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Kumar S, Kabat M, Basak S, Babiarz J, Berthiaume F, Grumet M. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Encapsulated Human Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells and a Method to Scale-Up Cell Encapsulation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121803. [PMID: 36551231 PMCID: PMC9775968 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) promote recovery in a wide range of animal models of injury and disease. They can act in vivo by differentiating and integrating into tissues, secreting factors that promote cell growth and control inflammation, and interacting directly with host effector cells. We focus here on MSC secreted factors by encapsulating the cells in alginate microspheres, which restrict cells from migrating out while allowing diffusion of factors including cytokines across the capsules. One week after intrathecal lumbar injection of human bone marrow MSC encapsulated in alginate (eMSC), rat IL-10 expression was upregulated in distant rat spinal cord injury sites. Detection of human IL-10 protein in rostrally derived cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indicated distribution of this human MSC-secreted cytokine throughout rat spinal cord CSF. Intraperitoneal (IP) injection of eMSC in a rat model for endotoxemia reduced serum levels of inflammatory cytokines within 5 h. Detection of human IL-6 in sera after injection of human eMSC indicates rapid systemic distribution of this human MSC-secreted cytokine. Despite proof of concept for eMSC in various disorders using animal models, translation of encapsulation technology has not been feasible primarily because methods for scale-up are not available. To scale-up production of eMSC, we developed a rapid, semi-continuous, capsule collection system coupled to an electrosprayer. This system can produce doses of encapsulated cells sufficient for use in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneel Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Maciej Kabat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sayantani Basak
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Joanne Babiarz
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Francois Berthiaume
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Martin Grumet
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-917-597-2597; Fax: +1-732-445-2063
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Zinc insulin hexamer loaded alginate zinc hydrogel: preparation, characterization and in vivo hypoglycemic ability. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 179:173-181. [PMID: 36087882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alginate zinc hydrogel loaded with zinc insulin hexamer was prepared and characterized for oral insulin administration. The hydrogel was fabricated by dripping zinc insulin hexamer into sodium alginate solution and followed by crosslinking by zinc chloride. SEM image reveals the zinc insulin hexamer was integrated into the matrix of hydrogel. Zinc insulin hexamer loaded hydrogel shows no obvious cytotoxicity to both HT29 and Caco-2 cells. The developed hydrogel retards the burst release of insulin in simulated gastric fluid but promotes the release when in simulated intestinal fluid. In the diabetic mice, zinc insulin hexamer loaded alginate hydrogel demonstrates significant and prolonged hypoglycemic effect.
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Coron AE, Kjesbu JS, Kjærnsmo F, Oberholzer J, Rokstad AMA, Strand BL. Pericapsular fibrotic overgrowth mitigated in immunocompetent mice through microbead formulations based on sulfated or intermediate G alginates. Acta Biomater 2022; 137:172-185. [PMID: 34634509 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell encapsulation in alginate microbeads is a promising approach to provide immune isolation in cell therapy without immunosuppression. However, the efficacy is hampered by pericapsular fibrotic overgrowth (PFO), causing encapsulated cells to lose function. Stability of the microbeads is important to maintain immune isolation in the long-term. Here, we report alginate microbeads with minimal PFO in immunocompetent C57BL/6JRj mice. Microbead formulations included either alginate with an intermediate (47 %) guluronate (G) content (IntG) or sulfated alginate (SA), gelled in Ca2+/Ba2+ or Sr2+. A screening panel of eleven microbead formulations were evaluated for PFO, yielding multiple promising microbeads. Two candidate formulations were evaluated for 112 days in vivo, exhibiting maintained stability and minimal PFO. Microbeads investigated in a human whole blood assay revealed low cytokine and complement responses, while SA microbeads activated coagulation. Protein deposition on microbeads explanted from mice investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed minimal deposition of complement C3. Fibrinogen was positively associated with PFO, with a high deposition on microbeads of high G (68 %) alginate compared to IntG and SA microbeads. Overall, stable microbeads containing IntG or SA may serve in long-term therapeutic applications of cell encapsulation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Alginate-based hydrogels in the format of micrometer size beads is a promising approach for the immunoisolation of cells in cell therapy. Clinical trials in type 1 diabetes have so far had limited success due to fibrotic responses that hinder the diffusion of nutrients and oxygen to the encapsulated cells, resulting in graft failure. In this study, minimal fibrotic response towards micrometer size alginate beads was achieved by chemical modification of alginate with sulfate groups. Also, the use of alginate with intermediate guluronic acid content resulted in minimally fibrotic microbeads. Fibrinogen deposition was revealed to be a good indicator of fibrosis. This study points to both new microsphere developments and novel insight in the mechanisms behind the fibrotic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abba E Coron
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Joachim S Kjesbu
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Fredrikke Kjærnsmo
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - José Oberholzer
- Charles O. Strickler Transplant Center. Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, VA 22903, USA
| | - Anne Mari A Rokstad
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.; Centre for Obesity, Clinic of Surgery, St. Olav's University Hospital, NO-7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Berit L Strand
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway..
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Kaviani M, Keshtkar S, Sarvestani FS, Azarpira N, Yaghobi R, Aghdaei MH, Geramizadeh B, Esfandiari E, Shamsaeefar A, Nikeghbalian S, Al-Abdullah IH, Karimi MH, Motazedian N. The potential of the incorporated collagen microspheres in alginate hydrogel as an engineered three-dimensional microenvironment to attenuate apoptosis in human pancreatic islets. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151775. [PMID: 34450327 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue engineering is considered as a promising tool for remodeling the native cells microenvironment. In the present study, the effect of alginate hydrogel and collagen microspheres integrated with extracellular matrix components were evaluated in the decrement of apoptosis in human pancreatic islets. MATERIALS/METHODS For three-dimensional culture, the islets were encapsulated in collagen microspheres, containing laminin and collagen IV and embedded in alginate scaffold for one week. After that the islets were examined in terms of viability, apoptosis, genes and proteins expression including BAX, BCL2, active caspase-3, and insulin. Moreover, the islets function was evaluated through glucose-induced insulin and C-peptide secretion assay. In order to evaluate the structure of the scaffolds and the morphology of the pancreatic islets in three-dimensional microenvironments, we performed scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Our findings showed that the designed hydrogel scaffolds significantly improved the islets viability using the reduction of activated caspase-3 and TUNEL positive cells. CONCLUSIONS The reconstruction of the destructed matrix with alginate hydrogels and collagen microspheres might be an effective step to promote the culture of the islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kaviani
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Keshtkar
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Bita Geramizadeh
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Esfandiari
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Shamsaeefar
- Shiraz Organ Transplant Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saman Nikeghbalian
- Shiraz Organ Transplant Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ismail H Al-Abdullah
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, USA
| | | | - Nasrin Motazedian
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Wszoła M, Nitarska D, Cywoniuk P, Gomółka M, Klak M. Stem Cells as a Source of Pancreatic Cells for Production of 3D Bioprinted Bionic Pancreas in the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. Cells 2021; 10:1544. [PMID: 34207441 PMCID: PMC8234129 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the third most common autoimmune disease which develops due to genetic and environmental risk factors. Often, intensive insulin therapy is insufficient, and patients require a pancreas or pancreatic islets transplant. However, both solutions are associated with many possible complications, including graft rejection. The best approach seems to be a donor-independent T1D treatment strategy based on human stem cells cultured in vitro and differentiated into insulin and glucagon-producing cells (β and α cells, respectively). Both types of cells can then be incorporated into the bio-ink used for 3D printing of the bionic pancreas, which can be transplanted into T1D patients to restore glucose homeostasis. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge about stem cells sources and their transformation into key pancreatic cells. Last, but not least, we comment on possible solutions of post-transplant immune response triggered stem cell-derived pancreatic cells and their potential control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Wszoła
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (P.C.); (M.G.)
- Polbionica Ltd., 01-793 Warsaw, Poland;
- Medispace Medical Centre, 01-044 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Cywoniuk
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (P.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Magdalena Gomółka
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (P.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Marta Klak
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (P.C.); (M.G.)
- Polbionica Ltd., 01-793 Warsaw, Poland;
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Gryshkov O, Mutsenko V, Tarusin D, Khayyat D, Naujok O, Riabchenko E, Nemirovska Y, Danilov A, Petrenko AY, Glasmacher B. Coaxial Alginate Hydrogels: From Self-Assembled 3D Cellular Constructs to Long-Term Storage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3096. [PMID: 33803546 PMCID: PMC8003018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alginate as a versatile naturally occurring biomaterial has found widespread use in the biomedical field due to its unique features such as biocompatibility and biodegradability. The ability of its semipermeable hydrogels to provide a favourable microenvironment for clinically relevant cells made alginate encapsulation a leading technology for immunoisolation, 3D culture, cryopreservation as well as cell and drug delivery. The aim of this work is the evaluation of structural properties and swelling behaviour of the core-shell capsules for the encapsulation of multipotent stromal cells (MSCs), their 3D culture and cryopreservation using slow freezing. The cells were encapsulated in core-shell capsules using coaxial electrospraying, cultured for 35 days and cryopreserved. Cell viability, metabolic activity and cell-cell interactions were analysed. Cryopreservation of MSCs-laden core-shell capsules was performed according to parameters pre-selected on cell-free capsules. The results suggest that core-shell capsules produced from the low viscosity high-G alginate are superior to high-M ones in terms of stability during in vitro culture, as well as to solid beads in terms of promoting formation of viable self-assembled cellular structures and maintenance of MSCs functionality on a long-term basis. The application of 0.3 M sucrose demonstrated a beneficial effect on the integrity of capsules and viability of formed 3D cell assemblies, as compared to 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) alone. The proposed workflow from the preparation of core-shell capsules with self-assembled cellular structures to the cryopreservation appears to be a promising strategy for their off-the-shelf availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Gryshkov
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, An der Universität 1, Building 8143, 30823 Garbsen, Germany; (V.M.); (D.K.); (B.G.)
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Vitalii Mutsenko
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, An der Universität 1, Building 8143, 30823 Garbsen, Germany; (V.M.); (D.K.); (B.G.)
