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Bus JS, Su S, Li W, Goodman JE. Styrene lung cancer risk assessment: an alternative evaluation of human lung cancer risk assuming mouse lung tumors are potentially human relevant and operating by a threshold-based non-genotoxic mode of action. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2024; 27:264-286. [PMID: 39056307 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2024.2380449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Rodent inhalation studies indicate styrene is a mouse lung-specific carcinogen. Mode-of-action (MOA) analyses indicate that the lung tumors cannot be excluded as weakly quantitatively relevant to humans due to shared oxidative metabolites detected in rodents and humans. However, styrene also is not genotoxic following in vivo dosing. The objective of this review was to characterize occupational and general population cancer risks by conservatively assuming mouse lung tumors were relevant to humans but operating by a non-genotoxic MOA. Inhalation cancer values reference concentrations for respective occupational and general population exposures (RfCcar-occup and RfCcar-genpop) were derived from initial benchmark dose (BMD) modeling of mouse inhalation tumor dose-response data. An overall lowest BMDL10 of 4.7 ppm was modeled for lung tumors, which was further duration- and dose-adjusted by physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to derive RfCcar-occup/genpop values of 6.2 ppm and 0.8 ppm, respectively. With the exception of open-mold fiber reinforced composite workers not using personal protective equipment (PPE), the RfCcar-occup/genpop values are greater than typical occupational and general population human exposures, thus indicating styrene exposures represent a low potential for human lung cancer risk. Consistent with this conclusion, a review of styrene occupational epidemiology did not support a conclusion of an association between styrene exposure and lung cancer occurrence, and further supports a conclusion that the conservatively derived RfCcar-occup is lung cancer protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Bus
- Exponent, Inc, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - S Su
- Exponent, Inc, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - W Li
- Gradient, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Winiarska E, Jutel M, Zemelka-Wiacek M. The potential impact of nano- and microplastics on human health: Understanding human health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118535. [PMID: 38460665 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Plastics are used all over the world. Unfortunately, due to limited biodegradation, plastics cause a significant level of environmental pollution. The smallest recognized to date are termed nanoplastics (1 nm [nm] up to 1 μm [μm]) and microplastics (1 μm-5 mm). These nano- and microplastics can enter the human body through the respiratory system via inhalation, the digestive tract via consumption of contaminated food and water, or penetration through the skin via cosmetics and clothes contact. Bioaccumulation of plastics in the human body can potentially lead to a range of health issues, including respiratory disorders like lung cancer, asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, neurological symptoms such as fatigue and dizziness, inflammatory bowel disease and even disturbances in gut microbiota. Most studies to date have confirmed that nano- and microplastics can induce apoptosis in cells and have genotoxic and cytotoxic effects. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of plastics' actions may help extrapolate the risks to humans. The article provides a comprehensive review of articles in databases regarding the impact of nano- and microplastics on human health. The review included retrospective studies and case reports of people exposed to nanoplastics and microplastics. This research highlights the need for further research to fully understand the extent of the impact of plastics on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Winiarska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Jutel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland; ALL-MED Medical Research Institute, Wroclaw, Poland
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3
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Hussain MS, Gupta G, Mishra R, Patel N, Gupta S, Alzarea SI, Kazmi I, Kumbhar P, Disouza J, Dureja H, Kukreti N, Singh SK, Dua K. Unlocking the secrets: Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and their devastating effects on lung cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 255:155157. [PMID: 38320440 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer (LCs) is still a serious health problem globally, with many incidences attributed to environmental triggers such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). VOCs are a broad class of compounds that can be released via various sources, including industrial operations, automobile emissions, and indoor air pollution. VOC exposure has been linked to an elevated risk of lung cancer via multiple routes. These chemicals can be chemically converted into hazardous intermediate molecules, resulting in DNA damage and genetic alterations. VOCs can also cause oxidative stress, inflammation, and a breakdown in the cellular protective antioxidant framework, all of which contribute to the growth of lung cancer. Moreover, VOCs have been reported to alter critical biological reactions such as cell growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, leading to tumor development and metastasis. Epidemiological investigations have found a link between certain VOCs and a higher probability of LCs. Benzene, formaldehyde, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are some of the most well-researched VOCs, with comprehensive data confirming their cancer-causing potential. Nevertheless, the possible health concerns linked with many more VOCs and their combined use remain unknown, necessitating further research. Identifying the toxicological consequences of VOCs in LCs is critical for establishing focused preventative tactics and therapeutic strategies. Better legislation and monitoring mechanisms can limit VOC contamination in occupational and environmental contexts, possibly reducing the prevalence of LCs. Developing VOC exposure indicators and analyzing their associations with genetic susceptibility characteristics may also aid in early identification and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sadique Hussain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India; Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Riya Mishra
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Neeraj Patel
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Chameli Devi Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Khandwa Road, Village Umrikheda, Near Toll booth, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452020, India
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72341, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Popat Kumbhar
- Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala Dist: Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416113, India
| | - John Disouza
- Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala Dist: Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416113, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Neelima Kukreti
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Sarma K, Akther MH, Ahmad I, Afzal O, Altamimi ASA, Alossaimi MA, Jaremko M, Emwas AH, Gautam P. Adjuvant Novel Nanocarrier-Based Targeted Therapy for Lung Cancer. Molecules 2024; 29:1076. [PMID: 38474590 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer has the lowest survival rate due to its late-stage diagnosis, poor prognosis, and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. These factors decrease the effectiveness of treatment. They release chemokines and cytokines from the tumor microenvironment (TME). To improve the effectiveness of treatment, researchers emphasize personalized adjuvant therapies along with conventional ones. Targeted chemotherapeutic drug delivery systems and specific pathway-blocking agents using nanocarriers are a few of them. This study explored the nanocarrier roles and strategies to improve the treatment profile's effectiveness by striving for TME. A biofunctionalized nanocarrier stimulates biosystem interaction, cellular uptake, immune system escape, and vascular changes for penetration into the TME. Inorganic metal compounds scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) through their photothermal effect. Stroma, hypoxia, pH, and immunity-modulating agents conjugated or modified nanocarriers co-administered with pathway-blocking or condition-modulating agents can regulate extracellular matrix (ECM), Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF),Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk receptors (TAM) regulation, regulatory T-cell (Treg) inhibition, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) inhibition. Again, biomimetic conjugation or the surface modification of nanocarriers using ligands can enhance active targeting efficacy by bypassing the TME. A carrier system with biofunctionalized inorganic metal compounds and organic compound complex-loaded drugs is convenient for NSCLC-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkan Sarma
- School of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics (SoPPHI), DIT University, Dehradun 248009, India
| | - Md Habban Akther
- School of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics (SoPPHI), DIT University, Dehradun 248009, India
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62521, Saudi Arabia
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmalik S A Altamimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal A Alossaimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Preety Gautam
- School of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics (SoPPHI), DIT University, Dehradun 248009, India
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Gollapudi BB. Investigations on the genotoxic potential of styrene in Fischer 344 rats using multiple endpoints. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2024; 65:67-75. [PMID: 38525651 DOI: 10.1002/em.22590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Genotoxicity of styrene monomer was evaluated in male Fischer 344 rats using the alkaline comet assay for DNA damage, micronucleus assay for cytogenetic damage and the Pig-a assay for gene mutations. In a dose range finding (DRF) study, styrene was administered by oral gavage in corn oil for 28 consecutive days at 0, 100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day. The bioavailability of styrene was confirmed in the DRF by measuring its plasma levels at approximately 7- or 15-min following dosing. The 1000 mg/kg/day group exceeded the maximum tolerated dose based on body weight and organ weight changes and signs of central nervous system depression. Based on these findings, doses of 0, 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day (for 28 or 29 days) were selected for the genotoxicity assays. Animals were sacrificed 3-4 h after treatment on Day 28 or 29 for assessing various genotoxicity endpoints. Pig-a mutant frequencies and micronucleus frequencies were determined in peripheral blood erythrocytes. The comet assay was conducted in the glandular stomach, duodenum, liver, lung, and kidney. These studies were conducted in accordance with the relevant OECD test guidelines. Oral administration of styrene did not lead to genotoxicity in any of the investigated endpoints. The adequacy of the experimental conditions was assured by including animals treated by oral gavage with the positive control chemicals ethyl nitrosourea and ethyl methane sulfonate. Results from these studies supplement to the growing body of evidence suggesting the lack of in vivo genotoxic potential for styrene.
