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Montero-Almagro G, Bernal-Utrera C, Geribaldi-Doldán N, Nunez-Abades P, Castro C, Rodriguez-Blanco C. Influence of High-Intensity Interval Training on Neuroplasticity Markers in Post-Stroke Patients: Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1985. [PMID: 38610750 PMCID: PMC11012260 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13071985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise has shown beneficial effects on neuronal neuroplasticity; therefore, we want to analyze the influence of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on neuroplasticity markers in post-stroke patients. Methods: A systematic review of RCTs including studies with stroke participants was conducted using the following databases (PubMed, LILACS, ProQuest, PEDro, Web of Science). Searches lasted till (20/11/2023). Studies that used a HIIT protocol as the main treatment or as a coadjutant treatment whose outcomes were neural plasticity markers were used and compared with other exercise protocols, controls or other kinds of treatment. Studies that included other neurological illnesses, comorbidities that interfere with stroke or patients unable to complete a HIIT protocol were excluded. HIIT protocol, methods to assess intensity, neuroplasticity markers (plasmatic and neurophysiological) and other types of assessments such as cognitive scales were extracted to make a narrative synthesis. Jadad and PEDro scales were used to assess bias. Results: Eight articles were included, one included lacunar stroke (less than 3 weeks) and the rest had chronic stroke. The results found here indicate that HIIT facilitates neuronal recovery in response to an ischemic injury. This type of training increases the plasma concentrations of lactate, BDNF and VEGF, which are neurotrophic and growth factors involved in neuroplasticity. HIIT also positively regulates other neurophysiological measurements that are directly associated with a better outcome in motor learning tasks. Conclusions: We conclude that HIIT improves post-stroke recovery by increasing neuroplasticity markers. However, a limited number of studies have been found indicating that future studies are needed that assess this effect and include the analysis of the number of intervals and their duration in order to maximize this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gines Montero-Almagro
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (G.M.-A.); (C.R.-B.)
| | - Carlos Bernal-Utrera
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (G.M.-A.); (C.R.-B.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation of Cadiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain; (P.N.-A.); (C.C.)
| | - Noelia Geribaldi-Doldán
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11002 Cadiz, Spain;
| | - Pedro Nunez-Abades
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation of Cadiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain; (P.N.-A.); (C.C.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Castro
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation of Cadiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain; (P.N.-A.); (C.C.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Area of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11002 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Cleofas Rodriguez-Blanco
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (G.M.-A.); (C.R.-B.)
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He LW, Guo XJ, Zhao C, Rao JS. Rehabilitation Training after Spinal Cord Injury Affects Brain Structure and Function: From Mechanisms to Methods. Biomedicines 2023; 12:41. [PMID: 38255148 PMCID: PMC10813763 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious neurological insult that disrupts the ascending and descending neural pathways between the peripheral nerves and the brain, leading to not only functional deficits in the injured area and below the level of the lesion but also morphological, structural, and functional reorganization of the brain. These changes introduce new challenges and uncertainties into the treatment of SCI. Rehabilitation training, a clinical intervention designed to promote functional recovery after spinal cord and brain injuries, has been reported to promote activation and functional reorganization of the cerebral cortex through multiple physiological mechanisms. In this review, we evaluate the potential mechanisms of exercise that affect the brain structure and function, as well as the rehabilitation training process for the brain after SCI. Additionally, we compare and discuss the principles, effects, and future directions of several rehabilitation training methods that facilitate cerebral cortex activation and recovery after SCI. Understanding the regulatory role of rehabilitation training at the supraspinal center is of great significance for clinicians to develop SCI treatment strategies and optimize rehabilitation plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Wei He
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (L.-W.H.); (X.-J.G.)
| | - Xiao-Jun Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (L.-W.H.); (X.-J.G.)
| | - Can Zhao
- Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering, China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Rao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (L.-W.H.); (X.-J.G.)