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dmytro Tarusin
- Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 23 Pereyaslavsky Street, 61015 Kharkiv, Ukraine; (D.T.); (Y.N.); (A.Y.P.)
| | - Diaa Khayyat
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, An der Universität 1, Building 8143, 30823 Garbsen, Germany; (V.M.); (D.K.); (B.G.)
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ortwin Naujok
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Ekaterina Riabchenko
- Institute for Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, 124498 Moscow, Russia; (E.R.); (A.D.)
| | - Yuliia Nemirovska
- Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 23 Pereyaslavsky Street, 61015 Kharkiv, Ukraine; (D.T.); (Y.N.); (A.Y.P.)
| | - Arseny Danilov
- Institute for Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, 124498 Moscow, Russia; (E.R.); (A.D.)
| | - Alexander Y. Petrenko
- Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 23 Pereyaslavsky Street, 61015 Kharkiv, Ukraine; (D.T.); (Y.N.); (A.Y.P.)
| | - Birgit Glasmacher
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, An der Universität 1, Building 8143, 30823 Garbsen, Germany; (V.M.); (D.K.); (B.G.)
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Somo SI, Brown JM, Brey EM. Dual Crosslinking of Alginate Outer Layer Increases Stability of Encapsulation System. Front Chem 2020; 8:575278. [PMID: 33282827 PMCID: PMC7688585 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.575278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The current standard treatment for Type 1 diabetes is the administration of exogenous insulin to manage blood glucose levels. Cellular therapies are in development to address this dependency and allow patients to produce their own insulin. Studies have shown that viable, functional allogenic islets can be encapsulated inside alginate-based materials as a potential treatment for Type 1 diabetes. The capability of these grafts is limited by several factors, among which is the stability and longevity of the encapsulating material in vivo. Previous studies have shown that multilayer Alginate-Poly-L-Ornithine-Alginate (A-PLO-A) microbeads are effective in maintaining cellular function in vivo. This study expands upon the existing encapsulation material by investigating whether covalent crosslinking of the outer alginate layer increases stability. The alginate comprising the outer layer was methacrylated, allowing it to be covalently crosslinked. Microbeads with a crosslinked outer layer exhibited a consistent outer layer thickness and increased stability when exposed to chelating agents in vitro. The outer layer was maintained in vivo even in the presence of a robust inflammatory response. The results demonstrate a technique for generating A-PLO-A with a covalently crosslinked outer layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami I. Somo
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jacob M. Brown
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Eric M. Brey
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Eric M. Brey
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Li Y, Frei AW, Yang EY, Labrada-Miravet I, Sun C, Rong Y, Samojlik MM, Bayer AL, Stabler CL. In vitro platform establishes antigen-specific CD8 + T cell cytotoxicity to encapsulated cells via indirect antigen recognition. Biomaterials 2020; 256:120182. [PMID: 32599358 PMCID: PMC7480933 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The curative potential of non-autologous cellular therapy is hindered by the requirement of anti-rejection therapy. Cellular encapsulation within nondegradable biomaterials has the potential to inhibit immune rejection, but the efficacy of this approach in robust preclinical and clinical models remains poor. While the responses of innate immune cells to the encapsulating material have been characterized, little attention has been paid to the contributions of adaptive immunity in encapsulated graft destabilization. Avoiding the limitations of animal models, we established an efficient, antigen-specific in vitro platform capable of delineating direct and indirect host T cell recognition to microencapsulated cellular grafts and evaluated their consequential impacts. Using ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen, we determined that alginate microencapsulation abrogates direct CD8+ T cell activation by interrupting donor-host interaction; however, indirect T cell activation, mediated by host antigen presenting cells (APCs) primed with shed donor antigens, still occurs. These activated T cells imparted cytotoxicity on the encapsulated cells, likely via diffusion of cytotoxic solutes. Overall, this platform delivers unique mechanistic insight into the impacts of hydrogel encapsulation on host adaptive immune responses, comprehensively addressing a long-standing hypothesis of the field. Furthermore, it provides an efficient benchtop screening tool for the investigation of new encapsulation methods and/or synergistic immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anthony W Frei
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ethan Y Yang
- Diabetes Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Irayme Labrada-Miravet
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chuqiao Sun
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yanan Rong
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Magdalena M Samojlik
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Allison L Bayer
- Diabetes Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Cherie L Stabler
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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9
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Basta G, Montanucci P, Calafiore R. Microencapsulation of cells and molecular therapy of type 1 diabetes mellitus: The actual state and future perspectives between promise and progress. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 12:301-309. [PMID: 32700473 PMCID: PMC7926256 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of microencapsulation of live cells started with an idea of Thomas MS Chang in 1964, thereafter applied to isolated pancreatic islets by Anthony M Sun in 1980. The original aim was to provide isolated cells with an immune-protective shield, to prevent physical contact between the transplanted cells and the host's immune system, with retention of the microcapsules' biocompatibility and physical-chemical properties over time. In particular, this revolutionary approach essentially applied to islet grafts, in diabetic recipients who are not immunosuppressed, at a preclinical (rodents) and, subsequently, clinical level. Among the different chemistries potentially suitable for microencapsulation of live cells, alginic acid-based polymers, originally proposed by Sun, proved to be superior to all others in the following decades. In fact, only alginic acid-based microcapsules, containing allogeneic islets, ultimately entered pilot human clinical trials in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, as immuno-selectiveness and biocompatibility of alginic acid-hydrogels were never matched by other biopolymers. With problems related to human islet procurement coming into a sharper focus, in conjunction with technical limits of the encapsulated islet grafting procedures, new challenges are actually being pursued, with special regard to developing both new cellular systems - able to release immunomodulatory molecules and insulin itself - and new microencapsulation methods, with the use of novel polymeric formulations, under actual scrutiny. The use of embryonic and adult stem cells, within microcapsules, should address the restricted availability of cadaveric human donor-derived islets, whereas a new generation of newly-engineered microcapsules could better fulfill issues with graft site and long-term retention of biopolymer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Basta
- Division of Internal Medicine and Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (MISEM), Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pia Montanucci
- Division of Internal Medicine and Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (MISEM), Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calafiore
- Division of Internal Medicine and Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (MISEM), Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Jara C, Oyarzun-Ampuero F, Carrión F, González-Echeverría E, Cappelli C, Caviedes P. Microencapsulation of cellular aggregates composed of differentiated insulin and glucagon-producing cells from human mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2020; 12:66. [PMID: 32774470 PMCID: PMC7409404 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-020-00573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) pancreatic β cells are destroyed. Treatment entails exogenous insulin administration and strict diet control, yet optimal glycemic control is hardly attainable. Islet transplant could be an alternative in patients with poor glycemic control, but inefficient islet purification and autoimmune response of patients is still a challenge. For these reasons, it is necessary to explore new cellular sources and immunological isolation methods oriented to develop T1DM cell-based therapies. AIMS We postulate human adipose-derived stem cell (hASC) as an adequate source to generate pancreatic islet cells in vitro, and to produce islet-like structures. Furthermore, we propose microencapsulation of these aggregates as an immunological isolation strategy. METHODS hASC obtained from lipoaspirated fat tissue from human donors were differentiated in vitro to insulin (Ins) and glucagon (Gcg) producing cells. Then, insulin producing cells (IPC) and glucagon producing cells (GPC) were cocultured in low adhesion conditions to form cellular aggregates, and later encapsulated in a sodium alginate polymer. Expression of pancreatic lineage markers and secretion of insulin or glucagon in vitro were analyzed. RESULTS The results show that multipotent hASC efficiently differentiate to IPC and GPC, and express pancreatic markers, including insulin or glucagon hormones which they secrete upon stimulation (fivefold for insulin in IPC, and fourfold for glucagon, compared to undifferentiated cells). In turn, calculation of the Feret diameter and area of cellular aggregates revealed mean diameters of ~ 80 µm, and 65% of the aggregates reached 4000 µm2 at 72 h of formation. IPC/GPC aggregates were then microencapsulated in sodium-alginate polymer microgels, which were found to be more stable when stabilized with Ba2+, yielding average diameters of ~ 300 µm. Interestingly, Ba2+-microencapsulated aggregates respond to high external glucose with insulin secretion. CONCLUSIONS The IPC/GPC differentiation process from hASC, followed by the generation of cellular aggregates that are later microencapsulated, could represent a possible treatment for T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jara
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027., Casilla 7, Clasificador Nº 7, 8389100 Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Oyarzun-Ampuero
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Depto. de Ciencias y Tecnología Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Flavio Carrión
- Programa de Inmunología Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Esteban González-Echeverría
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027., Casilla 7, Clasificador Nº 7, 8389100 Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Cappelli
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo Caviedes
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027., Casilla 7, Clasificador Nº 7, 8389100 Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería (CeBiB), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Biotecnología y Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Duin S, Schütz K, Ahlfeld T, Lehmann S, Lode A, Ludwig B, Gelinsky M. 3D Bioprinting of Functional Islets of Langerhans in an Alginate/Methylcellulose Hydrogel Blend. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801631. [PMID: 30835971 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of pancreatic islets is a promising strategy to alleviate the unstable blood-glucose control that some patients with diabetes type 1 exhibit and has seen many advances over the years. Protection of transplanted islets from the immune system can be accomplished by encapsulation within a hydrogel, the most investigated of which is alginate. In this study, islet encapsulation is combined with 3D extrusion bioprinting, an additive manufacturing method which enables the fabrication of 3D structures with a precise geometry to produce macroporous hydrogel constructs with embedded islets. Using a plottable hydrogel blend consisting of clinically approved ultrapure alginate and methylcellulose (Alg/MC) enables encapsulating pancreatic islets in macroporous 3D hydrogel constructs of defined geometry while retaining their viability, morphology, and functionality. Diffusion of glucose and insulin in the Alg/MC hydrogel is comparable to diffusion in plain alginate; the embedded islets continuously produce insulin and glucagon throughout the observation and still react to glucose stimulation albeit to a lesser degree than control islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Duin
- Centre for Translational BoneJoint and Soft Tissue ResearchUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of Technische Universität Dresden Fetscherstr. 74 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Kathleen Schütz
- Centre for Translational BoneJoint and Soft Tissue ResearchUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of Technische Universität Dresden Fetscherstr. 74 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Tilman Ahlfeld
- Centre for Translational BoneJoint and Soft Tissue ResearchUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of Technische Universität Dresden Fetscherstr. 74 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Susann Lehmann
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden and German Centre for Diabetes Research Dresden, Tatzberg 47‐49 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Anja Lode
- Centre for Translational BoneJoint and Soft Tissue ResearchUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of Technische Universität Dresden Fetscherstr. 74 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Barbara Ludwig