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Lee J, Jeong S. Approach to an answer to "How dangerous microplastics are to the human body": A systematic review of the quantification of MPs and simultaneously exposed chemicals. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132404. [PMID: 37672992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to facilitate future research on microplastics (MPs) in the environment using systematic and analytical protocols, ultimately contributing to assessment of the risk to human health due to continuous daily exposure to MPs. Despite extensive studies on MP abundance in environment, identification, and treatment, their negative effects on human health remain unknown due to the lack of proof from clinical studies and limited technology on the MP identification. To assess the risk of MPs to human health, the first step is to estimate MP intake via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact under standardized exposure conditions in daily life. Furthermore, rather than focusing on the sole MPs, migrating chemicals from plastic products should be quantified and their health risk be assessed concurrently with MP release. The critical factors influencing MP release and simultaneously exposed chemicals (SECs) must be investigated using a standardized identification method. This review summarises release sources, factors, and possible routes of MPs from the environment to the human body, and the quantification methods used in risk assessment. We also discussed the issues encountered in MP release and SEC migration. Consequently, this review provides directions for future MP studies that can answer questions about MP toxicity to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Lee
- Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Sanghyun Jeong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.
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Gollapudi BB. Genotoxicity evaluation of orally administered styrene monomer in mice using comet, micronucleus, and Pig-a endpoints. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2023. [PMID: 37042435 DOI: 10.1002/em.22540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Male B6C3F1 mice were administered styrene monomer by oral gavage for 29 consecutive days at dose levels of 0, 75, 150, or 300 mg/kg/day. The highest dose level represented the maximum tolerated dose based on findings in a 28-day dose range-finding study, in which the bioavailability of orally administered styrene was also confirmed. The positive control group received ethyl nitrosourea (ENU; 51.7 mg/kg/day) on Study Days 1-3 and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS; 150 mg/kg/day) on Study Days 27-29 by oral gavage. Approximately 3 h following the final dose, blood was collected to assess erythrocyte Pig-a mutant and micronucleus frequencies. DNA strand breakage was assessed in glandular stomach, duodenum, kidney, liver, and lung tissues using the alkaline comet assay. The %tail DNA for stomach, liver, lung, and kidney in the comet assay among the styrene-treated groups was neither significantly different from the respective vehicle controls nor was there any dose-related increasing trend in any of the tissues; results for duodenum were interpreted to be inconclusive because of technical issues. The Pig-a and micronucleus frequencies among styrene-treated groups also did not show significant increases relative to the vehicle controls and there was also no evidence for a dose-related increasing trend. Thus, orally administered styrene did not induce DNA damage, mutagenesis, or clastogenesis/aneugenesis in these Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development test guideline-compliant genotoxicity studies. Data from these studies can contribute to the overall assessment of genotoxic hazard and risk posed to humans potentially exposed to styrene.
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Murano C, Nonnis S, Scalvini FG, Maffioli E, Corsi I, Tedeschi G, Palumbo A. Response to microplastic exposure: An exploration into the sea urchin immune cell proteome. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 320:121062. [PMID: 36641070 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
It is now known that the Mediterranean Sea currently is one of the major hotspot for microplastics (MPs; < 5 mm) pollution and that the risks will be even more pronounced in the coming years. Thus, the in-depth study of the mechanisms underlying the MPs toxicity in key Mediterranean organisms, subjected to high anthropic pressures, has become a categorical imperative to pursue. Here, we explore for the first time the sea urchins immune cells profile combined to their proteome upon in vivo exposure (72 h) to different concentrations of polystyrene-microbeads (micro-PS) starting from relevant environmental concentrations (10, 50, 103, 104 MP/L). Every 24 h, immunological parameters were monitored. After 72 h, the abundance of MPs was examined in various organs and coelomocytes were collected for proteomic analysis based on a shotgun label free proteomic approach. While sea urchins treated with the lowest concentration tested (10 and 50 micro-PS/L) did not show the presence of micro-PS in any tissue, in the specimens exposed to the highest concentration (103 and 104 micro-PS) there was an internalisation of 9.75 ± 2.75 and 113.75 ± 34.5 MP/g, respectively. Proteomic analyses revealed that MPs exposure altered coelomocytes protein profile not only compared to the control group but also among the different micro-PS concentrations and these variations are micro-PS concentration dependent. The proteins exclusively expressed in the coelomocytes of specimens exposed to MPs are mainly metabolite interconversion enzymes, involved in cellular processes, indicating a severe alteration of the cellular metabolic pathways. Overall, these findings provide new insights on the mode of action of MPs in the sea urchin immune cells both at the molecular and cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Murano
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Nonnis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; CRC "Innovation for Well-being and Environment" (I-WE), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Grassi Scalvini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Maffioli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Corsi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriella Tedeschi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; CRC "Innovation for Well-being and Environment" (I-WE), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy.