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Thompson ED, Bhat S, French MA, Morton S, Pohlig RT, Reisman DS. Effects of an Acute High Intensity Exercise Bout on Retention of Explicit, Strategic Locomotor Learning in Individuals With Chronic Stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2023; 37:628-639. [PMID: 37646138 PMCID: PMC10529423 DOI: 10.1177/15459683231195039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise priming, pairing high intensity exercise with a motor learning task, improves retention of upper extremity tasks in individuals after stroke, but has shown no benefit to locomotor learning. This difference may relate to the type of learning studied. Upper extremity studies used explicit, strategic tasks; locomotor studies used implicit sensorimotor adaptation (split-belt treadmill). Since walking is an important rehabilitation goal, it is crucial to understand under which circumstances exercise priming may improve retention of a newly learned walking pattern. OBJECTIVE Determine the impact of exercise priming on explicit, strategic locomotor learning task retention in chronic stroke survivors. METHODS Chronic stroke survivors (>6 months) performed 2 treadmill walking sessions. Visual feedback was used to train increased step length. Participants were assigned to control group (no exercise), continuous exercise (5 minutes high intensity), or long-interval exercise (15 minutes high/moderate intervals). After day 1 learning, participants either rested or performed exercise. On day 2, retention of the learned walking pattern was tested. RESULTS All groups learned on day 1 (P < .001). The 2 priming groups showed significant changes in blood lactate and heart rate after exercise priming, the resting control group did not (P < .001). On day 2, there was no significant between-group difference in cued or un-cued task retention (P = .963 and .287, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Exercise priming did not affect retention of an explicit locomotor task in chronic stroke survivors. Further work should explore subgroups of individuals for whom priming may have selective clinical benefit to locomotor learning.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03726047.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumya Bhat
- University of Delaware, Department of Physical Therapy
- University of Delaware, Biomechanics and Movement Science (BIOMS) program
| | - Margaret A. French
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
| | - Susanne Morton
- University of Delaware, Department of Physical Therapy
- University of Delaware, Biomechanics and Movement Science (BIOMS) program
| | | | - Darcy S. Reisman
- University of Delaware, Department of Physical Therapy
- University of Delaware, Biomechanics and Movement Science (BIOMS) program
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Hu J, Jin L, Wang Y, Shen X. Feasibility of challenging treadmill speed-dependent gait and perturbation-induced balance training in chronic stroke patients with low ambulation ability: a randomized controlled trial. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1167261. [PMID: 37528855 PMCID: PMC10389716 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1167261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treadmill training shows advantages in the specificity, amount, and intensity of gait and balance practice for the rehabilitation of stroke patients. Objective To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of challenging treadmill speed-dependent gait and perturbation-induced balance training in chronic stroke patients with low ambulation ability. Methods For this randomized controlled trial (Chinese Clinical Trials.gov registration number ChiCTR-IOR-16009536) with blinded testers, we recruited 33 ambulatory stroke participants with restricted community ambulation capacity and randomly assigned them into two groups: the experimental group with 2 week treadmill speed-dependent gait training combined with 2 week treadmill perturbation-induced balance training (EXP) or the control group with traditional gait and balance training (CON). Various variables were recorded during EXP training, including the rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, causes of pauses, treadmill speed, and perturbation intensity. Outcome measures were examined before training and at 2 and 4 weeks after training. They included gait velocity during five-meter walk test at comfortable and fast speed and reactive balance ability in the compensatory stepping test as primary outcome measures, as well as dynamic balance ability (timed up-and-go test and 5 times sit-to-stand test) and balance confidence as secondary outcome measures. Results All participants completed the study. The treadmill speed and perturbation intensity significantly increased across training sessions in the EXP group, and no adverse effects occurred. The normal and fast gait velocities showed significant time and group interaction effects. They significantly increased after 2 and 4 weeks of training in the EXP group (p < 0.05) but not in the CON group (p > 0.05). Likewise, dynamic balance ability measured using the timed up-and-go test at a fast speed significantly improved after 2 and 4 weeks of training in the EXP group (p < 0.05) but not in the CON group (p > 0.05), although without a significant time and group interaction effect. Surprisingly, the reactive balance ability did not show improvement after treatment in the EXP group (p > 0.05). Conclusion Challenging treadmill speed-dependent gait and treadmill perturbation-induced balance training is feasible and effective to improve ambulation function in chronic stroke patients with low ambulation ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hu
- Medical Education Department, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingjing Jin
- Medical Education Department, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yubing Wang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Shen