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden and German Centre for Diabetes Research Dresden, Tatzberg 47‐49 01307 Dresden Germany
- Department of Medicine IIIUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusTechnische Universität Dresden Fetscherstraße 74 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational BoneJoint and Soft Tissue ResearchUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of Technische Universität Dresden Fetscherstr. 74 01307 Dresden Germany
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12
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Verheyen CA, Morales L, Sussman J, Paunovska K, Manzoli V, Ziebarth NM, Tomei AA. Characterization of Polyethylene Glycol-Reinforced Alginate Microcapsules for Mechanically Stable Cell Immunoisolation. MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING 2019; 304:1800679. [PMID: 31929732 PMCID: PMC6953757 DOI: 10.1002/mame.201800679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Islet transplantation within mechanically stable microcapsules offers the promise of long-term diabetes reversal without chronic immunosuppression. Reinforcing the ionically gelled network of alginate (ALG) hydrogels with covalently linked polyethylene glycol (PEG) may create hybrid structures with desirable mechanical properties. This report describes the fabrication of hybrid PEG-ALG interpenetrating polymer networks and the investigation of microcapsule swelling, surface modulus, rheology, compression, and permeability. It is demonstrated that hybrid networks are more resistant to bulk swelling and compressive deformation and display improved shape recovery and long-term resilience. Interestingly, it is shown that PEG-ALG networks behave like ALG during microscale surface deformation and small amplitude shear while exhibiting similar permeability properties. The results from this report's in vitro characterization are interpreted according to viscoelastic polymer theory and provide new insight into hybrid hydrogel mechanical behavior. This new understanding of PEG-ALG mechanical performance is then linked to previous work that demonstrated the success of hybrid polymer immunoisolation devices in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor A Verheyen
- Diabetes Research Institute, 1450 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Laura Morales
- Diabetes Research Institute, 1450 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Joshua Sussman
- Diabetes Research Institute, 1450 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Kalina Paunovska
- Diabetes Research Institute, 1450 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Vita Manzoli
- Diabetes Research Institute, 1450 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Noel M Ziebarth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL-33146, USA
| | - Alice A Tomei
- Diabetes Research Institute, 1450 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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13
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Bochenek MA, Veiseh O, Vegas AJ, McGarrigle JJ, Qi M, Marchese E, Omami M, Doloff JC, Mendoza-Elias J, Nourmohammadzadeh M, Khan A, Yeh CC, Xing Y, Isa D, Ghani S, Li J, Landry C, Bader AR, Olejnik K, Chen M, Hollister-Lock J, Wang Y, Greiner DL, Weir GC, Strand BL, Rokstad AMA, Lacik I, Langer R, Anderson DG, Oberholzer J. Alginate encapsulation as long-term immune protection of allogeneic pancreatic islet cells transplanted into the omental bursa of macaques. Nat Biomed Eng 2018; 2:810-821. [PMID: 30873298 PMCID: PMC6413527 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-018-0275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The transplantation of pancreatic islet cells could restore glycaemic control in patients with type-I diabetes. Microspheres for islet encapsulation have enabled long-term glycaemic control in diabetic rodent models; yet human patients transplanted with equivalent microsphere formulations have experienced only transient islet-graft function, owing to a vigorous foreign-body reaction (FBR), to pericapsular fibrotic overgrowth (PFO) and, in upright bipedal species, to the sedimentation of the microspheres within the peritoneal cavity. Here, we report the results of the testing, in non-human primate (NHP) models, of seven alginate formulations that were efficacious in rodents, including three that led to transient islet-graft function in clinical trials. Although one month post-implantation all formulations elicited significant FBR and PFO, three chemically modified, immune-modulating alginate formulations elicited reduced FBR. In conjunction with a minimally invasive transplantation technique into the bursa omentalis of NHPs, the most promising chemically modified alginate derivative (Z1-Y15) protected viable and glucose-responsive allogeneic islets for 4 months without the need for immunosuppression. Chemically modified alginate formulations may enable the long-term transplantation of islets for the correction of insulin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Bochenek
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Omid Veiseh
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Sigilon Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arturo J Vegas
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Chemistry Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James J McGarrigle
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- CellTrans Inc., Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Meirigeng Qi
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Enza Marchese
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mustafa Omami
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua C Doloff
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Mendoza-Elias
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mohammad Nourmohammadzadeh
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Arshad Khan
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chun-Chieh Yeh
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yuan Xing
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Douglas Isa
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- CellTrans Inc., Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sofia Ghani
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- CellTrans Inc., Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jie Li
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Sigilon Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Casey Landry
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew R Bader
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karsten Olejnik
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Sigilon Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Chen
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Hollister-Lock
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Gordon C Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Berit Løkensgard Strand
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Mari A Rokstad
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Centre of Obesity, Clinic of Surgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Igor Lacik
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Robert Langer
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Health Science Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Division of Health Science Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Jose Oberholzer
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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14
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Safley SA, Kenyon NS, Berman DM, Barber GF, Willman M, Duncanson S, Iwakoshi N, Holdcraft R, Gazda L, Thompson P, Badell IR, Sambanis A, Ricordi C, Weber CJ. Microencapsulated adult porcine islets transplanted intraperitoneally in streptozotocin-diabetic non-human primates. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12450. [PMID: 30117193 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenogeneic donors would provide an unlimited source of islets for the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The goal of this study was to assess the function of microencapsulated adult porcine islets (APIs) transplanted ip in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic non-human primates (NHPs) given targeted immunosuppression. METHODS APIs were encapsulated in: (a) single barium-gelled alginate capsules or (b) double alginate capsules with an inner, islet-containing compartment and a durable, biocompatible outer alginate layer. Immunosuppressed, streptozotocin-diabetic NHPs were transplanted ip with encapsulated APIs, and graft function was monitored by measuring blood glucose, %HbA1c, and porcine C-peptide. At graft failure, explanted capsules were assessed for biocompatibility and durability plus islet viability and functionality. Host immune responses were evaluated by phenotyping peritoneal cell populations, quantitation of peritoneal cytokines and chemokines, and measurement of anti-porcine IgG and IgM plus anti-Gal IgG. RESULTS NHP recipients had reduced hyperglycemia, decreased exogenous insulin requirements, and lower percent hemoglobin A1c (%HbA1c) levels. Porcine C-peptide was detected in plasma of all recipients, but these levels diminished with time. However, relatively high levels of porcine C-peptide were detected locally in the peritoneal graft site of some recipients at sacrifice. IV glucose tolerance tests demonstrated metabolic function, but the grafts eventually failed in all diabetic NHPs regardless of the type of encapsulation or the host immunosuppression regimen. Explanted microcapsules were intact, "clean," and free-floating without evidence of fibrosis at graft failure, and some reversed diabetes when re-implanted ip in diabetic immunoincompetent mice. Histology of explanted capsules showed scant evidence of a host cellular response, and viable islets could be found. Flow cytometric analyses of peritoneal cells and peripheral blood showed similarly minimal evidence of a host immune response. Preformed anti-porcine IgG and IgM antibodies were present in recipient plasma, but these levels did not rise post-transplant. Peritoneal graft site cytokine or chemokine levels were equivalent to normal controls, with the exception of minimal elevation observed for IL-6 or IL-1β, GRO-α, I-309, IP-10, and MCP-1. However, we found central necrosis in many of the encapsulated islets after graft failure, and explanted islets expressed endogenous markers of hypoxia (HIF-1α, osteopontin, and GLUT-1), suggesting a role for non-immunologic factors, likely hypoxia, in graft failure. CONCLUSIONS With donor xenoislet microencapsulation and host immunosuppression, APIs corrected hyperglycemia after ip transplantation in STZ-diabetic NHPs in the short term. The islet xenografts lost efficacy gradually, but at graft failure, some viable islets remained, substantial porcine C-peptide was detected in the peritoneal graft site, and there was very little evidence of a host immune response. We postulate that chronic effects of non-immunologic factors, such as in vivo hypoxic and hyperglycemic conditions, damaged the encapsulated islet xenografts. To achieve long-term function, new approaches must be developed to prevent this damage, for example, by increasing the oxygen supply to microencapsulated islets in the ip space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Safley
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Norma S Kenyon
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miami, Florida.,Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Dora M Berman
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miami, Florida.,Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | | | | | - Stephanie Duncanson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Neal Iwakoshi
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Peter Thompson
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - I Raul Badell
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Athanassios Sambanis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miami, Florida.,Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Collin J Weber
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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15
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Pugliese E, Coentro JQ, Zeugolis DI. Advancements and Challenges in Multidomain Multicargo Delivery Vehicles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704324. [PMID: 29446161 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reparative and regenerative processes are well-orchestrated temporal and spatial events that are governed by multiple cells, molecules, signaling pathways, and interactions thereof. Yet again, currently available implantable devices fail largely to recapitulate nature's complexity and sophistication in this regard. Herein, success stories and challenges in the field of layer-by-layer, composite, self-assembly, and core-shell technologies are discussed for the development of multidomain/multicargo delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Pugliese
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Ireland
| | - João Q Coentro
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Ireland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Ireland
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16
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Kroneková Z, Pelach M, Mazancová P, Uhelská L, Treľová D, Rázga F, Némethová V, Szalai S, Chorvát D, McGarrigle JJ, Omami M, Isa D, Ghani S, Majková E, Oberholzer J, Raus V, Šiffalovič P, Lacík I. Structural changes in alginate-based microspheres exposed to in vivo environment as revealed by confocal Raman microscopy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1637. [PMID: 29374272 PMCID: PMC5785987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A next-generation cure for type 1 diabetes relies on immunoprotection of insulin-producing cells, which can be achieved by their encapsulation in microspheres made of non-covalently crosslinked hydrogels. Treatment success is directly related to the microsphere structure that is characterized by the localization of the polymers constituting the hydrogel material. However, due to the lack of a suitable analytical method, it is presently unknown how the microsphere structure changes in vivo, which complicates evaluation of different encapsulation approaches. Here, confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) imaging was tailored to serve as a powerful new tool for tracking structural changes in two major encapsulation designs, alginate-based microbeads and multi-component microcapsules. CRM analyses before implantation and after explantation from a mouse model revealed complete loss of the original heterogeneous structure in the alginate microbeads, making the intentionally high initial heterogeneity a questionable design choice. On the other hand, the structural heterogeneity was conserved in the microcapsules, which indicates that this design will better retain its immunoprotective properties in vivo. In another application, CRM was used for quantitative mapping of the alginate concentration throughout the microbead volume. Such data provide invaluable information about the microenvironment cells would encounter upon their encapsulation in alginate microbeads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kroneková