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Yu L, Wang B, Liu W, Xu T, Yang M, Wang X, Tan Q, Yang S, Fan L, Cheng M, Qiu W, Chen W. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of styrene and ethylbenzene exposure with heart rate variability alternation among urban adult population in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157231. [PMID: 35810908 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Styrene and ethylbenzene (S/EB) are the monomers of polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE), respectively, and have been identified as significant hazardous air pollutants by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. However, the adverse effects of S/EB on human health, especially cardiovascular health, have not been well established. Urinary biomarker of S/EB exposure and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured in urban adults from the Wuhan-Zhuhai cohort and were repeated after 3-year and 6-year follow-ups. Linear mixed models were used to estimate associations of S/EB exposure biomarker with HRV and longitudinal additional annual change of HRV. The mediating role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 was tested by using mediation analysis. A total of 2842 general adults were included at baseline analysis, and 4748 observations were included in the repeated measurement study. In the cross-sectional analysis, each 1% increment in urinary S/EB exposure biomarker was significantly associated with a 0.106 % (95 % CI: -0.160, -0.052), 0.109 % (-0.169, -0.049), 0.099 % (-0.145, -0.053), 0.040 % (-0.060, -0.020), and 0.031 % (-0.054, -0.007) decrement in low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), total power (TP), standard deviation of all normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN), and square root of the mean squared difference between adjacent normal-to-normal interval, respectively. Smoking status modified the relationships of urinary S/EB exposure biomarker with TP and SDNN. TGF-β1 mediated 3.09-5.16 % of the association between urinary S/EB biomarker and lower HRV. The follow-up analyses detected a negative association between urinary S/EB exposure biomarker and the additional annual change of LF (β: -0.016; 95 % CI: -0.028, -0.004), HF (-0.014; -0.026, -0.001), and TP (-0.011; -0.021, -0.001). Our findings demonstrated that S/EB exposure was associated with HRV reduction among the general urban adults and the TGF-β pathway may play a part of the mediating role in this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linling Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Qiyou Tan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Shijie Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Lieyang Fan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Man Cheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Weihong Qiu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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Sobhani Z, Panneerselvan L, Fang C, Naidu R, Megharaj M. Chronic and Transgenerational Effects of Polystyrene Microplastics at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations in Earthworms (Eisenia fetida). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:2240-2246. [PMID: 34033687 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, soil contamination with microplastics has emerged as a serious global environmental concern that has necessitated more research on their potential impacts on soil biota. We investigated the acute and chronic toxicity of 2 different polystyrene microplastics, pure versus commercial (0-0.5% w/w in soil; sized 65-125 µm) on earthworm mortality, reproduction, and genotoxicity. Whereas the microplastics showed no acute toxicity in terms of mortality, reproduction was adversely affected in both parents (F0) and first filial generation (F1) of earthworms, with >50% reduction in juvenile production at 0.5% microplastics concentration in soil. Also, significant genotoxicity in terms of DNA damage was observed in the F0 and F1 earthworms. Chemical analysis of microplastic-exposed soils showed the presence of several benzene derivatives that are associated with polystyrene particles. Our study, for the first time to our knowledge, demonstrated the long-term adverse effects on earthworms of polystyrene microplastics even at environmentally relevant concentrations. The results have significant implications for risk assessment of polystyrene microplastics to soil biota. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2240-2246. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sobhani
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Logeshwaran Panneerselvan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
| | - Cheng Fang
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
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An Insight into the Growing Concerns of Styrene Monomer and Poly(Styrene) Fragment Migration into Food and Drink Simulants from Poly(Styrene) Packaging. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051136. [PMID: 34065221 PMCID: PMC8160766 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(styrene) (PS) has been heavily utilised in disposable food packaging due to its insulating properties, optical translucency, and long-shelf life. Despite these desirable characteristics, (PS) poses toxicity concerns to human’s health through styrene monomer leaching into foodstuffs. Environmental and marine hazards are another growing concerns due to improper and/or absence of recycling strategies and facilities. This preliminary work aims to investigate the effect of temperature, food composition and contact times on the migration of the styrene monomer from poly(styrene) food contact materials into food simulants. Poly(styrene) cups showed a relatively low level of styrene migration with the highest being 0.110 µg/mL, whereas food containers showed a much higher level of styrene leaching with up to 6 µg/mL. This could be due to an increase in the hydrophobicity of the simulants’ characteristics from low to high fat content and the increase in the testing temperatures from 5 °C to 70 °C. ANOVA statistical analysis is used to compare the means of three or more groups of data, whereas t-test analysis is used to compare means of two groups. This was carried out on each individual sample to determine the significance of changing the temperature, simulant type, or both on the level of migration observed in the results. All significant values were tested at 95% confidence level p < 0.05, concluding that fat content and high temperatures were found to significantly increase the level of styrene migration. Nile Red staining method was used to demonstrate that particulate poly(styrene), as well as styrene monomer, migrated into tested food simulants from typical containers, which is becoming a cause for concern as evidence of microplastic ingestion increases.
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12
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Gollapudi BB, Williams AL, Bus JS. A review of the genotoxicity of the industrial chemical cumene. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 787:108364. [PMID: 34083043 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to evaluate the literature on the genotoxicity of cumene (CAS # 98-82-8) and to assess the role of mutagenicity, if any, in the mode of action for cumene-induced rodent tumors. The studies reviewed included microbial mutagenicity, DNA damage/ repair, cytogenetic effects, and gene mutations. In reviewing these studies, attention was paid to their conformance to applicable OECD test guidelines which are considered as internationally recognized standards for performing these assays. Cumene was not a bacterial mutagen and did not induce Hprt mutations in CHO cell cultures. In the primary rat hepatocyte cultures, cumene induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in one study but this response could not be reproduced in an independent study using a similar protocol. In a study that is not fully compliant to the current OECD guideline, no increase in chromosomal aberrations was observed in CHO cells treated with cumene. The weight of the evidence (WoE) from multiple in vivo studies indicates that cumene is not a clastogen or aneugen. The weak positive response in an in vivo comet assay in the rat liver and mouse lung tissues is of questionable significance due to several study deficiencies. The genotoxicity profile of cumene does not match that of a classic DNA-reactive molecule and the available data does not support a conclusion that cumene is an in vivo mutagen. As such, mutagenicity does not appear to be an early key event in cumene-induced rodent tumors and alternate hypothesized non-mutagenic modes-of-action are presented. Further data are necessary to rule in or rule out a particular MoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bhaskar Gollapudi
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Health Sciences, 1800 Diagonal Road, Suite 500, Alexandria, VA, 22314, United States.