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Sivaramakrishnan A, Subramanian SK. A Systematic Review on the Effects of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Neurophysiological, Molecular, and Behavioral Measures in Chronic Stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2023; 37:151-164. [PMID: 36703562 DOI: 10.1177/15459683221146996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A single bout of aerobic exercise (AE) can produce changes in neurophysiological and behavioral measures in healthy individuals and those with stroke. However, the effects of AE-priming effects on neuroplasticity markers and behavioral measures are unclear. OBJECTIVES This systematic review aimed to examine the effects of AE on neuroplasticity measures, such as corticomotor excitability (CME), molecular markers, cortical activation, motor learning, and performance in stroke. METHODS A literature search was performed in MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases. Randomized and non-randomized studies incorporating acute AE in stroke were selected. Two reviewers independently assessed the risk of bias and methodological rigor of the studies and extracted data on participant characteristics, exercise interventions, and neuroplasticity related outcomes. The quality of transcranial magnetic stimulation reported methods was assessed using a standardized checklist. RESULTS A total of 16 studies were found suitable for inclusion. Our findings suggest mixed evidence for the effects of AE on CME, limited to no effects on intracortical inhibition and facilitation and some evidence for modulating brain derived neurotrophic factor levels, motor learning, and cortical activation. Exercise intensities in the moderate to vigorous range showed a trend towards better effects on neuroplasticity measures. CONCLUSION It appears that choosing a moderate to vigorous exercise paradigm for at least 20 to 30 minutes may induce changes in some neuroplasticity parameters in stroke. However, these findings necessitate prudent consideration as the studies were diverse and had moderate methodological quality. There is a need for a consensus on an exercise priming paradigm and for good-quality, larger controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandeep K Subramanian
- Department of Physical Therapy, UT Health San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Physician Assistant Studies, UT Health San Antonio, TX, USA
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Haavik H, Niazi IK, Amjad I, Kumari N, Rashid U, Duehr J, Navid MS, Trager RJ, Shafique M, Holt K. The Effects of Four Weeks of Chiropractic Spinal Adjustments on Blood Biomarkers in Adults with Chronic Stroke: Secondary Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247493. [PMID: 36556107 PMCID: PMC9786914 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain blood biomarkers are associated with neural protection and neural plasticity in healthy people and individuals with prior brain injury. To date, no studies have evaluated the effects chiropractic care on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in people with stroke. This manuscript reports pre-specified, exploratory, secondary outcomes from a previously completed parallel group randomized controlled trial. We evaluated differences between four weeks of chiropractic spinal adjustments combined with the usual physical therapy (chiro + PT) and sham chiropractic with physical therapy (sham + PT) on resting serum BDNF, IGF-II and GDNF in 63 adults with chronic stroke. Blood samples were assessed at baseline, four weeks (post-intervention), and eight weeks (follow-up). Data were analyzed using a linear multivariate mixed effects model. Within both groups there was a significant decrease in the mean log-concentration of BDNF and IGF-II at each follow-up, and significant increase log-concentration of GDNF at eight-weeks' follow-up. However, no significant between-group differences in any of the blood biomarkers at each time-point were found. Further research is required to explore which factors influence changes in serum BDNF, IGF-II and GDNF following chiropractic spinal adjustments and physical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Haavik
- Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand
| | - Imran Khan Niazi
- Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand
- Faculty of Health & Environmental Sciences, Health & Rehabilitation Research Institute, AUT University, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Imran Amjad
- Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand
- Faculty of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Riphah International University, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan
| | - Nitika Kumari
- Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand
- Faculty of Health & Environmental Sciences, Health & Rehabilitation Research Institute, AUT University, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Usman Rashid
- Faculty of Health & Environmental Sciences, Health & Rehabilitation Research Institute, AUT University, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jens Duehr
- Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand
| | - Muhammad Samran Navid
- Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand
| | - Robert J Trager
- Connor Whole Health, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Muhammad Shafique
- Faculty of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Riphah International University, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan
| | - Kelly Holt
- Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand
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The Effect of Endurance Training on Serum BDNF Levels in the Chronic Post-Stroke Phase: Current Evidence and Qualitative Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11123556. [PMID: 35743624 PMCID: PMC9225034 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in modern neurorehabilitation focusses on cognitive and motor recovery programmes tailored to each stroke patient, with particular emphasis on physiological parameters. The objectives of this review were to determine whether a single bout of endurance activity or long-term endurance activity regulates exercise-dependent serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and to evaluate the methodological quality of the studies. To assess the effectiveness of endurance exercise among patients in the chronic post-stroke phase, a systematic review was performed, including searching EBSCOhost, PEDro, PubMed, and Scopus for articles published up to the end of October 2021. The PRISMA 2020 outline was used, and this review was registered on PROSPERO. Of the 180 papers identified, seven intervention studies (comprising 200 patients) met the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of these studies was evaluated by using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) criteria. The effect of exercise was evaluated in four studies with a single bout of endurance activity, two studies with long-term endurance activity, and one study with a single bout of endurance activity as well as long-term endurance activity. The results of our systematic review provide evidence that endurance exercise might augment the peripheral BDNF concentration in post-stroke individuals.
