Niazi A, Azizi A, Ramezani M. Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of mercury and palladium with Thio-Michler's Ketone using partial least squares regression and orthogonal signal correction. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 71:1172-1177. [PMID: 18440861 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A simple, novel and sensitive spectrophotometric method was described for simultaneous determination of mercury and palladium. The method is based on the complex formation of mercury and palladium with Thio-Michler's Ketone (TMK) at pH 3.5. All factors affecting on the sensitivity were optimized and the linear dynamic range for determination of mercury and palladium found. The simultaneous determination of mercury and palladium mixtures by using spectrophotometric method is a difficult problem, due to spectral interferences. By multivariate calibration methods such as partial least squares (PLS), it is possible to obtain a model adjusted to the concentration values of the mixtures used in the calibration range. Orthogonal signal correction (OSC) is a preprocessing technique used for removing the information unrelated to the target variables based on constrained principal component analysis. OSC is a suitable preprocessing method for PLS calibration of mixtures without loss of prediction capacity using spectrophotometric method. In this study, the calibration model is based on absorption spectra in the 360-660 nm range for 25 different mixtures of mercury and palladium. Calibration matrices were containing 0.025-1.60 and 0.05-0.50 microg mL(-1) of mercury and palladium, respectively. The RMSEP for mercury and palladium with OSC and without OSC were 0.013, 0.006 and 0.048, 0.030, respectively. This procedure allows the simultaneous determination of mercury and palladium in synthetic and real matrix samples good reliability of the determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Niazi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azad University of Arak, Arak, Iran.
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Ni Y, Wang Y, Kokot S. Multicomponent kinetic spectrophotometric determination of pefloxacin and norfloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations and human plasma samples with the aid of chemometrics. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 70:1049-1059. [PMID: 18060832 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 09/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of the important pharmaceuticals, pefloxacin and its structurally similar metabolite, norfloxacin, is described for the first time. The analysis is based on the monitoring of a kinetic spectrophotometric reaction of the two analytes with potassium permanganate as the oxidant. The measurement of the reaction process followed the absorbance decrease of potassium permanganate at 526 nm, and the accompanying increase of the product, potassium manganate, at 608 nm. It was essential to use multivariate calibrations to overcome severe spectral overlaps and similarities in reaction kinetics. Calibration curves for the individual analytes showed linear relationships over the concentration ranges of 1.0-11.5 mg L(-1) at 526 and 608 nm for pefloxacin, and 0.15-1.8 mg L(-1) at 526 and 608 nm for norfloxacin. Various multivariate calibration models were applied, at the two analytical wavelengths, for the simultaneous prediction of the two analytes including classical least squares (CLS), principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares (PLS), radial basis function-artificial neural network (RBF-ANN) and principal component-radial basis function-artificial neural network (PC-RBF-ANN). PLS and PC-RBF-ANN calibrations with the data collected at 526 nm, were the preferred methods--%RPE(T) approximately 5, and LODs for pefloxacin and norfloxacin of 0.36 and 0.06 mg L(-1), respectively. Then, the proposed method was applied successfully for the simultaneous determination of pefloxacin and norfloxacin present in pharmaceutical and human plasma samples. The results compared well with those from the alternative analysis by HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongnian Ni
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China.
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Skeika T, Marcovicz C, Nakagaki S, Fujiwara S, Wohnrath K, Nagata N, Pessoa C. Electrochemical Studies of an Iron Porphyrin Immobilized on Nb2O5/SiO2 and Its Application for Simultaneous Determination of Dopamine and Ascorbic Acid Using Multivariate Calibration Methodology. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200703994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang W, Paliwal J. Near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging in food quality and safety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-007-9022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Niazi A, Ghasemi N. Parafac and PLS Applied to Determination of Captopril in Pharmaceutical Preparation and Biological Fluids by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 97:845-58. [DOI: 10.1002/adic.200790069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Workman
- Molecular Spectroscopy and Microanalysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., 5225 Verona Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711-4495, USA
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