| | - Amy L Williams
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Health Sciences, 1800 Diagonal Road, Suite 500, Alexandria, VA, 22314, United States
| | - James S Bus
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Health Sciences, 1800 Diagonal Road, Suite 500, Alexandria, VA, 22314, United States
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13
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Digumarti R, Dhara VR, Sridhar GR, Gassert T. The styrene gas disaster – lessons to learn and the way forward. JOURNAL OF DR. NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jdrntruhs.jdrntruhs_32_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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14
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Moujahed S, Ruiz A, Hallegue D, Sakly M. Quercetin alleviates styrene oxide-induced cytotoxicity in cortical neurons in vitro via modulation of oxidative stress and apoptosis. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:1634-1643. [PMID: 33297769 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1851706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Styrene 7,8-oxide (SO) is the principal metabolite of styrene, an industrial neurotoxic compound which causes various neurodegenerative disorders. The present study aimed to explore the mechanisms of SO cytotoxicity (0.5 - 4 mM) in primary cortical neurons and to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of quercetin (QUER). Our results showed that exposure to SO decreased viability of cortical neurons in a concentration-dependent manner. In the presence of QUER, cell viability was increased significantly. The neuroprotective effects of QUER were associated with the reduction of intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), the decrease in calcium overload and the restoration of mitochondrial membrane depolarization caused by SO. Additionally, to evaluate neuronal death mechanisms triggered by SO, cells were incubated with Ac-DEVD-CHO, Calpeptin and Necrostatin-1, pharmacological inhibitors of caspase-3, calpains and necroptosis respectively. The data showed that the three inhibitors reduced cell death induced by SO and suggested the implication of apoptotic, necrotic and necroptotic pathways. However, western blot analysis showed that QUER attenuated the activation of caspase-3 but did not prevent calpain activity. Taken together, these data indicated that the cytotoxicity of SO was mediated by oxidative stress and apoptosis, necrosis and necroptosis mechanisms, while the neuroprotection provided by QUER against SO depended mainly on its anti-apoptotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Moujahed
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, University of Carthage, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Asier Ruiz
- Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Dorsaf Hallegue
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, University of Carthage, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Mohsen Sakly
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, University of Carthage, Jarzouna, Tunisia
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15
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Lee PC, Wang CC, Chen CY. Synthesizing isoprene and methyl methacrylate triblock copolymers using peculiar living free radical polymerization with difunctional t-BuLi initiator. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Cohen SM, Zhongyu Y, Bus JS. Relevance of mouse lung tumors to human risk assessment. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2020; 23:214-241. [PMID: 32452303 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2020.1763879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mouse lung is a common site for chemical tumorigenicity, but the relevance to human risk remains debated. Long-term bioassays need to be assessed for appropriateness of the dose, neither exceeding Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) nor Kinetically based Maximum Dose (KMD). An example of the KMD issue is 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), which only produced an increased incidence of lung tumors at a dose exceeding the KMD. In addition, since mouse lung tumors are common (>1% incidence), the appropriate statistical significance is p < .01. Numerous differences exist for mouse lung and tumors compared to humans, including anatomy, respiratory rate, metabolism, tumor histogenesis, and metastatic frequency. The recent demonstration of the critical role of mouse lung specific Cyp2 F2 metabolism in mouse lung carcinogenicity including styrene or fluensulfone indicates that this tumor response is not qualitatively or quantitatively relevant to humans. For non-DNA reactive and non-mutagenic carcinogens, the mode of action involves direct mitogenicity such as for isoniazid, styrene, fluensulfone, permethrin or cytotoxicity with regeneration such as for naphthalene. However, the possibility of mixed mitogenic and cytotoxic modes of action cannot always be excluded. The numerous differences between mouse and human, combined with epidemiologic evidence of no increased cancer risk for several of these chemicals make the relevance of mouse lung tumors for human cancer risk dubious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE, USA
- University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE, USA
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17
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Kik K, Bukowska B, Sicińska P. Polystyrene nanoparticles: Sources, occurrence in the environment, distribution in tissues, accumulation and toxicity to various organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114297. [PMID: 32155552 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Civilization development is associated with the use of plastic. When plastic was introduced to the market, it was assumed that it was less toxic than glass. Recently, it is known that plastics are serious ecological problem they, do not degrade and remain in the environment for hundreds of years. Plastic may be degraded into micro-particles < 5000 nm in diameter, and further into nanoparticles (NPs) < 100 nm in diameter. NPs have been detected in air, soil, water and sludge. One of the most commonly used plastics is polystyrene (PS) - a product of polymerization of styrene monomers. It is used for the production of styrofoam and other products like toys, CDs and cup covers. In vivo and in vitro studies have suggested that polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) may penetrate organisms through several routes i.e. skin, respiratory and digestive tracts. They can be deposited in living organisms and accumulate further along the food chain. NPs are surrounded by "protein corona" that allows them penetrating cellular membranes and interacting with cellular structures. Depending on the cell type, NPs may be transported through pinocytosis, phagocytosis, or be transported passively. Currently there are no studies that would indicate a carcinogenic potential of PS-NPs. On the other hand, the PS monomer (styrene) was classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a potentially carcinogenic substance (carcinogenicity class B2). Despite of the widespread use of plastics and the presence of plastic NPs of secondary or primary nature, there are no studies that would assess the effect of those substances on human organism. This study was aimed at the review of the literature data concerning the formation of PS-NPs in the environment, their accumulation along the food chain, and their potential adverse effects on organisms on living various organization levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Kik
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Pomorska 141/143 Str., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Bożena Bukowska
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Pomorska 141/143 Str., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Sicińska
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Pomorska 141/143 Str., 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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18
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Mortality Among Men and Women in the North American Synthetic Rubber Industry, 1943 to 2009. J Occup Environ Med 2019; 61:887-897. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Xenobiotica-metabolizing enzymes in the lung of experimental animals, man and in human lung models. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3419-3489. [PMID: 31673725 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The xenobiotic metabolism in the lung, an organ of first entry of xenobiotics into the organism, is crucial for inhaled compounds entering this organ intentionally (e.g. drugs) and unintentionally (e.g. work place and environmental compounds). Additionally, local metabolism by enzymes preferentially or exclusively occurring in the lung is important for favorable or toxic effects of xenobiotics entering the organism also by routes other than by inhalation. The data collected in this review show that generally activities of cytochromes P450 are low in the lung of all investigated species and in vitro models. Other oxidoreductases may turn out to be more important, but are largely not investigated. Phase II enzymes are generally much higher with the exception of UGT glucuronosyltransferases which are generally very low. Insofar as data are available the xenobiotic metabolism in the lung of monkeys comes closed to that in the human lung; however, very few data are available for this comparison. Second best rate the mouse and rat lung, followed by the rabbit. Of the human in vitro model primary cells in culture, such as alveolar macrophages and alveolar type II cells as well as the A549 cell line appear quite acceptable. However, (1) this generalization represents a temporary oversimplification born from the lack of more comparable data; (2) the relative suitability of individual species/models is different for different enzymes; (3) when more data become available, the conclusions derived from these comparisons quite possibly may change.