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Penna LG, Pinheiro JP, Ramalho SHR, Ribeiro CF. Effects of aerobic physical exercise on neuroplasticity after stroke: systematic review. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2021; 79:832-843. [PMID: 34669820 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2020-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Interventions for stroke rehabilitation aim to minimize sequelae, promote individuals' independence and potentially recover functional damage. The role of aerobic exercise as a facilitator of post-stroke neuroplasticity in humans is still questionable. OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of aerobic exercise on neuroplasticity in patients with stroke sequelae. METHODS A systematic review of randomized clinical trials and crossover studies was performed, with searches for human studies in the following databases: PUBMED, EMBASE, LILACS and PeDRO, only in English, following the PRISMA protocol. The keywords used for selecting articles were defined based on the PICO strategy. RESULTS This systematic review evaluated the impacts of aerobic exercise on neuroplasticity through assessment of neural networks and neuronal excitability, neurotrophic factors, or cognitive and functional assessment. Studies that evaluated the effects of aerobic exercise on neuroplasticity after stroke measured through functional resonance (fMRI) or cortical excitability have shown divergent results, but aerobic exercise potentially can modify the neural network, as measured through fMRI. Additionally, aerobic exercise combined with cognitive training improves certain cognitive domains linked to motor learning. Studies that involved analysis of neurotrophic factors to assess neuroplasticity had conflicting results. CONCLUSIONS Physical exercise is a therapeutic intervention in rehabilitation programs that, beyond the known benefits relating to physical conditioning, functionality, mood and cardiovascular health, may also potentiate the neuroplasticity process. Neuroplasticity responses seem more robust in moderate to high-intensity exercise training programs, but dose-response heterogeneity and non-uniform neuroplasticity assessments limit generalizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Goursand Penna
- Universidade de Coimbra, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina do Desporto, Coimbra, Província de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Pascoa Pinheiro
- Universidade de Coimbra, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina do Desporto, Coimbra, Província de Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Carlos Fontes Ribeiro
- Universidade de Coimbra, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina do Desporto, Coimbra, Província de Coimbra, Portugal
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Limaye NS, Carvalho LB, Kramer S. Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Serum Biomarkers of Neuroplasticity and Brain Repair in Stroke: A Systematic Review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2021; 102:1633-1644. [PMID: 33992633 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a novel overview of the literature and to summarize the evidence for the effects of aerobic exercise (AE) on serum biomarkers neuroplasticity and brain repair in survivors of stroke. DATA SOURCES We conducted a systematic review and searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL using terms related to AE, neuroplasticity, brain repair, and stroke. STUDY SELECTION Titles, abstracts, and selected full texts were screened by 2 independent reviewers against the following inclusion criteria: including adult survivors of stroke, completing an AE intervention working within the AE capacity, and measuring at least 1 blood biomarker outcome of interest. DATA EXTRACTION Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed risk of bias using Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies-of Interventions and Cochrane's Risk of Bias 2 tools. DATA SYNTHESIS Nine studies (n=215 participants) were included, reporting on the following outcomes: brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cortisol, interleukin 6, and myeloperoxidase. A single bout of high-intensity interval training significantly increased BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF levels, and a 40-45-minute, 24-session, continuous 8-week AE training program significantly increased BDNF levels. No significant difference in response to any other AE intervention was found in other serum biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS AE can significantly increase BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF across different AE protocols in survivors of stroke. However, more research is needed to determine the optimal exercise intensity and modalities, specifically in survivors of acute and subacute stroke, and how this may relate to functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj S Limaye
- Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria.
