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Ghorapade V, Wang WC. Electro-hydrodynamic programming reshapes liquid crystal dynamics in free-form director fields. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4226. [PMID: 38379092 PMCID: PMC10879181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54873-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study unveils a groundbreaking technique leveraging the superposition of electric field vectors to manipulate liquid crystals (LCs). Demonstrated through a simple configuration of four independent electrodes at the corners of a rectangular enclosure, notably, this configuration can be further simplified or modified as needed, showcasing the versatility of the approach. Significantly, the design showcased in the paper eliminates the need for an alignment layer, highlighting the versatility of the method. Through nuanced adjustments in waveforms, amplitudes, frequencies, and phases in AC or DC from these electrodes, precise control over LC shape deformation and dynamic phase transformation is achieved in both temporal and spatial dimensions. In contrast to traditional methods, the approach presented here abolishes alignment layers and intricate electrode-array systems, opting for a streamlined configuration with varying AC frequencies and DC electric signals. This innovative methodology, founded on simplified governing equations from Q-tensor hydrodynamics theory, demonstrates true 3D control over LCs, displaying efficiency in electrode usage beyond current arrays. The study's contributions extend to temporal control emphasis, superposition techniques, and the elimination of fixed electrodes, promising unprecedented possibilities for programming LC materials and advancing the field of programmable LC devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Ghorapade
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Chih Wang
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, ROC.
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, ROC.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, 98195, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, 98195, USA.
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Bukharina D, Kim M, Han MJ, Tsukruk VV. Cellulose Nanocrystals' Assembly under Ionic Strength Variation: From High Orientation Ordering to a Random Orientation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6363-6375. [PMID: 35559606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the effect of the ionic strength and effective charge density on the final structural organization of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) after drying suspensions with different ionic strengths in terms of quantitative characteristics of the orientation order, rarely considered to date. We observed that increasing the ionic strength in the initial suspension results in continuous shrinking of the helical pitch length that shifts the photonic band gap to a far UV region from the visible range (from 400 to 250 nm) because of the increase in the helical twisting power from 4 to 6 μm-1 and doubling of the twisting angle between neighboring monolayers from 5.5 to 9°. As our estimation of the Coulombic interactions demonstrates, the reduction of the Debye charge screening length below a critical value of 3 nm results in the loss of the long-range helicoidal order and the transition to a disordered morphology with random packing of nanocrystals. Subsequently, very high orientation ordering with the 2D orientation factor, S, within the range 0.8-0.9, close to the theoretical limit of 1, gradually decreased to a very low value of S = 0.1-0.2, a characteristic of random organization at high ionic strength. We suggest that the loss of the chiral ordering is a result of the reduction of repulsive forces, promoting direct physical contact with the reduced contact area during Brownian motion, combined with increased repulsive Coulombic interactions of nanocrystals at nonparallel local packing. Notably, electrolyte addition enhances chiral interactions to the point where the helical twisting power is too large and the resulting nanocrystal bundles can no longer compactly pack without creating unfavorably large free volume. We propose that the Debye charge screening length in suspensions can be used as a universal parameter for CNCs under different conditions and can be used to assess expected ordering characteristics in the solid films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Bukharina
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Minkyu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Moon Jong Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Vladimir V Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Lalik S, Deptuch A, Fryń P, Jaworska–Gołąb T, Węgłowska D, Marzec M. Physical properties of new binary ferroelectric mixture. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Padmajan Sasikala S, Lim J, Kim IH, Jung HJ, Yun T, Han TH, Kim SO. Graphene oxide liquid crystals: a frontier 2D soft material for graphene-based functional materials. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:6013-6045. [PMID: 30009312 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00299a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Graphene, despite being the best known strong and electrical/thermal conductive material, has found limited success in practical applications, mostly due to difficulties in the formation of desired large-scale highly organized structures. Our discovery of a liquid crystalline phase formation in graphene oxide dispersion has enabled a broad spectrum of highly aligned graphene-based structures, including films, fibers, membranes, and mesoscale structures. In this review, the current understanding of the structure-property relationship of graphene oxide liquid crystals (GOLCs) is overviewed. Various synthetic methods and parameters that can be optimized for GOLC phase formation are highlighted. Along with the results from different characterization methods for the identification of the GOLC phases, the typical characteristics of different types of GOLC phases introduced so far, including nematic, lamellar and chiral phases, are carefully discussed. Finally, various interesting applications of GOLCs are outlined together with the future prospects for their further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchithra Padmajan Sasikala