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20
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Haghighat M, Allameh A, Fereidan M, Khavanin A, Ghasemi Z. Effects of concomitant exposure to styrene and intense noise on rats' whole lung tissues. Biochemical and histopathological studies. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 45:120-126. [PMID: 31576762 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1662033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Concurrent exposure to styrene (ST) and noise is common especially in industrial environments. The present study aims to determine the related oxidant-induced changes as the result of combined exposure to ST and noise. For this purpose, 24 male Wistar rats were used in four experimental groups (n = 6/groups): (1) control group, (2) the group exposed to an octave band of noise centered at 8 kHz (100 dB SPL) (6 h/day), (3) the group inhalationally exposed to ST (750 ppm) (6 h/day), (4) the group exposed to noise and ST simultaneously. The DNA damage was measured by assessing the concentration of 8-hydroxyl-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) using ELISA kit. Levels of lipid peroxidation (MDA), GSH and antioxidative activity of SOD and CAT were also determined in whole lung tissues. The results relatively indicated that sub-acute exposure to both noise and ST can lead to pathological damage in rat lung tissues. Furthermore, enhanced levels of 8-OHdG and MDA production were observed in lung tissues. In contrast, GSH, CAT and SOD were markedly reduced in co-exposed group. The results of the study verified additive interaction between noise and ST on accumulation of DNA oxidation products, progressive morphological damages as well as undermining the antioxidative defense system in the rat lung tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Haghighat
- Department of occupational health engineering, Behbahan faculty of medical sciences , Behbahan , Iran
| | - Abdolamir Allameh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Fereidan
- Department of occupational health engineering, School of health and nutrition, Lorestan university of medical sciences , Khoramabad , Iran
| | - Ali Khavanin
- Department of occupational health engineering, Faculty of medical sciences, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Zahrasadat Ghasemi
- Animal Core Facility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
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21
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Werder EJ, Sandler DP, Richardson DB, Emch ME, Kwok RK, Engel LS. Determinants of environmental styrene exposure in Gulf coast residents. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2019; 29:831-841. [PMID: 30546124 PMCID: PMC6763388 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a previous study of exposure to oil-related chemicals in Gulf coast residents, we measured blood levels of volatile organic compounds. Levels of styrene were substantially elevated compared to a nationally representative sample. We sought to identify factors contributing to these levels, given the opportunities for styrene exposure in this community. METHODS We measured blood styrene levels in 667 Gulf coast residents and compared participants' levels of blood styrene to a nationally representative sample. We assessed personal and environmental predictors of blood styrene levels using linear regression and predicted the risk of elevated blood styrene (defined as above the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 95th percentile) using modified Poisson regression. We assessed exposure to styrene using questionnaire data on recent exposure opportunities and leveraged existing databases to assign ambient styrene exposure based on geocoded residential location. RESULTS These Gulf coast residents were 4-6 times as likely as the nationally representative sample to have elevated blood styrene levels. The change in styrene (log ng/mL) was 0.42 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.51) for smoking, 0.34 (0.09, 0.59) for time spent in vehicles and 1.10 (0.31, 1.89) for boats, and -0.41 (-0.73, -0.10) for fall/winter blood draws. Residential proximity to industrial styrene emissions did not predict blood styrene levels. Ambient styrene predicted elevated blood styrene in subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Personal predictors of increasing blood styrene levels included smoking, vehicle emissions, and housing characteristics. There was a suggestive association between ambient and blood styrene. Our measures of increased regional exposure opportunity do not fully explain the observed elevated blood styrene levels in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Werder
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David B Richardson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael E Emch
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Richard K Kwok
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lawrence S Engel
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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22
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De Felice B, Sabatini V, Antenucci S, Gattoni G, Santo N, Bacchetta R, Ortenzi MA, Parolini M. Polystyrene microplastics ingestion induced behavioral effects to the cladoceran Daphnia magna. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:423-431. [PMID: 31146134 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (μPs) contamination represents a dramatic environmental problem threatening both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Although several studies have highlighted the presence of μPs in aquatic environments, the information regarding their toxicity towards organisms is still scant. Moreover, most of the ecotoxicological studies of μPs have focused on marine organisms, largely neglecting the effects on freshwater species. The present study aimed at exploring the effects caused by 21-days exposure to three concentrations (0.125, 1.25 and 12.5 μg/mL) of two differently sized polystyrene microplastics (PμPs; 1 and 10 μm) to the Cladoceran Daphnia magna. The ingestion/egestion capability of daphnids (<24 h) and adults, the changes in individual growth and behavior, in terms of changes in swimming activity, phototactic behavior and reproduction, were investigated. Both particles filled the digestive tract of daphnids and adults within 24 h of exposure at all the tested concentrations. Ingested PμPs remained in the digestive tract even after 96 h in a clean medium. For both particles, an overall increase in body size of adults was noted at the end of the exposure to the highest tested concentrations, accompanied by a significant increase in swimming activity, in terms of distance moved and swimming velocity, and by an alteration of the phototactic behavior. A significant increase in the mean number of offspring after the exposure to the highest PμPs concentrations of different size was recorded. Polystyrene μPs can affect behavioral traits of D. magna leading to potentially harmful consequences on population dynamics of this zooplanktonic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice De Felice
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Sabatini
- Laboratory of Materials and Polymers (LaMPo), Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, via Golgi 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Antenucci
- Laboratory of Materials and Polymers (LaMPo), Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, via Golgi 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Gattoni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milan, Italy; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Santo
- Unitech NOLIMITS, Imaging Facility, University of Milan, via Golgi 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Renato Bacchetta
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Aldo Ortenzi
- Laboratory of Materials and Polymers (LaMPo), Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, via Golgi 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Parolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milan, Italy.