| | - Lilian Braighi Carvalho
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, Austin Campus, Heidelberg, Victoria
| | - Sharon Kramer
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, Austin Campus, Heidelberg, Victoria; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
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Hu J, Cai M, Shang Q, Li Z, Feng Y, Liu B, Xue X, Lou S. Elevated Lactate by High-Intensity Interval Training Regulates the Hippocampal BDNF Expression and the Mitochondrial Quality Control System. Front Physiol 2021; 12:629914. [PMID: 33716776 PMCID: PMC7946986 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.629914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is reported to be beneficial to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) biosynthesis. A key element in this may be the existence of lactate, the most obvious metabolic product of exercise. In vivo, this study investigated the effects of a 6-week HIIT on the peripheral and central lactate changes, mitochondrial quality control system, mitochondrial function and BDNF expression in mouse hippocampus. In vitro, primary cultured mice hippocampal cells were used to investigate the role and the underlying mechanisms of lactate in promoting mitochondrial function during HIIT. In vivo studies, we firstly reported that HIIT can potentiate mitochondrial function [boost some of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes expression and ATP production], stimulate BDNF expression in mouse hippocampus along with regulating the mitochondrial quality control system in terms of promoting mitochondrial fusion and biogenesis, and suppressing mitochondrial fission. In parallel to this, the peripheral and central lactate levels elevated immediately after the training. In vitro study, our results revealed that lactate was in charge of regulating mitochondrial quality control system for mitochondrial function and thus may contribute to BDNF expression. In conclusion, our study provided the mitochondrial mechanisms of HIIT enhancing brain function, and that lactate itself can mediate the HIIT effect on mitochondrial quality control system in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Cai
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghui Shang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaorun Li
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,Clinical Medicine Department, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiangli Xue
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujie Lou
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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11
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Charalambous CC, French MA, Morton SM, Reisman DS. A single high-intensity exercise bout during early consolidation does not influence retention or relearning of sensorimotor locomotor long-term memories. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:2799-2810. [PMID: 31444538 PMCID: PMC6801096 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05635-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A single exercise bout has been found to improve the retention of a skill-based upper extremity motor task up to a week post-practice. This effect is the greatest when exercise intensity is high and exercise is administered immediately after motor practice (i.e., early in consolidation). Whether exercise can affect other motor learning types (e.g., sensorimotor adaptation) and tasks (e.g., walking) is still unclear as previous studies have not optimally refined the exercise parameters and long-term retention testing. Therefore, we investigated whether a single high-intensity exercise bout during early consolidation would improve the long-term retention and relearning of sensorimotor adaptation during split-belt treadmill walking. Twenty-six neurologically intact adults attended three sessions; sessions 2 and 3 were 1 day and 7 days after session 1, respectively. Participants were allocated either to Rest (REST) or to Exercise (EXE) group. In session 1, all groups walked on a split-belt treadmill in a 2:1 speed ratio (1.5:0.75 m/s). Then, half of the participants exercised for 5 min (EXE), while the other half rested for 5 min (REST). A short exercise bout during early consolidation did not improve retention or relearning of locomotor memories one or seven days after session 1. This result reinforces previous findings that the effect of exercise on motor learning may differ between sensorimotor locomotor adaptation and skilled-based upper extremity tasks; thus, the utility of exercise as a behavioral booster of motor learning may depend on the type of motor learning and task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos C Charalambous
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 222 E 41st St, 10th Floor, New York, NY, 10017, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, 540 South College Ave, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
| | - Margaret A French
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, 540 South College Ave, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
- Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, 540 South College Ave, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
| | - Susanne M Morton
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, 540 South College Ave, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
- Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, 540 South College Ave, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
| | - Darcy S Reisman
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, 540 South College Ave, Newark, DE, 19713, USA.
- Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, 540 South College Ave, Newark, DE, 19713, USA.