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Pelach
- Department of Multilayers and Nanostructures, Institute of Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Mazancová
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Uhelská
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dušana Treľová
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Filip Rázga
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Némethová
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Szabolcs Szalai
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dušan Chorvát
- Department of Biophotonics, International Laser Center, Ilkovicova 3, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - James J McGarrigle
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
| | - Mustafa Omami
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
| | - Douglas Isa
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
| | - Sofia Ghani
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
| | - Eva Majková
- Department of Multilayers and Nanostructures, Institute of Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - José Oberholzer
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
| | - Vladimír Raus
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Šiffalovič
- Department of Multilayers and Nanostructures, Institute of Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Igor Lacík
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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17
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Lew B, Kim IY, Choi H, Kim K. Sustained exenatide delivery via intracapsular microspheres for improved survival and function of microencapsulated porcine islets. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 8:857-862. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Somo SI, Langert K, Yang CY, Vaicik MK, Ibarra V, Appel AA, Akar B, Cheng MH, Brey EM. Synthesis and evaluation of dual crosslinked alginate microbeads. Acta Biomater 2018; 65:53-65. [PMID: 29101016 PMCID: PMC5902406 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alginate hydrogels have been investigated for a broad variety of medical applications. The ability to assemble hydrogels at neutral pH and mild temperatures makes alginate a popular choice for the encapsulation and delivery of cells and proteins. Alginate has been studied extensively for the delivery of islets as a treatment for type 1 diabetes. However, poor stability of the encapsulation systems after implantation remains a challenge. In this paper, alginate was modified with 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride (AEMA) to introduce groups that can be photoactivated to generate covalent bonds. This enabled formation of dual crosslinked structure upon exposure to ultraviolet light following initial ionic crosslinking into bead structures. The degree of methacrylation was varied and in vitro stability, long term swelling, and cell viability examined. At low levels of the methacrylation, the beads could be formed by first ionic crosslinks followed by exposure to ultraviolet light to generate covalent bonds. The methacrylated alginate resulted in more stable beads and cells were viable following encapsulation. Alginate microbeads, ionic (unmodified) and dual crosslinked, were implanted into a rat omentum pouch model. Implantation was performed with a local injection of 100 µl of 50 µg/ml of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate a robust inflammatory challenge in vivo. Implants were retrieved at 1 and 3 weeks for analysis. The unmodified alginate microbeads had all failed by week 1, whereas the dual-crosslinked alginate microbeads remained stable up through 3 weeks. The modified alginate microbeads may provide a more stable alternative to current alginate-based systems for cell encapsulation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Alginate, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, has been used for cell encapsulation to prevent graft rejection of cell transplants for people with type I diabetes. Although some success has been observed in clinical trials, the lack of reproducibility and failure to reach insulin dependence for longer periods of time indicates the need for improvements in the procedure. A major requirement for the long-term function of alginate encapsulated cells is the mechanical stability of microcapsules. Insufficient mechanical integrity of the capsules can lead to immunological reactions in the recipients. In this work, alginate was modified to allow photoactivatable groups in order to allow formation of covalent crosslinks in addition to ionic crosslinking. The dual crosslinking design prevents capsule breakdown following implantation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami I Somo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines, Jr. VA. Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Kelly Langert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines, Jr. VA. Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Chin-Yu Yang
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Marcella K Vaicik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines, Jr. VA. Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Veronica Ibarra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alyssa A Appel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Banu Akar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines, Jr. VA. Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Ming-Huei Cheng
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Eric M Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA; Research Service, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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19
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Abstract
The principle of immunoisolation of cells is based on encapsulation of cells in immunoprotective but semipermeable membranes that protect cells from hazardous effects of the host immune system but allows ingress of nutrients and outgress of therapeutic molecules. The technology was introduced in 1933 but has only received its deserved attention for its therapeutic application for three decades now.In the past decade important advances have been made in creating capsules that provoke minimal or no inflammatory responses. There are however new emerging challenges. These challenges relate to optimal nutrition and oxygen supply as well as standardization and documentation of capsule properties.It is concluded that the proof of principle of applicability of encapsulated grafts for treatment of human disease has been demonstrated and merits optimism about its clinical potential. Further innovation requires a much more systematic approach in identifying crucial properties of capsules and cellular grafts to allow sound interpretations of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul de Vos
- Division of Immuno-Endocrinology, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Alizadeh Sardroud H, Nemati S, Baradar Khoshfetrat A, Nabavinia M, Beygi Khosrowshahi Y. Barium-cross-linked alginate-gelatine microcapsule as a potential platform for stem cell production and modular tissue formation. J Microencapsul 2017; 34:488-497. [PMID: 28699824 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2017.1354940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Influence of gelatine concentration and cross-linker ions of Ca2+ and Ba2+ was evaluated on characteristics of alginate hydrogels and proliferation behaviours of model adherent and suspendable stem cells of fibroblast and U937 embedded in alginate microcapsules. Increasing gelatine concentration to 2.5% increased extent of swelling to 15% and 25% for barium- and calcium-cross-linked hydrogels, respectively. Mechanical properties also decreased with increasing swelling of hydrogels. Both by increasing gelatine concentration and using barium ions increased considerably the proliferation of encapsulated model stem cells. Barium-cross-linked alginate-gelatine microcapsule tested for bone building block showed a 13.5 ± 1.5-fold expansion for osteoblast cells after 21 days with deposition of bone matrix. The haematopoietic stem cells cultured in the microcapsule after 7 days also showed up to 2-fold increase without adding any growth factor. The study demonstrates that barium-cross-linked alginate-gelatine microcapsule has potential for use as a simple and efficient 3D platform for stem cell production and modular tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Alizadeh Sardroud
- a Chemical Engineering Faculty , Sahand University of Technology , Tabriz , Iran.,b Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Laboratory , Sahand University of Technology , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Sorour Nemati
- a Chemical Engineering Faculty , Sahand University of Technology , Tabriz , Iran.,b Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Laboratory , Sahand University of Technology , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Ali Baradar Khoshfetrat
- a Chemical Engineering Faculty , Sahand University of Technology , Tabriz , Iran.,b Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Laboratory , Sahand University of Technology , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mahbobeh Nabavinia
- a Chemical Engineering Faculty , Sahand University of Technology , Tabriz , Iran.,b Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Laboratory , Sahand University of Technology , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Younes Beygi Khosrowshahi
- b Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Laboratory , Sahand University of Technology , Tabriz , Iran.,c Chemical Engineering Department , Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University , Tabriz , Iran
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21
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Abstract
Transplantation of pancreatic islets encapsulated within immuno-protective microcapsules is a strategy that has the potential to overcome graft rejection without the need for toxic immunosuppressive medication. However, despite promising preclinical studies, clinical trials using encapsulated islets have lacked long-term efficacy, and although generally considered clinically safe, have not been encouraging overall. One of the major factors limiting the long-term function of encapsulated islets is the host's immunological reaction to the transplanted graft which is often manifested as pericapsular fibrotic overgrowth (PFO). PFO forms a barrier on the capsule surface that prevents the ingress of oxygen and nutrients leading to islet cell starvation, hypoxia and death. The mechanism of PFO formation is still not elucidated fully and studies using a pig model have tried to understand the host immune response to empty alginate microcapsules. In this review, the varied strategies to overcome or reduce PFO are discussed, including alginate purification, altering microcapsule geometry, modifying alginate chemical composition, co-encapsulation with immunomodulatory cells, administration of pharmacological agents, and alternative transplantation sites. Nanoencapsulation technologies, such as conformal and layer-by-layer coating technologies, as well as nanofiber, thin-film nanoporous devices, and silicone based NanoGland devices are also addressed. Finally, this review outlines recent progress in imaging technologies to track encapsulated cells, as well as promising perspectives concerning the production of insulin-producing cells from stem cells for encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayaganapathy Vaithilingam
- Materials Science and Engineering, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sumeet Bal
- Materials Science and Engineering, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bernard E Tuch
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Kaviani M, Azarpira N. Insight into microenvironment remodeling in pancreatic endocrine tissue engineering: Biological and biomaterial approaches. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 13:475-484. [PMID: 30603429 PMCID: PMC6170842 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-016-0014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of diabetes mellitus, as a chronic and complicated disease, is a valuable purpose. Islet transplantation can provide metabolic stability and insulin independence in type 1 diabetes patients. Diet and insulin therapy are only diabetes controllers and cannot remove all of the diabetes complications. Moreover, islet transplantation is more promising treatment than whole pancreas transplantation because of lesser invasive surgical procedure and morbidity and mortality. According to the importance of extracellular matrix for islet viability and function, microenvironment remodeling of pancreatic endocrine tissue can lead to more success in diabetes treatment by pancreatic islets. Production of bioengineered pancreas and remodeling of pancreas extracellular matrix provide essential microenvironment for re-vascularization, re-innervation and signaling cascades triggering. Therefore, islets show better viability and function in these conditions. Researchers conduct various scaffolds with different biomaterials for the improvement of islet viability, function and transplantation outcome. The attention to normal pancreas anatomy, embryology and histology is critical to understand the pancreatic Langerhans islets niche and finally to achieve efficient engineered structure. Therefore, in the present study, the status and components of the islets niche is mentioned and fundamental issues related to the tissue engineering of this structure is considered. The purpose of this review article is summarization of recent progress in the endocrine pancreas tissue engineering and biomaterials and biological aspects of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kaviani