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Moore MM, Pottenger LH, House‐Knight T. Critical review of styrene genotoxicity focused on the mutagenicity/clastogenicity literature and using current organization of economic cooperation and development guidance. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:624-663. [PMID: 30786062 PMCID: PMC6767453 DOI: 10.1002/em.22278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Styrene is an important high production volume chemical used to manufacture polymeric products. In 2018, International Agency for Research on Cancer classified styrene as probably carcinogenic to humans; National Toxicology Program lists styrene as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. The genotoxicity literature for styrene and its primary metabolite, styrene 7,8-oxide (SO), begins in the 1970s. Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) recently updated most genotoxicity test guidelines, making substantial new recommendations for assay conduct and data evaluation for the standard mutagenicity/clastogenicity assays. Thus, a critical review of the in vitro and in vivo rodent mutagenicity/clastogenicity studies for styrene and SO, based on the latest OECD recommendations, is timely. This critical review considered whether a study was optimally designed, conducted, and interpreted and provides a critical assessment of the evidence for the mutagenicity/clastogenicity of styrene/SO. Information on the ability of styrene/SO to induce other types of genotoxicity endpoints is summarized but not critically reviewed. We conclude that when styrene is metabolized to SO, it can form DNA adducts, and positive in vitro mutagenicity/clastogenicity results can be obtained. SO is mutagenic in bacteria and the in vitro mouse lymphoma gene mutation assay. No rodent in vivo mutation studies were identified. SO is clastogenic in cultured mammalian cells. Although the in vitro assays gave positive responses, styrene/SO is not clastogenic/aneugenic in vivo in rodents. In addition to providing updated information for styrene, this review demonstrates the application of the new OECD guidelines for chemicals with large genetic toxicology databases where published results may or may not be reliable. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M. Moore
- Ramboll124 West Capitol Avenue, Suite 1605, Little RockArkansas
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24
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Banton MI, Bus JS, Collins JJ, Delzell E, Gelbke HP, Kester JE, Moore MM, Waites R, Sarang SS. Evaluation of potential health effects associated with occupational and environmental exposure to styrene - an update. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 22:1-130. [PMID: 31284836 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1633718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The potential chronic health risks of occupational and environmental exposure to styrene were evaluated to update health hazard and exposure information developed since the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis risk assessment for styrene was performed in 2002. The updated hazard assessment of styrene's health effects indicates human cancers and ototoxicity remain potential concerns. However, mechanistic research on mouse lung tumors demonstrates these tumors are mouse-specific and of low relevance to human cancer risk. The updated toxicity database supports toxicity reference levels of 20 ppm (equates to 400 mg urinary metabolites mandelic acid + phenylglyoxylic acid/g creatinine) for worker inhalation exposure and 3.7 ppm and 2.5 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, for general population inhalation and oral exposure. No cancer risk value estimates are proposed given the established lack of relevance of mouse lung tumors and inconsistent epidemiology evidence. The updated exposure assessment supports inhalation and ingestion routes as important. The updated risk assessment found estimated risks within acceptable ranges for all age groups of the general population and workers with occupational exposures in non-fiber-reinforced polymer composites industries and fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRP) workers using closed-mold operations or open-mold operations with respiratory protection. Only FRP workers using open-mold operations not using respiratory protection have risk exceedances for styrene and should be considered for risk management measures. In addition, given the reported interaction of styrene exposure with noise, noise reduction to sustain levels below 85 dB(A) needs be in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Banton
- a Gorge View Consulting LLC , Hood River , OR , USA
| | - J S Bus
- b Health Sciences , Exponent , Midland , MI , USA
| | - J J Collins
- c Health Sciences , Saginaw Valley State University , Saginaw , MI , USA
| | - E Delzell
- d Private consultant , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | | | - J E Kester
- f Kester Consulting LLC , Wentzville , MO , USA
| | | | - R Waites
- h Sabic , Innovative Plastics US LLC , Mount Vernon , IN , USA
| | - S S Sarang
- i Shell Health , Shell International , Houston , TX , USA
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Messinetti S, Mercurio S, Scarì G, Pennati A, Pennati R. Ingested microscopic plastics translocate from the gut cavity of juveniles of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2019.1616837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Messinetti
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S. Mercurio
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G. Scarì
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A. Pennati
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - R. Pennati
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Werder EJ, Sandler DP, Richardson DB, Emch ME, Kwok RK, Gerr FE, Engel LS. Environmental Styrene Exposure and Sensory and Motor Function in Gulf Coast Residents. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:47006. [PMID: 31009265 PMCID: PMC6785236 DOI: 10.1289/ehp3954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although styrene is an established neurotoxicant at occupational exposure levels, its neurotoxicity has not been characterized in relation to general population exposures. Further, occupational research to date has focused on central nervous system impairment. OBJECTIVE We assessed styrene-associated differences in sensory and motor function among Gulf coast residents. METHODS We used 2011 National Air Toxics Assessment estimates of ambient styrene to determine exposure levels for 2,956 nondiabetic Gulf state residents enrolled in the Gulf Long-term Follow-up Study, and additionally measured blood styrene concentration in a subset of participants 1 to 2 y after enrollment ([Formula: see text]). Participants completed an enrollment telephone interview and a comprehensive test battery to assess sensory and motor function during a clinical follow-up exam 2 to 4 y later. Detailed covariate information was ascertained at enrollment via telephone interview. We used multivariate linear regression to estimate continuous differences in sensory and motor function, and log-binomial regression to estimate prevalence ratios for dichotomous outcomes. We estimated associations of both ambient and blood styrene exposures with sensory and motor function, independently for five unique tests. RESULTS Those participants in the highest 25% vs. lowest 75% of ambient exposure and those in the highest 10% vs. lowest 90% of blood styrene had slightly diminished visual contrast sensitivity. Mean vibrotactile thresholds were lower among those in the highest vs. lowest quartile of ambient styrene and the highest 10% vs. lowest 90% of blood styrene ([Formula: see text] log microns; 95% CI: [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] log microns; 95% CI: [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], respectively). The highest vs. lowest quartile of ambient styrene was associated with significantly poorer postural stability, and (unexpectedly) with significantly greater grip strength. DISCUSSION We observed associations between higher styrene exposure and poorer visual, sensory, and vestibular function, though we did not detect associations with reduced voluntary motor system performance. Associations were more consistent for ambient exposures, but we also found notable associations with measured blood styrene. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3954.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Werder
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Epidemiology Department, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dale P. Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - David B. Richardson
- Epidemiology Department, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael E. Emch
- Epidemiology Department, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Richard K. Kwok
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Fredric E. Gerr
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Lawrence S. Engel
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Epidemiology Department, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Werder EJ, Engel LS, Richardson DB, Emch ME, Gerr FE, Kwok RK, Sandler DP. Environmental styrene exposure and neurologic symptoms in U.S. Gulf coast residents. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:480-490. [PMID: 30278311 PMCID: PMC6712572 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Styrene is an established neurotoxicant at occupational levels, but effects at levels relevant to the general population have not been studied. We examined the neurologic effects of environmental styrene exposure among U.S. Gulf coast residents. METHODS We used National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) 2011 estimates of ambient styrene concentrations to assign exposure levels for 21,962 non-diabetic Gulf state residents, and additionally measured blood styrene concentration in a subset of participants (n = 874). Neurologic symptoms, as well as detailed covariate information, were ascertained via telephone interview. We used log-binomial regression to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for cross-sectional associations between both ambient and blood styrene levels and self-reported neurologic symptoms. We estimated associations independently for ten unique symptoms, as well as for the presence of any neurologic, central nervous system (CNS), or peripheral nervous system (PNS) symptoms. We also examined heterogeneity of associations with estimated ambient styrene levels by race and sex. RESULTS One-third of participants reported at least one neurologic symptom. The highest quartile of estimated ambient styrene was associated with one or more neurologic (PR, 1.12; 95% CI: 1.07,1.18), CNS (PR, 1.17; 95% CI: 1.11,1.25), and PNS (PR, 1.16; 95% CI: 1.09,1.25) symptom. Results were less consistent for biomarker analyses, but blood styrene level was suggestively associated with nausea (PR, 1.78; 95% CI: 1.04, 3.03). In stratified analyses, we observed the strongest effects among non-White participants. CONCLUSIONS Increasing estimated ambient styrene concentration was consistently associated with increased prevalence of neurologic symptoms. Associations between blood styrene levels and some neurologic symptoms were suggestive. Environmental styrene exposure levels may be sufficient to elicit symptomatic neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Werder
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Lawrence S Engel
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - David B Richardson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Michael E Emch
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Fredric E Gerr
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Richard K Kwok
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America.