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Li X, Charalambous CC, Reisman DS, Morton SM. A short bout of high-intensity exercise alters ipsilesional motor cortical excitability post-stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil 2019; 26:405-411. [PMID: 31144609 DOI: 10.1080/10749357.2019.1623458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background: Acute exercise can increase motor cortical excitability and enhance motor learning in healthy individuals, an effect known as exercise priming. Whether it has the same effects in people with stroke is unclear. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate whether a short, clinically-feasible high-intensity exercise protocol can increase motor cortical excitability in non-exercised muscles of chronic stroke survivors. Methods: Thirteen participants with chronic, unilateral stroke participated in two sessions, at least one week apart, in a crossover design. In each session, they underwent either high-intensity lower extremity exercise or quiet rest. Motor cortical excitability of the extensor carpi radialis muscles was measured bilaterally with transcranial magnetic stimulation before and immediately after either exercise or rest. Motor cortical excitability changes (post-exercise or rest measures normalized to pre-test measures) were compared between exercise vs. rest conditions. Results: All participants were able to reach the target high-intensity exercise level. Blood lactate levels increased significantly after exercise (p < .001, d = 2.85). Resting motor evoked potentials from the lesioned hemisphere increased after exercise (mean 1.66; 95% CI: 1.19, 2.13) compared to the rest condition (mean 1.23; 95% CI: 0.64, 1.82), p = .046, d = 2.76, but this was not the case for the non-lesioned hemisphere (p = .406, d = 0.25). Conclusions: High-intensity exercise can increase lesioned hemisphere motor cortical excitability in a non-exercised muscle post-stroke. Our short and clinically-advantageous exercise protocol shows promise as a potential priming method in stroke rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- a Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA.,b Graduate Program in Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA
| | - Charalambos C Charalambous
- a Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA.,c Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Darcy S Reisman
- a Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA.,b Graduate Program in Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA
| | - Susanne M Morton
- a Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA.,b Graduate Program in Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA
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13
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Carey L, Walsh A, Adikari A, Goodin P, Alahakoon D, De Silva D, Ong KL, Nilsson M, Boyd L. Finding the Intersection of Neuroplasticity, Stroke Recovery, and Learning: Scope and Contributions to Stroke Rehabilitation. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:5232374. [PMID: 31191637 PMCID: PMC6525913 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5232374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Neural plastic changes are experience and learning dependent, yet exploiting this knowledge to enhance clinical outcomes after stroke is in its infancy. Our aim was to search the available evidence for the core concepts of neuroplasticity, stroke recovery, and learning; identify links between these concepts; and identify and review the themes that best characterise the intersection of these three concepts. Methods We developed a novel approach to identify the common research topics among the three areas: neuroplasticity, stroke recovery, and learning. A concept map was created a priori, and separate searches were conducted for each concept. The methodology involved three main phases: data collection and filtering, development of a clinical vocabulary, and the development of an automatic clinical text processing engine to aid the process and identify the unique and common topics. The common themes from the intersection of the three concepts were identified. These were then reviewed, with particular reference to the top 30 articles identified as intersecting these concepts. Results The search of the three concepts separately yielded 405,636 publications. Publications were filtered to include only human studies, generating 263,751 publications related to the concepts of neuroplasticity (n = 6,498), stroke recovery (n = 79,060), and learning (n = 178,193). A cluster concept map (network graph) was generated from the results; indicating the concept nodes, strength of link between nodes, and the intersection between all three concepts. We identified 23 common themes (topics) and the top 30 articles that best represent the intersecting themes. A time-linked pattern emerged. Discussion and Conclusions Our novel approach developed for this review allowed the identification of the common themes/topics that intersect the concepts of neuroplasticity, stroke recovery, and learning. These may be synthesised to advance a neuroscience-informed approach to stroke rehabilitation. We also identified gaps in available literature using this approach. These may help guide future targeted research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeanne Carey
- Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health, Human Sciences and Sport, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Neurorehabilitation and Recovery, Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Alistair Walsh
- Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health, Human Sciences and Sport, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Neurorehabilitation and Recovery, Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Achini Adikari
- Research Centre for Data Analytics and Cognition, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Peter Goodin
- Neurorehabilitation and Recovery, Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia
- Department of Medicine and Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Damminda Alahakoon
- Research Centre for Data Analytics and Cognition, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Daswin De Silva
- Research Centre for Data Analytics and Cognition, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Kok-Leong Ong
- Research Centre for Data Analytics and Cognition, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health, Human Sciences and Sport, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine and Centre for Rehab Innovations, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 308232, Singapore
| | - Lara Boyd