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Mohamad Rasulallah Research Tower, Khalili street, Shiraz, 7193635899 Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Mohamad Rasulallah Research Tower, Khalili street, Shiraz, 7193635899 Iran
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23
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Retention of gene expression in porcine islets after agarose encapsulation and long-term culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 476:580-585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Mahou R, Passemard S, Carvello M, Petrelli A, Noverraz F, Gerber-Lemaire S, Wandrey C. Contribution of polymeric materials to progress in xenotransplantation of microencapsulated cells: a review. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:179-201. [PMID: 27250036 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell microencapsulation and subsequent transplantation of the microencapsulated cells require multidisciplinary approaches. Physical, chemical, biological, engineering, and medical expertise has to be combined. Several natural and synthetic polymeric materials and different technologies have been reported for the preparation of hydrogels, which are suitable to protect cells by microencapsulation. However, owing to the frequent lack of adequate characterization of the hydrogels and their components as well as incomplete description of the technology, many results of in vitro and in vivo studies appear contradictory or cannot reliably be reproduced. This review addresses the state of the art in cell microencapsulation with special focus on microencapsulated cells intended for xenotransplantation cell therapies. The choice of materials, the design and fabrication of the microspheres, as well as the conditions to be met during the cell microencapsulation process, are summarized and discussed prior to presenting research results of in vitro and in vivo studies. Overall, this review will serve to sensitize medically educated specialists for materials and technological aspects of cell microencapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redouan Mahou
- Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Solène Passemard
- Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Carvello
- Department of Surgery, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - François Noverraz
- Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Gerber-Lemaire
- Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christine Wandrey
- Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Takacova M, Hlouskova G, Zatovicova M, Benej M, Sedlakova O, Kopacek J, Pastorek J, Lacik I, Pastorekova S. Encapsulation of anti-carbonic anhydrase IX antibody in hydrogel microspheres for tumor targeting. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:110-118. [PMID: 27140748 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1177523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Encapsulation is a well-established method of biomaterial protection, controlled release, and efficient delivery. Here we evaluated encapsulation of monoclonal antibody M75 directed to tumor biomarker carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) into alginate microbeads (SA-beads) or microcapsules made of sodium alginate, cellulose sulfate, and poly(methylene-co-guanidine) (PMCG). M75 antibody release was quantified using ELISA and its binding properties were assessed by immunodetection methods. SA-beads showed rapid M75 antibody release in the first hour, followed by steady release during the whole experiment of 7 days. In contrast, the M75 release from PMCG capsules was gradual, reaching the maximum concentration on the 7th day. The release was more efficient at pH 6.8 compared to pH 7.4. The released antibody could recognize CA IX, and target the CA IX-positive cells in 3D spheroids. In conclusion, SA-beads and PMCG microcapsules can be considered as promising antibody reservoirs for targeting of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Takacova
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia.,b Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute , Brno , Czech Republic , and
| | - Gabriela Hlouskova
- c Department for Biomaterials Research , Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Miriam Zatovicova
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Martin Benej
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Olga Sedlakova
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Juraj Kopacek
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Jaromir Pastorek
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Igor Lacik
- c Department for Biomaterials Research , Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia.,b Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute , Brno , Czech Republic , and
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26
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Köllmer M, Appel AA, Somo SI, Brey EM. Long-Term Function of Alginate-Encapsulated Islets. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 22:34-46. [PMID: 26414084 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human trials have demonstrated the feasibility of alginate-encapsulated islet cells for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Encapsulated islets can be protected from the host's immune system and remain viable and functional following transplantation. However, the long-term success of these therapies requires that alginate microcapsules maintain their immunoprotective capacity and stability in vivo for sustained periods. In part, as a consequence of different encapsulation strategies, islet encapsulation studies have produced inconsistent results in regard to graft functioning time, stability, and overall metabolic benefits. Alginate composition (proportion of M- and G-blocks), alginate purity, the cross-linking ions (calcium or barium), and the presence or absence of additional polymer coating layers influence the success of cell encapsulation. This review summarizes the outcomes of long-term studies of alginate-encapsulated islet transplants in animals and humans and provides a critical discussion of the graft failure mechanisms, including issues with graft biocompatibility, transplantation site, and integrity of the encapsulated islet grafts. Strategies to improve the mechanical stability of alginate capsules and methods for monitoring graft survival and function in vivo are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Köllmer
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alyssa A Appel
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago, Illinois.,2 Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital , Hines, Illinois
| | - Sami I Somo
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago, Illinois.,2 Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital , Hines, Illinois
| | - Eric M Brey
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago, Illinois.,2 Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital , Hines, Illinois
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27
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Luca G, Mancuso F, Calvitti M, Arato I, Falabella G, Bufalari A, De Monte V, Tresoldi E, Nastruzzi C, Basta G, Fallarino F, Lilli C, Bellucci C, Baroni T, Aglietti MC, Giovagnoli S, Cameron DF, Bodo M, Calafiore R. Long-term stability, functional competence, and safety of microencapsulated specific pathogen-free neonatal porcine Sertoli cells: a potential product for cell transplant therapy. Xenotransplantation 2015; 22:273-83. [PMID: 26134468 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine Sertoli cells (pSCs) have been employed for cell therapy in pre-clinical studies for several chronic/immune diseases as they deliver molecules associated with trophic and anti-inflammatory effects. To be employed for human xenografts, pSCs products need to comply with safety and stability. To fulfill such requirements, we employed a microencapsulation technology to increase pre-transplant storage stability of specific pathogen-free pSCs (SPF-pSCs) and evaluated the in vivo long-term viability and safety of grafts. METHODS Specific pathogen free neonatal pigs underwent testis excision under sterility. pSCs were isolated, characterized by immunofluorescence (IF) and cytofluorimetric analysis (CA) and examined in terms of viability and function [namely, production of anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), inhibin B, and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TFGβ-1)]. After microencapsulation in barium alginate microcapsules (Ba-MC), long-term SPF-pSCs (Ba-MCpSCs) viability and barium concentrations were evaluated at 1, 24 throughout 40 h to establish pre-transplant storage conditions. RESULTS The purity of isolated pSCs was about 95% with negligible contaminating cells. Cultured pSCs monolayers, both prior to and after microencapsulation, maintained high function and full viability up to 24 h of storage. At 40 h post-encapsulation, pSCs viability decreased to 80%. Barium concentration in Ba-MCpSCs lagged below the normal maximum daily allowance and was stable for 4 months in mice with no evident side effects. CONCLUSIONS Such results suggest that this protocol for the isolation and microencapsulation of pSCs is compatible with long-haul transportation and that Ba-MCpSCs could be potentially employable for xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Division of Medical Andrology and Endocrinology of Reproduction, Saint Mary Hospital, Terni, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancuso
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mario Calvitti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Iva Arato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Falabella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonello Bufalari
- Department of Pathology, Diagnostic and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina De Monte
- Department of Pathology, Diagnostic and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Enrico Tresoldi
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudio Nastruzzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Basta
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Lilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Catia Bellucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tiziano Baroni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Don F Cameron
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Maria Bodo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calafiore
- Division of Medical Andrology and Endocrinology of Reproduction, Saint Mary Hospital, Terni, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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28
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Stoppel WL, Ghezzi CE, McNamara SL, Black LD, Kaplan DL. Clinical applications of naturally derived biopolymer-based scaffolds for regenerative medicine. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 43:657-80. [PMID: 25537688 PMCID: PMC8196399 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Naturally derived polymeric biomaterials, such as collagens, silks, elastins, alginates, and fibrins are utilized in tissue engineering due to their biocompatibility, bioactivity, and tunable mechanical and degradation kinetics. The use of these natural biopolymers in biomedical applications is advantageous because they do not release cytotoxic degradation products, are often processed using environmentally-friendly aqueous-based methods, and their degradation rates within biological systems can be manipulated by modifying the starting formulation or processing conditions. For these reasons, many recent in vivo investigations and FDA-approval of new biomaterials for clinical use have utilized natural biopolymers as matrices for cell delivery and as scaffolds for cell-free support of native tissues. This review highlights biopolymer-based scaffolds used in clinical applications for the regeneration and repair of native tissues, with a focus on bone, skeletal muscle, peripheral nerve, cardiac muscle, and cornea substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney L. Stoppel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Chiara E. Ghezzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Stephanie L. McNamara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- The Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lauren D. Black
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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29
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Motté E, Szepessy E, Suenens K, Stangé G, Bomans M, Jacobs-Tulleneers-Thevissen D, Ling Z, Kroon E, Pipeleers D. Composition and function of macroencapsulated human embryonic stem cell-derived implants: comparison with clinical human islet cell grafts. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E838-46. [PMID: 25205822 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00219.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
β-Cells generated from large-scale sources can overcome current shortages in clinical islet cell grafts provided that they adequately respond to metabolic variations. Pancreatic (non)endocrine cells can develop from human embryonic stem (huES) cells following in vitro derivation to pancreatic endoderm (PE) that is subsequently implanted in immune-incompetent mice for further differentiation. Encapsulation of PE increases the proportion of endocrine cells in subcutaneous implants, with enrichment in β-cells when they are placed in TheraCyte-macrodevices and predominantly α-cells when they are alginate-microencapsulated. At posttransplant (PT) weeks 20-30, macroencapsulated huES implants presented higher glucose-responsive plasma C-peptide levels and a lower proinsulin-over-C-peptide ratio than human islet cell implants under the kidney capsule. Their ex vivo analysis showed the presence of single-hormone-positive α- and β-cells that exhibited rapid secretory responses to increasing and decreasing glucose concentrations, similar to isolated human islet cells. However, their insulin secretory amplitude was lower, which was attributed in part to a lower cellular hormone content; it was associated with a lower glucose-induced insulin biosynthesis, but not with lower glucagon-induced stimulation, which together is compatible with an immature functional state of the huES-derived β-cells at PT weeks 20-30. These data support the therapeutic potential of macroencapsulated huES implants but indicate the need for further functional analysis. Their comparison with clinical-grade human islet cell grafts sets references for future development and clinical translation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- C-Peptide/blood