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De Felice B, Bacchetta R, Santo N, Tremolada P, Parolini M. Polystyrene microplastics did not affect body growth and swimming activity in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:34644-34651. [PMID: 30317408 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of studies have highlighted the contamination and the effects towards organisms of diverse microplastics (μPs) in the marine environment. Surprisingly, although the main sources of μPs for marine environments are inland surface waters, the information on the occurrence and the effects of μPs in freshwater ecosystems is still scant. Thus, the aim of the present work is to investigate the ingestion and possible adverse effects due to the exposure to polystyrene μPs (PSμPs; Ø = 3 μm) on tadpoles of the Amphibian Xenopus laevis. Larvae at the developmental stage 36, prior to mouth opening, were exposed under semi-static conditions to 0.125, 1.25, and 12.5 μg mL-1 of PSμPs, and allowed to develop until stage 46. At the end of the exposure, the digestive tract and the gills from exposed and control tadpoles were microscopically examined, as well as changes in body growth and swimming activity. PSμPs were observed in tadpoles' digestive tract, but not in the gills, from each tested concentration. However, neither body growth nor swimming activity were affected by PSμPs exposure. Our results demonstrated that PSμPs can be ingested by tadpoles, but they did not alter X. laevis development and swimming behavior at least during early-life stages, also at high, unrealistic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice De Felice
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Renato Bacchetta
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Santo
- Unitech NOLIMITS, Imaging Facility, University of Milan, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Tremolada
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Parolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Messinetti S, Mercurio S, Parolini M, Sugni M, Pennati R. Effects of polystyrene microplastics on early stages of two marine invertebrates with different feeding strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:1080-1087. [PMID: 29146202 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, microplastics represent one of the main threats to marine ecosystems, being able to affect organisms at different stages of their life cycle and at different levels of the food web. Although the presence of plastic debris has been reported in different habitats and the ability to ingest it has been confirmed for different taxa, few studies have been performed to elucidate the effects on survival and development of marine animals. Thus, we explored the effects of different environmental concentrations of polystyrene microbeads on the early stages of two invertebrate species widespread in the Mediterranean shallow waters: the pelagic planktotrophic pluteus larvae of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and the filter-feeding sessile juveniles of the ascidian Ciona robusta. We evaluated the effects on larvae and juvenile development and determined the efficiency of bead ingestion. The feeding stages of both species proved to be extremely efficient in ingesting microplastics. In the presence of microbeads, the metamorphosis of ascidian juveniles was slowed down and development of plutei altered. These results prompted the necessity to monitor the populations of coastal invertebrates since microplastics affect sensitive stages of life cycle and may have consequences on generation recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Messinetti
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Mercurio
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Marco Parolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Pennati
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Styrene Exposure and Risk of Lymphohematopoietic Malignancies in 73,036 Reinforced Plastics Workers. Epidemiology 2018. [DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shahab L, Goniewicz ML, Blount BC, Brown J, McNeill A, Alwis KU, Feng J, Wang L, West R. Nicotine, Carcinogen, and Toxin Exposure in Long-Term E-Cigarette and Nicotine Replacement Therapy Users: A Cross-sectional Study. Ann Intern Med 2017; 166:390-400. [PMID: 28166548 PMCID: PMC5362067 DOI: 10.7326/m16-1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the rapid increase in the popularity of e-cigarettes and the paucity of associated longitudinal health-related data, the need to assess the potential risks of long-term use is essential. OBJECTIVE To compare exposure to nicotine, tobacco-related carcinogens, and toxins among smokers of combustible cigarettes only, former smokers with long-term e-cigarette use only, former smokers with long-term nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) use only, long-term dual users of both combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes, and long-term users of both combustible cigarettes and NRT. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS The following 5 groups were purposively recruited: combustible cigarette-only users, former smokers with long-term (≥6 months) e-cigarette-only or NRT-only use, and long-term dual combustible cigarette-e-cigarette or combustible cigarette-NRT users (n = 36 to 37 per group; total n = 181). MEASUREMENTS Sociodemographic and smoking characteristics were assessed. Participants provided urine and saliva samples and were analyzed for biomarkers of nicotine, tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). RESULTS After confounders were controlled for, no clear between-group differences in salivary or urinary biomarkers of nicotine intake were found. The e-cigarette-only and NRT-only users had significantly lower metabolite levels for TSNAs (including the carcinogenic metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol [NNAL]) and VOCs (including metabolites of the toxins acrolein; acrylamide; acrylonitrile; 1,3-butadiene; and ethylene oxide) than combustible cigarette-only, dual combustible cigarette-e-cigarette, or dual combustible cigarette-NRT users. The e-cigarette-only users had significantly lower NNAL levels than all other groups. Combustible cigarette-only, dual combustible cigarette-NRT, and dual combustible cigarette-e-cigarette users had largely similar levels of TSNA and VOC metabolites. LIMITATION Cross-sectional design with self-selected sample. CONCLUSION Former smokers with long-term e-cigarette-only or NRT-only use may obtain roughly similar levels of nicotine compared with smokers of combustible cigarettes only, but results varied. Long-term NRT-only and e-cigarette-only use, but not dual use of NRTs or e-cigarettes with combustible cigarettes, is associated with substantially reduced levels of measured carcinogens and toxins relative to smoking only combustible cigarettes. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Cancer Research UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lion Shahab
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maciej L. Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jamie Brown
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ann McNeill
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - K. Udeni Alwis
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - June Feng
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert West
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
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Pleban FT, Oketope O, Shrestha L. Occupational Styrene Exposure on Auditory Function Among Adults: A Systematic Review of Selected Workers. Saf Health Work 2017; 8:329-336. [PMID: 29276630 PMCID: PMC5715476 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A review study was conducted to examine the adverse effects of styrene, styrene mixtures, or styrene and/or styrene mixtures and noise on the auditory system in humans employed in occupational settings. The search included peer-reviewed articles published in English language involving human volunteers spanning a 25-year period (1990–2015). Studies included peer review journals, case–control studies, and case reports. Animal studies were excluded. An initial search identified 40 studies. After screening for inclusion, 13 studies were retrieved for full journal detail examination and review. As a whole, the results range from no to mild associations between styrene exposure and auditory dysfunction, noting relatively small sample sizes. However, four studies investigating styrene with other organic solvent mixtures and noise suggested combined exposures to both styrene organic solvent mixtures may be more ototoxic than exposure to noise alone. There is little literature examining the effect of styrene on auditory functioning in humans. Nonetheless, findings suggest public health professionals and policy makers should be made aware of the future research needs pertaining to hearing impairment and ototoxicity from styrene. It is recommended that chronic styrene-exposed individuals be routinely evaluated with a comprehensive audiological test battery to detect early signs of auditory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis T Pleban