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Unibaso-Markaida I, Iraurgi I, Ortiz-Marqués N, Amayra I, Martínez-Rodríguez S. Effect of the Wii Sports Resort on the improvement in attention, processing speed and working memory in moderate stroke. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2019; 16:32. [PMID: 30819204 PMCID: PMC6394083 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-019-0500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is the most common neurological disease in the world. After the stroke, some people suffer a cognitive disability. Commercial videogames have been used after stroke for physical rehabilitation; however, their use in cognitive rehabilitation has hardly been studied. The objectives of this study were to analyze attention, processing speed, and working memory in patients with moderate stroke after an intervention with Wii Sports Resort and compared these results with a control group. METHODS A pre-post design study was conducted with 30 moderate stroke patients aged 65 ± 15. The study lasted eight weeks. 15 participated in the intervention group and 15 belong to the control group. They were assessed in attention and processing speed (TMT-A and B) and working memory (Digit Span of WAIS-III). Parametric and effect size tests were used to analyze the improvement of those outcomes and compared both groups. RESULTS At the baseline, there was no difference between TMT-A and B. A difference was found in the scalar score of TMT-B, as well as in Digit Backward Span and Total Digit Task. In TMT-A and B, the intervention group had better scores than the control group. The intervention group in the Digit Forward Span and the Total Digit obtained a moderate effect size and the control group also obtained a moderate effect size in Total Digit. In the Digit scalar scores, the control group achieved better results than the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS The results on attention, processing speed and working memory improved in both groups. However, according to the effect sizes, the intervention group achieved better results than the control group. In addition, the attention and processing speed improved more than the working memory after the intervention. Although more studies are needed in this area, the results are encouraging for cognitive rehabilitation after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iratxe Unibaso-Markaida
- Faculty of Psychology at University of Deusto (Office DARC 1 BIS), 24 Avda. Universidades, 48007 Bilbao, Basque Country Spain
| | - Ioseba Iraurgi
- Faculty of Psychology at University of Deusto (Office DARC 1 BIS), 24 Avda. Universidades, 48007 Bilbao, Basque Country Spain
| | - Nuria Ortiz-Marqués
- Faculty of Psychology at University of Deusto (Office DARC 1 BIS), 24 Avda. Universidades, 48007 Bilbao, Basque Country Spain
| | - Imanol Amayra
- Faculty of Psychology at University of Deusto (Office DARC 1 BIS), 24 Avda. Universidades, 48007 Bilbao, Basque Country Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Psychology at University of Deusto (Office DARC 1 BIS), 24 Avda. Universidades, 48007 Bilbao, Basque Country Spain
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15
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Boyne P, Meyrose C, Westover J, Whitesel D, Hatter K, Reisman DS, Cunningham D, Carl D, Jansen C, Khoury JC, Gerson M, Kissela B, Dunning K. Exercise intensity affects acute neurotrophic and neurophysiological responses poststroke. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 126:431-443. [PMID: 30571289 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00594.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise may acutely prime the brain to be more responsive to rehabilitation, thus facilitating neurologic recovery from conditions like stroke. This aerobic priming effect could occur through multiple mechanisms, including upregulation of circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), increased corticospinal excitability, and decreased intracortical inhibition. However, optimal exercise parameters for targeting these mechanisms are poorly understood. This study tested the effects of exercise intensity on acute BDNF and neurophysiological responses. Sixteen ambulatory persons >6 mo poststroke performed three different 20-min exercise protocols in random order, approximately 1 wk apart, including the following: 1) treadmill high-intensity interval training (HIT-treadmill); 2) seated-stepper HIT (HIT-stepper); and 3) treadmill moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCT-treadmill). Serum BDNF and transcranial magnetic stimulation measures of paretic lower limb excitability and inhibition were assessed at multiple time points during each session. Compared with MCT-treadmill, HIT-treadmill elicited significantly greater acute increases in circulating BDNF and corticospinal excitability. HIT-stepper initially showed BDNF responses similar to HIT-treadmill but was no longer significantly different from MCT-treadmill after decreasing the intensity in reaction to two hypotensive events. Additional regression analyses showed that an intensity sufficient to accumulate blood lactate appeared to be important for eliciting BDNF responses, that the interval training approach may have facilitated the corticospinal excitability increases, and that the circulating BDNF response was (negatively) related to intracortical inhibition. These findings further elucidate neurologic mechanisms of aerobic exercise and inform selection of optimal exercise-dosing parameters for enhancing acute neurologic effects. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Acute exercise-related increases in circulating BDNF and corticospinal excitability are thought to prime the brain for learning. Our data suggest that these responses can be obtained among persons with stroke using short-interval treadmill high-intensity interval training, that a vigorous aerobic intensity sufficient to generate lactate accumulation is needed to increase BDNF, that interval training facilitates increases in paretic quadriceps corticospinal excitability, and that greater BDNF response is associated with lesser intracortical inhibition response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierce Boyne
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Colleen Meyrose
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jennifer Westover
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Dustyn Whitesel
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kristal Hatter
- Schubert Research Clinic, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Darcy S Reisman
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware
| | - David Cunningham
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio.,MetroHealth Rehabilitation Institute of Ohio, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland Functional Electrical Stimulation Center , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Daniel Carl
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Connor Jansen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jane C Khoury
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Myron Gerson
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Brett Kissela
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kari Dunning
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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16