- C-Peptide/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Cells, Immobilized/cytology
- Cells, Immobilized/metabolism
- Cells, Immobilized/transplantation
- Crosses, Genetic
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/surgery
- Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology
- Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Embryonic Stem Cells/transplantation
- Glucagon-Secreting Cells/cytology
- Glucagon-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Implants, Experimental/adverse effects
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/cytology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/adverse effects
- Kidney
- Membranes
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Proinsulin/blood
- Proinsulin/metabolism
- Subcutaneous Tissue
- Tissue Scaffolds/adverse effects
- Transplantation, Heterologous/adverse effects
- Transplantation, Heterotopic/adverse effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Motté
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Edit Szepessy
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Krista Suenens
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Stangé
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Zhidong Ling
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Daniel Pipeleers
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;
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Paredes Juárez GA, Spasojevic M, Faas MM, de Vos P. Immunological and technical considerations in application of alginate-based microencapsulation systems. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2014; 2:26. [PMID: 25147785 PMCID: PMC4123607 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2014.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Islets encapsulated in immunoprotective microcapsules are being proposed as an alternative for insulin therapy for treatment of type 1 diabetes. Many materials for producing microcapsules have been proposed but only alginate does currently qualify as ready for clinical application. However, many different alginate-based capsule systems do exist. A pitfall in the field is that these systems are applied without a targeted strategy with varying degrees of success as a consequence. In the current review, the different properties of alginate-based systems are reviewed in view of future application in humans. The use of allogeneic and xenogeneic islet sources are discussed with acknowledging the different degrees of immune protection the encapsulation system should supply. Also issues such as oxygen supply and the role of danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPS) in immune activation are being reviewed. A common property of the encapsulation systems is that alginates for medical application should have an extreme high degree of purity and lack pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to avoid activation of the recipient’s immune system. Up to now, non-inflammatory alginates are only produced on a lab-scale and are not yet commercially available. This is a major pitfall on the route to human application. Also the lack of predictive pre-clinical models is a burden. The principle differences between relevant innate and adaptive immune responses in humans and other species are reviewed. Especially, the extreme differences between the immune system of non-human primates and humans are cumbersome as non-human primates may not be predictive of the immune responses in humans, as opposed to the popular belief of regulatory agencies. Current insight is that although the technology is versatile major research efforts are required for identifying the mechanical, immunological, and physico-chemical requirements that alginate-based capsules should meet for successful human application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro Alberto Paredes Juárez
- Section of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Milica Spasojevic
- Section of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands ; Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Section of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Section of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
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Sandvig I, Karstensen K, Rokstad AM, Aachmann FL, Formo K, Sandvig A, Skjåk-Braek G, Strand BL. RGD-peptide modified alginate by a chemoenzymatic strategy for tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:896-906. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Sandvig
- MI Lab and Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Kristin Karstensen
- Department of Biotechnology, NOBIPOL; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Anne Mari Rokstad
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Central Norwegian Regional Health Authority; St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital; Trondheim Norway
| | - Finn Lillelund Aachmann
- Department of Biotechnology, NOBIPOL; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Kjetil Formo
- Department of Biotechnology, NOBIPOL; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Axel Sandvig
- MI Lab and Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Department of Neurosurgery; Umeå University Hospital; Umeå Sweden
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Braek
- Department of Biotechnology, NOBIPOL; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Berit Løkensgard Strand
- Department of Biotechnology, NOBIPOL; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Central Norwegian Regional Health Authority; St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital; Trondheim Norway
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Rokstad AMA, Lacík I, de Vos P, Strand BL. Advances in biocompatibility and physico-chemical characterization of microspheres for cell encapsulation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 67-68:111-30. [PMID: 23876549 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell encapsulation has already shown its high potential and holds the promise for future cell therapies to enter the clinics as a large scale treatment option for various types of diseases. The advancement in cell biology towards this goal has to be complemented with functional biomaterials suitable for cell encapsulation. This cannot be achieved without understanding the close correlation between cell performance and properties of microspheres. The ongoing challenges in the field of cell encapsulation require a critical view on techniques and approaches currently utilized to characterize microspheres. This review deals with both principal subjects of microspheres characterization in the cell encapsulation field: physico-chemical characterization and biocompatibility. The up-to-day knowledge is summarized and discussed with the focus to identify missing knowledge and uncertainties, and to propose the mandatory next steps in characterization of microspheres for cell encapsulation. The primary conclusion of this review is that further success in development of microspheres for cell therapies cannot be accomplished without careful selection of characterization techniques, which are employed in conjunction with biological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mari A Rokstad
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Prinsesse Kristinasgt. 1, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; The Central Norway Health Authority (RHA), Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Igor Lacík
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, EA11, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Berit L Strand
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Prinsesse Kristinasgt. 1, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Biotechnology, NTNU, Sem Saelandsvei 6/8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; The Central Norway Health Authority (RHA), Trondheim, Norway.
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Implementation of a simplified method of islet isolation for allogeneic islet transplantation in cynomolgus monkeys. Pancreas 2014; 43:226-35. [PMID: 24518500 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpa.0000437322.44975.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study describes a simple and cost-effective islet isolation procedure. Using this method, allogeneic islets reverse diabetes in cynomolgus monkeys. METHODS Pancreatic tissue from 11 cynomolgus monkeys were digested, collected, and purified using a simplified method. Islet quantification, purity, viability, and glucose static incubation were conducted immediately after isolation. Five streptozotocin-induced monkeys with diabetes were transplanted intrahepatically, and liver biopsies from 3 of these monkeys were taken at different time points for histologic study. RESULTS The mean (SD) of viability, purity, and static glucose incubation stimulation index were 94.4% (2.3%), 91.8% (3.4%), and 2.6 (1.7), respectively. Monkeys who received a mean (SD) dose of 19,968 (2273) islet equivalent per kilogram (n = 4) from 2 to 3 donors who achieved prolonged normoglycemia (57-232 days), whereas the single monkey who received an islet dose of 8000 islet equivalent per kilogram did not experience diabetes reversal. Immunohistochemical assessment of the liver biopsies taken from the monkeys with normoglycemia revealed an insulin- and glucagon-positive islet graft for up to 6 months with minimal peri-islet inflammatory infiltration. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that cynomolgus monkey islets can be successfully and efficiently harvested using a simple isolation method, and these islets can restore normoglycemia in monkeys with diabetes.
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Nourmohammadzadeh M, Lo JF, Bochenek M, Mendoza-Elias JE, Wang Q, Li Z, Zeng L, Qi M, Eddington DT, Oberholzer J, Wang Y. Microfluidic array with integrated oxygenation control for real-time live-cell imaging: effect of hypoxia on physiology of microencapsulated pancreatic islets. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11240-9. [PMID: 24083835 DOI: 10.1021/ac401297v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we present a novel microfluidic islet array based on a hydrodynamic trapping principle. The lab-on-a-chip studies with live-cell multiparametric imaging allow understanding of physiological and pathophysiological changes of microencapsulated islets under hypoxic conditions. Using this microfluidic array and imaging analysis techniques, we demonstrate that hypoxia impairs the function of microencapsulated islets at the single islet level, showing a heterogeneous pattern reflected in intracellular calcium signaling, mitochondrial energetic, and redox activity. Our approach demonstrates an improvement over conventional hypoxia chambers that is able to rapidly equilibrate to true hypoxia levels through the integration of dynamic oxygenation. This work demonstrates the feasibility of array-based cellular analysis and opens up new modality to conduct informative analysis and cell-based screening for microencapsulated pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nourmohammadzadeh
- Department of Surgery/Transplant, University of Illinois at Chicago , 840 South Wood Street, Room 502, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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Krishnan R, Arora RP, Alexander M, White SM, Lamb MW, Foster CE, Choi B, Lakey JRT. Noninvasive evaluation of the vascular response to transplantation of alginate encapsulated islets using the dorsal skin-fold model. Biomaterials 2013; 35:891-8. [PMID: 24176195 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alginate encapsulation reduces the risk of transplant rejection by evading immune-mediated cell injury and rejection; however, poor vascular perfusion results in graft failure. Since existing imaging models are incapable of quantifying the vascular response to biomaterial implants after transplantation, in this study, we demonstrate the use of in vivo laser speckle imaging (LSI) and wide-field functional imaging (WiFI) to monitor the microvascular environment surrounding biomaterial implants. The vascular response to two islet-containing biomaterial encapsulation devices, alginate microcapsules and a high-guluronate alginate sheet, was studied and compared after implantation into the mouse dorsal window chamber (N = 4 per implant group). Images obtained over a 14-day period using LSI and WiFI were analyzed using algorithms to quantify blood flow, hemoglobin oxygen saturation and vascular density. Using our method, we were able to monitor the changes in the peri-implant microvasculature noninvasively without the use of fluorescent dyes. Significant changes in blood flow, hemoglobin oxygen saturation and vascular density were noted as early as the first week post-transplant. The dorsal window chamber model enables comparison of host responses to transplanted biomaterials. Future experiments will study the effect of changes in alginate composition on the vascular and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Krishnan