- National Creative Research Initiative Centre for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Jones F, Flores L. The Physico‐thermal Stabilities of Dye Solids II—Phase Transitions and Melting Behaviour of Some Disperse and Vat Dyes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-4408.1972.tb03065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Jones
- Clothing and Protective Life Support Equipment Lab., U.S. Army Laboratories, Natick, Mass. 01760, U.S.A
| | - L. Flores
- Clothing and Protective Life Support Equipment Lab., U.S. Army Laboratories, Natick, Mass. 01760, U.S.A
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Winkler M, Hiltrop K, Geschke D, Stegemeyer H. The Alignment of a Thermotropic Nematic LCP on Lecithin Coated Surfaces as Detected by NMR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10587259708042346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Winkler
- a Universität Leipzig, Fakultat für Physik und Geowissenschaften, Abt. Polymerphysik , Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 , Leipzig , Germany
| | - K. Hiltrop
- b Universität Paderborn, Institut für Physikalische Chemie , Warburger Straße 100, D-33098 , Paderborn , Germany
| | - D. Geschke
- a Universität Leipzig, Fakultat für Physik und Geowissenschaften, Abt. Polymerphysik , Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 , Leipzig , Germany
| | - H. Stegemeyer
- b Universität Paderborn, Institut für Physikalische Chemie , Warburger Straße 100, D-33098 , Paderborn , Germany
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Vuillermot PA, Romerio MV. Exact solution of the Maier-Saupe model for a nematic liquid crystal on a one-dimensional lattice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/6/20/005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Physicochemical investigations on the aggregation of phospholipids (mainly phosphatidylcholines) in organic solvents are reviewed and compared with the aggregation behaviour of phospholipids in aqueous medium. In particular we review the data showing that phosphatidylcholines (lecithins) form reverse micellar structures in certain apolar solvents. In these systems not only low molecular weight compounds but also catalytically active enzymes and entire cells can be solubilized. In addition, highly viscous phosphatidylcholine gels can be obtained in organic solvents upon solubilizing a critical amount of water. Generally, phospholipid-based reverse micelles can be regarded as thermodynamically stable models for inverted micellar lipid structures possibly occurring in biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Walde
- ETH-Zentrum, Institut für Polymere, Zürich, Switzerland
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Gruner S, Rothschild K, DeGrip W, Clark N. Co-existing lyotropic liquid crystals : commensurate, faceted and co-planar single hexagonal (HII) domains in lamellar photoreceptor membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1051/jphys:01985004602019300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Hillenbrand DF, Yu H. The solute orientational order in a nematic binary solution by NMR. J Chem Phys 1977. [DOI: 10.1063/1.434922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Duke RW, Dupré DB. Inelastic light scattering at the second critical micellar formation of lecithin. Chem Phys Lett 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(76)80517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gerofsky SE, Moses HA, Fink JJ, Grover A, Ross J. Proton‐magnetic resonance lines in liquid crystalline p[(p‐methoxybenzylidene) ‐amino]benzonitrile, p‐[(p‐ethoxybenzylidene) ‐amino]benzonitrile, and p‐[(p‐ethoxybenzylidene)amino]phenyl acetate. J Chem Phys 1976. [DOI: 10.1063/1.433582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Westerberg RB, Van Lenten FJ, Rogers LB. Chromatographic Behavior of a Cholesteryl Myristate Stationary Phase in an Electric Field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1080/00372367508058042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Plastic Crystals, Liquid Crystals, and the Melting phenomenon. The Importance of Order. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-025001-1.50010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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de Jeu WH, Goossens WJA, Bordewijk P. Influence of smectic order on the static dielectric permittivity of liquid crystals. J Chem Phys 1974. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1682199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Atallah AM, Nicholas HJ. Function of steryl esters in plants: a hypothesis that liquid crystalline properties of some steryl esters may be significant in plant sterol metabolism. Lipids 1974; 9:613-22. [PMID: 4424696 DOI: 10.1007/bf02532510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bordewijk P. Extension of the Kirkwood-Fröhlich theory of the static dielectric permittivity to anisotropic liquids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0031-8914(74)90297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Eden D, Garland CW, Williamson RC. Ultrasonic investigation of the nematic‐isotropic phase transition in MBBA. J Chem Phys 1973. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1679444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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