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Abraha B, Chaves AR, Kelly LP, Wallack EM, Wadden KP, McCarthy J, Ploughman M. A Bout of High Intensity Interval Training Lengthened Nerve Conduction Latency to the Non-exercised Affected Limb in Chronic Stroke. Front Physiol 2018; 9:827. [PMID: 30013489 PMCID: PMC6036480 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Evaluate intensity-dependent effects of a single bout of high intensity interval training (HIIT) compared to moderate intensity constant-load exercise (MICE) on corticospinal excitability (CSE) and effects on upper limb performance in chronic stroke. Design: Randomized cross-over trial. Setting: Research laboratory in a tertiary rehabilitation hospital. Participants: Convenience sample of 12 chronic stroke survivors. Outcome measures: Bilateral CSE measures of intracortical inhibition and facilitation, motor thresholds, and motor evoked potential (MEP) latency using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Upper limb functional measures of dexterity (Box and Blocks Test) and strength (pinch and grip strength). Results: Twelve (10 males; 62.50 ± 9.0 years old) chronic stroke (26.70 ± 23.0 months) survivors with moderate level of residual impairment participated. MEP latency from the ipsilesional hemisphere was lengthened after HIIT (pre: 24.27 ± 1.8 ms, and post: 25.04 ± 1.8 ms, p = 0.01) but not MICE (pre: 25.49 ± 1.10 ms, and post: 25.28 ± 1.0 ms, p = 0.44). There were no significant changes in motor thresholds, intracortical inhibition or facilitation. Pinch strength of the affected hand decreased after MICE (pre: 8.96 ± 1.9 kg vs. post: 8.40 ± 2.0 kg, p = 0.02) but not after HIIT (pre: 8.83 ± 2.0 kg vs. post: 8.65 ± 2.2 kg, p = 0.29). Regardless of type of aerobic exercise, higher total energy expenditure was associated with greater increases in pinch strength in the affected hand after exercise (R2 = 0.31, p = 0.04) and decreases in pinch strength of the less affected hand (R2 = 0.26 p = 0.02). Conclusion: A single bout of HIIT resulted in lengthened nerve conduction latency in the affected hand that was not engaged in the exercise. Longer latency could be related to the cross-over effects of fatiguing exercise or to reduced hand spasticity. Somewhat counterintuitively, pinch strength of the affected hand decreased after MICE but not HIIT. Regardless of the structure of exercise, higher energy expended was associated with pinch strength gains in the affected hand and strength losses in the less affected hand. Since aerobic exercise has acute effects on MEP latency and hand strength, it could be paired with upper limb training to potentiate beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beraki Abraha
- Recovery and Performance Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Arthur R Chaves
- Recovery and Performance Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Liam P Kelly
- Recovery and Performance Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M Wallack
- Recovery and Performance Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Katie P Wadden
- Recovery and Performance Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jason McCarthy
- Recovery and Performance Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Michelle Ploughman
- Recovery and Performance Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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17
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Charalambous CC, Alcantara CC, French MA, Li X, Matt KS, Kim HE, Morton SM, Reisman DS. A single exercise bout and locomotor learning after stroke: physiological, behavioural, and computational outcomes. J Physiol 2018; 596:1999-2016. [PMID: 29569729 PMCID: PMC5978382 DOI: 10.1113/jp275881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Previous work demonstrated an effect of a single high-intensity exercise bout coupled with motor practice on the retention of a newly acquired skilled arm movement, in both neurologically intact and impaired adults. In the present study, using behavioural and computational analyses we demonstrated that a single exercise bout, regardless of its intensity and timing, did not increase the retention of a novel locomotor task after stroke. Considering both present and previous work, we postulate that the benefits of exercise effect may depend on the type of motor learning (e.g. skill learning, sensorimotor adaptation) and/or task (e.g. arm accuracy-tracking task, walking). ABSTRACT Acute high-intensity exercise coupled with motor practice improves the retention of motor learning in neurologically intact adults. However, whether exercise could improve the retention of locomotor learning after stroke is still unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of exercise intensity and timing on the retention of a novel locomotor learning task (i.e. split-belt treadmill walking) after stroke. Thirty-seven people post stroke participated in two sessions, 24 h apart, and were allocated to active control (CON), treadmill walking (TMW), or total body exercise on a cycle ergometer (TBE). In session 1, all groups exercised for a short bout (∼5 min) at low (CON) or high (TMW and TBE) intensity and before (CON and TMW) or after (TBE) the locomotor learning task. In both sessions, the locomotor learning task was to walk on a split-belt treadmill in a 2:1 speed ratio (100% and 50% fast-comfortable walking speed) for 15 min. To test the effect of exercise on 24 h retention, we applied behavioural and computational analyses. Behavioural data showed that neither high-intensity group showed greater 24 h retention compared to CON, and computational data showed that 24 h retention was attributable to a slow learning process for sensorimotor adaptation. Our findings demonstrated that acute exercise coupled with a locomotor adaptation task, regardless of its intensity and timing, does not improve retention of the novel locomotor task after stroke. We postulate that exercise effects on motor learning may be context specific (e.g. type of motor learning and/or task) and interact with the presence of genetic variant (BDNF Val66Met).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina C Alcantara
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Margaret A French
- Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
- Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Kathleen S Matt
- College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Hyosub E Kim
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Susanne M Morton
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
- Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Darcy S Reisman
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
- Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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