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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Vaithilingam V, Kollarikova G, Qi M, Larsson R, Lacik I, Formo K, Marchese E, Oberholzer J, Guillemin GJ, Tuch BE. Beneficial effects of coating alginate microcapsules with macromolecular heparin conjugates-in vitro and in vivo study. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:324-34. [PMID: 23971677 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericapsular fibrotic overgrowth (PFO) is associated with poor survival of encapsulated pancreatic islets. Modification of the microcapsule membrane aimed at preventing PFO should improve graft survival. This study investigated the effect of macromolecular Corline Heparin Conjugate (CHC) binding on intrinsic properties of alginate microcapsules and assessed the anti-fibrotic potential of this strategy both in vitro and in vivo. CHC was bound to alginate microcapsules using a layer-by-layer approach incorporating avidin. CHC binding to alginate microcapsule was visualized by confocal microscopy. Effects of CHC binding on microcapsule size, strength, and permeability were assessed, and the anti-clotting activity of bound CHC was determined by coagulation assay. Effect of CHC binding on the viability of encapsulated human islets was assessed in vitro, and their ability to function was assessed both in vitro and in vivo in diabetic immunodeficient mice. The potential of bound CHC to reduce PFO was assessed in vivo in different rat transplantation models. Confocal microscopy demonstrated a uniform coating of CHC onto the surface of microcapsules. CHC binding affected neither size nor permeability but significantly increased the tensile strength of alginate microcapsules by ~1.3-fold. The bound CHC molecules were stable and retained their anti-clotting activity for 3 weeks in culture. CHC binding affected neither viability nor function of the encapsulated human islets in vitro. In vivo CHC binding did not compromise islet function, and diabetes was reversed in all recipients with mice exhibiting lower blood glucose levels similar to controls in oral glucose tolerance tests. CHC binding was beneficial and significantly reduced PFO in both syngeneic and allogeneic rat transplantation models by ~65% and ~43%, respectively. In conclusion, our results show a new method to successfully coat CHC on alginate microcapsules and demonstrate its beneficial effect in increasing capsule strength and reduce PFO. This strategy has the potential to improve graft survival of encapsulated human islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayaganapathy Vaithilingam
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales , Randwick, Australia
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Li Z, Sun H, Zhang J, Zhang H, Meng F, Cui Z. Development of in vitro 3D TissueFlex® islet model for diabetic drug efficacy testing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72612. [PMID: 23977329 PMCID: PMC3744493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing individuals diagnosed with type II diabetes pose a strong demand for the development of more effective anti-diabetic drugs. However, expensive, ethically controversial animal-based screening for anti-diabetic compounds is not always predictive of the human response. The use of in vitro cell-based models in research presents obviously ethical and cost advantages over in vivo models. This study was to develop an in vitro three-dimensional (3D) perfused culture model of islets (Islet TF) for maintaining viability and functionality longer for diabetic drug efficacy tests. Briefly fresh isolated rat islets were encapsulated in ultrapure alginate and the encapsulated islets were cultured in TissueFlex(®), a multiple, parallel perfused microbioreactor system for 7 days. The encapsulated islets cultured statically in cell culture plates (3D static) and islets cultured in suspension (2D) were used as the comparisons. In this study we demonstrate for the first time that Islet TF model can maintain the in vitro islet viability, and more importantly, the elevated functionality in terms of insulin release and dynamic responses over a 7-day culture period. The Islet TF displays a high sensitivity in responding to drugs and drug dosages over conventional 2D and 3D static models. Actual drug administration in clinics could be simulated using the developed Islet TF model, and the patterns of insulin release response to the tested drugs were in agreement with the data obtained in vivo. Islet TF could be a more predictive in vitro model for routine short- and long-term anti-diabetic drug efficacy testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - He Sun
- Tianjin Weikai Bioeng Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | | | | | - Fanyu Meng
- Tianjin Weikai Bioeng Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhanfeng Cui
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Park JB, Jeong JH, Lee M, Lee DY, Byun Y. Xenotransplantation of exendin-4 gene transduced pancreatic islets using multi-component (alginate, poly-L-lysine, and polyethylene glycol) microcapsules for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2013; 24:2045-57. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2013.823071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Beom Park
- Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151742, South Korea
| | - Jee-Heon Jeong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151742, South Korea
| | - Minhyung Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133791, South Korea
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133791, South Korea
| | - Youngro Byun
- Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151742, South Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151742, South Korea
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Robles L, Storrs R, Lamb M, Alexander M, Lakey JRT. Current status of islet encapsulation. Cell Transplant 2013; 23:1321-48. [PMID: 23880554 DOI: 10.3727/096368913x670949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell encapsulation is a method of encasing cells in a semipermeable matrix that provides a permeable gradient for the passage of oxygen and nutrients, but effectively blocks immune-regulating cells from reaching the graft, preventing rejection. This concept has been described as early as the 1930s, but it has exhibited substantial achievements over the last decade. Several advances in encapsulation engineering, chemical purification, applications, and cell viability promise to make this a revolutionary technology. Several obstacles still need to be overcome before this process becomes a reality, including developing a reliable source of islets or insulin-producing cells, determining the ideal biomaterial to promote graft function, reducing the host response to the encapsulation device, and ultimately a streamlined, scaled-up process for industry to be able to efficiently and safely produce encapsulated cells for clinical use. This article provides a comprehensive review of cell encapsulation of islets for the treatment of type 1 diabetes, including a historical perspective, current research findings, and future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Robles
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Jacobs-Tulleneers-Thevissen D, Chintinne M, Ling Z, Gillard P, Schoonjans L, Delvaux G, Strand BL, Gorus F, Keymeulen B, Pipeleers D. Sustained function of alginate-encapsulated human islet cell implants in the peritoneal cavity of mice leading to a pilot study in a type 1 diabetic patient. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1605-14. [PMID: 23620058 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2906-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Alginate-encapsulated human islet cell grafts have not been able to correct diabetes in humans, whereas free grafts have. This study examined in immunodeficient mice whether alginate-encapsulated graft function was inferior to that of free grafts of the same size and composition. METHODS Cultured human islet cells were equally distributed over free and alginate-encapsulated grafts before implantation in, respectively, the kidney capsule and the peritoneal cavity of non-obese diabetic mice with severe combined immunodeficiency and alloxan-induced diabetes. Implants were followed for in vivo function and retrieved for analysis of cellular composition (all) and insulin secretory responsiveness (capsules). RESULTS Free implants with low beta cell purity (19 ± 1%) were non-functional and underwent 90% beta cell loss. At medium purity (50 ± 1%), they were functional at post-transplant week 1, evolving to normoglycaemia (4/8) or to C-peptide negativity (4/8) depending on the degree of beta cell-specific losses. Encapsulated implants immediately and sustainably corrected diabetes, irrespective of beta cell purity (16/16). Most capsules were retrievable as single units, enriched in endocrine cells that exhibited rapid secretory responses to glucose and glucagon. Single capsules with similar properties were also retrieved from a type 1 diabetic recipient at post-transplant month 3. However, the vast majority were clustered and contained debris, explaining the poor rise in plasma C-peptide. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In immunodeficient mice, i.p. implanted alginate-encapsulated human islet cells exhibited a better outcome than free implants under the kidney capsule. They did not show primary non-function at low beta cell purity and avoided beta cell-specific losses by rapidly establishing normoglycaemia. Retrieved capsules presented secretory responses to glucose, which was also observed in a type 1 diabetic recipient.
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Qi M, Mørch Y, Lacík I, Formo K, Marchese E, Wang Y, Danielson KK, Kinzer K, Wang S, Barbaro B, Kolláriková G, Chorvát D, Hunkeler D, Skjåk-Braek G, Oberholzer J, Strand BL. Survival of human islets in microbeads containing high guluronic acid alginate crosslinked with Ca2+ and Ba2+. Xenotransplantation 2013. [PMID: 23198731 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main hurdles to the widespread use of islet transplantation for the treatment of type 1 diabetes continue to be the insufficient number of appropriate donors and the need for immunosuppression. Microencapsulation has been proposed as a means to protect transplanted islets from the host's immune system. METHODS This study investigated the function of human pancreatic islets encapsulated in Ca(2+) /Ba(2+) -alginate microbeads intraperitoneally transplanted in diabetic Balb/c mice. RESULTS All mice transplanted with encapsulated human islets (n = 29), at a quantity of 3000 islet equivalent (IEQ), achieved normoglycemia 1 day after transplantation and retained normoglycemia for extended periods of time (mean graft survival 134 ± 17 days). In comparison, diabetic Balb/c mice transplanted with an equal amount of non-encapsulated human islets rejected the islets within 2 to 7 days after transplantation (n = 5). Microbeads retrieved after 232 days (n = 3) were found with little to no fibrotic overgrowth and contained viable insulin-positive islets. Immunofluorescent staining on the retrieved microbeads showed F4/80-positive macrophages and alpha smooth muscle actin-positive fibroblasts but no CD3-positive T lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS The Ca(2+) /Ba(2+) -alginate microbeads can protect human islets from xenogeneic rejection in immunocompetent mice without immunosuppression. However, grafts ultimately failed likely secondary to a macrophage-mediated foreign body reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirigeng Qi
- Department of Transplant/Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Ma M, Chiu A, Sahay G, Doloff JC, Dholakia N, Thakrar R, Cohen J, Vegas A, Chen D, Bratlie KM, Dang T, York RL, Hollister-Lock J, Weir GC, Anderson DG. Core-shell hydrogel microcapsules for improved islets encapsulation. Adv Healthc Mater 2013; 2:667-72. [PMID: 23208618 PMCID: PMC3814167 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Islets microencapsulation holds great promise to treat type 1 diabetes. Currently used alginate microcapsules often have islets protruding outside capsules, leading to inadequate immuno-protection. A novel design of microcapsules with core-shell structures using a two-fluid co-axial electro-jetting is reported. Improved encapsulation and diabetes correction is achieved in a single step by simply confining the islets in the core region of the capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglin Ma
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan Chiu
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gaurav Sahay
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Joshua C. Doloff
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nimit Dholakia
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Raj Thakrar
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua Cohen
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Arturo Vegas
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Delai Chen
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kaitlin M. Bratlie
- Departments of Materials Science & Engineering and Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011
| | - Tram Dang
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roger L. York
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer Hollister-Lock
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gordon C. Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniel G. Anderson
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Division of Health Science Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Grundfest-Broniatowski S. What would surgeons like from materials scientists? WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 5:299-319. [PMID: 23533092 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Surgery involves the repair, resection, replacement, or improvement of body parts and functions and in numerous ways, surgery should be considered human engineering. There are many areas in which surgical materials could be improved, but surgeons are generally unaware of materials available for use, while materials scientists do not know what surgeons require. This article will review some of the areas where surgeons and materials scientists have interacted in the past and will discuss some of the most pressing problems which remain to be solved. These include better implant materials for hernia repair, breast reconstruction, the treatment of diabetes, vascular stenting and reconstruction, and electrical pacing devices. The combination of tissue engineering and nanomaterials has great potential for application to nearly every aspect of surgery. Tissue engineering will allow cells or artificial organs to be grown for specific uses while nanotechnology will help to ensure maximal biocompatibility. Biosensors will be combined with improved electrodes and pacing devices to control impaired neurological functions.
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Hals IK, Rokstad AM, Strand BL, Oberholzer J, Grill V. Alginate microencapsulation of human islets does not increase susceptibility to acute hypoxia. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:374925. [PMID: 24364039 PMCID: PMC3864170 DOI: 10.1155/2013/374925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation in diabetes is hampered by the need of life-long immunosuppression. Encapsulation provides partial immunoprotection but could possibly limit oxygen supply, a factor that may enhance hypoxia-induced beta cell death in the early posttransplantation period. Here we tested susceptibility of alginate microencapsulated human islets to experimental hypoxia (0.1-0.3% O2 for 8 h, followed by reoxygenation) on viability and functional parameters. Hypoxia reduced viability as measured by MTT by 33.8 ± 3.5% in encapsulated and 42.9 ± 5.2% in nonencapsulated islets (P < 0.2). Nonencapsulated islets released 37.7% (median) more HMGB1 compared to encapsulated islets after hypoxic culture conditions (P < 0.001). Glucose-induced insulin release was marginally affected by hypoxia. Basal oxygen consumption was equally reduced in encapsulated and nonencapsulated islets, by 22.0 ± 6.1% versus 24.8 ± 5.7%. Among 27 tested cytokines/chemokines, hypoxia increased the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8/CXCL8 in both groups of islets, whereas an increase of MCP-1/CCL2 was seen only with nonencapsulated islets. Conclusion. Alginate microencapsulation of human islets does not increase susceptibility to acute hypoxia. This is a positive finding in relation to potential use of encapsulation for islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. K. Hals
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Postbox 8905, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- *I. K. Hals:
| | - A. M. Rokstad
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Postbox 8905, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - B. L. Strand
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Postbox 8905, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - J. Oberholzer
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, IL at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - V. Grill
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Postbox 8905, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Postbox 3250, 7006 Trondheim, Norway
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45
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The induction of cytokines by polycation containing microspheres by a complement dependent mechanism. Biomaterials 2013; 34:621-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Acarregui A, Murua A, Pedraz JL, Orive G, Hernández RM. A Perspective on Bioactive Cell Microencapsulation. BioDrugs 2012; 26:283-301. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03261887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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47
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Mørch YA, Qi M, Gundersen POM, Formo K, Lacik I, Skjåk-Bræk G, Oberholzer J, Strand BL. Binding and leakage of barium in alginate microbeads. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2939-47. [PMID: 22700168 PMCID: PMC3660841 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microbeads of alginate crosslinked with Ca(2+) and/or Ba(2+) are popular matrices in cell-based therapy. The aim of this study was to quantify the binding of barium in alginate microbeads and its leakage under in vitro and accumulation under in vivo conditions. Low concentrations of barium (1 mM) in combination with calcium (50 mM) and high concentrations of barium (20 mM) in gelling solutions were used for preparation of microbeads made of high-G and high-M alginates. High-G microbeads accumulated barium from gelling solution and contained higher concentrations of divalent ions for both low- and high-Ba exposure compared with high-G microbeads exposed to calcium solely and to high-M microbeads for all gelling conditions. Although most of the unbound divalent ions were removed during the wash and culture steps, leakage of barium was still detected during storage. Barium accumulation in blood and femur bone of mice implanted with high-G beads was found to be dose-dependent. Estimated barium leakage relevant to transplantation to diabetic patients with islets in alginate microbeads showed that the leakage was 2.5 times lower than the tolerable intake value given by WHO for high-G microbeads made using low barium concentration. The similar estimate gave 1.5 times higher than is the tolerable intake value for the high-G microbeads made using high barium concentration. To reduce the risk of barium accumulation that may be of safety concern, the microbeads made of high-G alginate gelled with a combination of calcium and low concentration of barium ions is recommended for islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yrr A. Mørch
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Meirigeng Qi
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Per Ole M. Gundersen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Olavs Hospital, University Hospital of Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kjetil Formo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Igor Lacik
- Department of Biomaterial Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jose Oberholzer
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Berit L. Strand
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Kaddis JS, Hanson MS, Cravens J, Qian D, Olack B, Antler M, Papas KK, Iglesias I, Barbaro B, Fernandez L, Powers AC, Niland JC. Standardized transportation of human islets: an islet cell resource center study of more than 2,000 shipments. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:1101-11. [PMID: 22889479 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x653219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Preservation of cell quality during shipment of human pancreatic islets for use in laboratory research is a crucial, but neglected, topic. Mammalian cells, including islets, have been shown to be adversely affected by temperature changes in vitro and in vivo, yet protocols that control for thermal fluctuations during cell transport are lacking. To evaluate an optimal method of shipping human islets, an initial assessment of transportation conditions was conducted using standardized materials and operating procedures in 48 shipments sent to a central location by eight pancreas-processing laboratories using a single commercial airline transporter. Optimization of preliminary conditions was conducted, and human islet quality was then evaluated in 2,338 shipments pre- and postimplementation of a finalized transportation container and standard operating procedures. The initial assessment revealed that the outside temperature ranged from a mean of -4.6 ± 10.3°C to 20.9 ± 4.8°C. Within-container temperature drops to or below 15°C occurred in 16 shipments (36%), while the temperature was found to be stabilized between 15°C and 29°C in 29 shipments (64%). Implementation of an optimized transportation container and operating procedure reduced the number of within-container temperature drops (≤ 15°C) to 13% (n = 37 of 289 winter shipments), improved the number desirably maintained between 15°C and 29°C to 86% (n = 250), but also increased the number reaching or exceeding 29°C to 1% (n = 2; overall p < 0.0001). Additionally, postreceipt quality ratings of excellent to good improved pre- versus postimplantation of the standardized protocol, adjusting for preshipment purity/viability levels (p < 0.0001). Our results show that extreme temperature fluctuations during transport of human islets, occurring when using a commercial airline transporter for long distance shipping, can be controlled using standardized containers, materials, and operating procedures. This cost-effective and pragmatic standardized protocol for the transportation of human islets can potentially be adapted for use with other mammalian cell systems and is available online at http://iidp.coh.org/sops.aspx.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Kaddis
- Department of Information Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
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Papajová E, Bujdoš M, Chorvát D, Stach M, Lacík I. Method for preparation of planar alginate hydrogels by external gelling using an aerosol of gelling solution. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:472-82. [PMID: 24751067 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of planar alginate hydrogels by external gelling requires slow rate of exposure of alginate solution to gelling ions to control gelling process and hydrogel properties. We tackled this issue by exposing solution of sodium alginate to solution of CaCl2 applied as aerosol at exposure rate of 7.5 mg cm(-2) s(-1). Gelling conditions varied with respect to concentrations of sodium alginate (1-3 wt.%) and CaCl2 (0.5-4 wt.%), exposure time (2.5-40 min), the 2nd gelling step in the presence of barium ions, and the storage step. Dimensional stability and Young's modulus values were the principal determined quantities to examine the correlation between hydrogel properties and gelling protocol. The content of calcium ions in hydrogel after gelling by CaCl2 aerosol reveals that the maximum binding capacity of calcium ions by alginate chains was reached. Obtained data suggest that an unusual gelling mechanism related to exposure of sodium alginate to aerosol of gelling solution does not need to be considered since the properties of planar alginate hydrogels follow the trends relevant to general knowledge about alginate hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Papajová
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marek Bujdoš
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials, Mlynská dolina 1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dušan Chorvát
- International Laser Center, Ilkovičova 3, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marek Stach
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Igor Lacík
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
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50
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Rokstad AM, Gustafsson BI, Espevik T, Bakke I, Pfragner R, Svejda B, Modlin IM, Kidd M. Microencapsulation of small intestinal neuroendocrine neoplasm cells for tumor model studies. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1230-7. [PMID: 22435758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic cancer research is dependent on reliable in vitro and in vivo tumor models. The serotonin (5-HT) producing small intestinal neuroendocrine tumor cell line KRJ-1 has been used in in vitro proliferation and secretion studies, but its use in in vivo models has been hampered by problems related to the xeno-barrier and tumor formation. This may be overcome by the encapsulation of tumor cells into alginate microspheres, which can function as bioreactors and protect against the host immune system. We used alginate encapsulation of KRJ-1 cells to achieve long-term functionality, growth and survival. Different conditions, including capsule size, variations in M/G content, gelling ions (Ca(2+) /Ba(2+)) and microcapsule core properties, and variations in KRJ-1 cell condition (single cells/spheroids) were tested. Viability and cell growth was evaluated with MTT, and confocal laser scanner microscopy combined with LIVE/DEAD viability stains. 5-HT secretion was measured to determine functionality. Under all conditions, single cell encapsulation proved unfavorable due to gradual cell death, while encapsulation of aggregates/spheroids resulted in surviving, functional bioreactors. The most ideal spheroids for encapsulation were 200-350 μm. Long-term survival (>30 days) was seen with solid Ca(2+) /Ba(2+) microbeads and hollow microcapsules. Basal 5-HT secretion was increased (sixfold) after hollow microcapsule encapsulation, while Ca(2+) /Ba(2+) microbeads was associated with normal basal secretion and responsiveness to cAMP/PKA activation. In conclusion, encapsulation of KRJ-1 cells into hollow microcapsules produces a bioreactor with a high constitutively activate basal 5-HT secretion, while Ca(2+) /Ba(2+) microbeads provide a more stable bioreactor similar to non-encapsulated cells. Alginate microspheres technology can thus be used to tailor different functional bioreactors for both in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Rokstad
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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