- Department of Public Health, Health Administration, and Health Sciences, Tennessee State University, Avon Williams Campus, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Olutosin Oketope
- Department of Public Health, Health Administration, and Health Sciences, Tennessee State University, Avon Williams Campus, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Laxmi Shrestha
- Department of Public Health, Health Administration, and Health Sciences, Tennessee State University, Avon Williams Campus, Nashville, TN, USA
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Costa S, Ceppi M, Costa C, Silva S, Pereira C, Laffon B, Bonassi S, Teixeira JP. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay in human populations exposed to styrene: A systematic review and meta-analysis. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 770:92-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kenesei K, Murali K, Czéh Á, Piella J, Puntes V, Madarász E. Enhanced detection with spectral imaging fluorescence microscopy reveals tissue- and cell-type-specific compartmentalization of surface-modified polystyrene nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:55. [PMID: 27388915 PMCID: PMC4936314 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precisely targeted nanoparticle delivery is critically important for therapeutic applications. However, our knowledge on how the distinct physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles determine tissue penetration through physiological barriers, accumulation in specific cells and tissues, and clearance from selected organs has remained rather limited. In the recent study, spectral imaging fluorescence microscopy was exploited for precise and rapid monitoring of tissue- and cell-type-specific distribution of fluorescent polystyrene nanoparticles with chemically distinct surface compositions. METHODS Fluorescent polystyrene nanoparticles with 50-90 nm diameter and with carboxylated- or polyethylene glycol-modified (PEGylated) surfaces were delivered into adult male and pregnant female mice with a single intravenous injection. The precise anatomical distribution of the particles was investigated by confocal microscopy after a short-term (5 min) or long-term (4 days) distribution period. In order to distinguish particle-fluorescence from tissue autofluorescence and to enhance the detection-efficiency, fluorescence spectral detection was applied during image acquisition and a post hoc full spectrum analysis was performed on the final images. RESULTS Spectral imaging fluorescence microscopy allowed distinguishing particle-fluorescence from tissue-fluorescence in all examined organs (brain, kidney, liver, spleen and placenta) in NP-treated slice preparations. In short-time distribution following in vivo NP-administration, all organs contained carboxylated-nanoparticles, while PEGylated-nanoparticles were not detected in the brain and the placenta. Importantly, nanoparticles were not found in any embryonic tissues or in the barrier-protected brain parenchyma. Four days after the administration, particles were completely cleared from both the brain and the placenta, while PEGylated-, but not carboxylated-nanoparticles, were stuck in the kidney glomerular interstitium. In the spleen, macrophages accumulated large amount of carboxylated and PEGylated nanoparticles, with detectable redistribution from the marginal zone to the white pulp during the 4-day survival period. CONCLUSIONS Spectral imaging fluorescence microscopy allowed detecting the tissue- and cell-type-specific accumulation and barrier-penetration of polystyrene nanoparticles with equal size but chemically distinct surfaces. The data revealed that polystyrene nanoparticles are retained by the reticuloendothelial system regardless of surface functionalization. Taken together with the increasing production and use of nanoparticles, the results highlight the necessity of long-term distribution studies to estimate the potential health-risks implanted by tissue-specific nanoparticle accumulation and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Kenesei
- />School of PhD Studies, Semmelweis University, Üllői Street 26, Budapest, 1085 Hungary
- />Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony Street 43, Budapest, 1083 Hungary
| | - Kumarasamy Murali
- />School of PhD Studies, Semmelweis University, Üllői Street 26, Budapest, 1085 Hungary
- />Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony Street 43, Budapest, 1083 Hungary
| | - Árpád Czéh
- />Soft Flow Hungary Kft., Kedves u. 20, Pecs, 7628 Hungary
| | - Jordi Piella
- />Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Puntes
- />Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emília Madarász
- />Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony Street 43, Budapest, 1083 Hungary
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Chemical composition and potential health risks of raw Arabian incense (Bakhour). JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Moradi Z, Kiarostami V, Amini M. Rapid Analysis of Styrene in Drinking Water and Tea Samples Using Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Combined with Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Detection. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ruder AM, Meyers AR, Bertke SJ. Mortality among styrene-exposed workers in the reinforced plastic boatbuilding industry. Occup Environ Med 2015; 73:97-102. [PMID: 26574575 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2015-102990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We updated mortality through 2011 for 5203 boat-building workers potentially exposed to styrene, and analysed mortality among 1678 employed a year or more between 1959 and 1978. The a priori hypotheses: excess leukaemia and lymphoma would be found. METHODS Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% CIs and standardised rate ratios (SRRs) used Washington State rates and a person-years analysis programme, LTAS.NET. The SRR analysis compared outcomes among tertiles of estimated cumulative potential styrene exposure. RESULTS Overall, 598 deaths (SMR=0.96, CI 0.89 to 1.04) included excess lung (SMR=1.23, CI 0.95 to 1.56) and ovarian cancer (SMR 3.08, CI 1.00 to 7.19), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (SMR=1.15, CI 0.81 to 1.58). Among 580 workers with potential high-styrene exposure, COPD mortality increased 2-fold (SMR=2.02, CI 1.08 to 3.46). CONCLUSIONS COPD was more pronounced among those with potential high-styrene exposure. However, no outcome was related to estimated cumulative styrene exposure, and there was no change when latency was taken into account. We found no excess leukaemia or lymphoma mortality. As in most occupational cohort studies, lack of information on lifestyle factors or other employment was a substantial limitation although we excluded from the analyses those (n=3525) who worked <1 year. Unanticipated excess ovarian cancer mortality could be a chance finding. Comparing subcohorts with potential high-styrene and low-styrene exposure, COPD mortality SRR was elevated while lung cancer SRR was not, suggesting that smoking was not the only cause for excess COPD mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avima M Ruder
- Industrywide Studies Branch, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Alysha R Meyers
- Industrywide Studies Branch, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen J Bertke
- Industrywide Studies Branch, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Talbott EO, Marshall LP, Rager JR, Arena VC, Sharma RK, Stacy SL. Air toxics and the risk of autism spectrum disorder: the results of a population based case-control study in southwestern Pennsylvania. Environ Health 2015; 14:80. [PMID: 26444407 PMCID: PMC4596286 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-015-0064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) constitute a major public health problem affecting one in 68 children. There is little understanding of the causes of ASD despite its serious social impact. Air pollution contains many toxicants known to have adverse effects on the fetus. We conducted a population based case-control study in southwestern Pennsylvania to estimate the association between ASD and 2005 US EPA modeled NATA (National Air Toxics Assessment) levels for 30 neurotoxicants. METHODS A total of 217 ASD cases born between 2005 and 2009 were recruited from local ASD diagnostic and treatment centers. There were two different control groups: 1) interviewed controls (N = 224) frequency matched by child's year of birth, sex and race with complete residential histories from prior to pregnancy through the child's second birthday, and 2) 5,007 controls generated from a random sample of birth certificates (BC controls) using residence at birth. We used logistic regression analysis comparing higher to first quartile of exposure to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for mother's age, education, race, smoking status, child's year of birth and sex. RESULTS Comparing fourth to first quartile exposures for all births, the adjusted OR for styrene was 2.04 (95% CI = 1.17-3.58, p = 0.013) for the interviewed case-control analysis and 1.61 (95% CI = 1.08-2.40, p = 0.018) for the BC analysis. In the BC comparison, chromium also exhibited an elevated OR of 1.60 (95% CI = 1.08-2.38, p = 0.020), which was similarly elevated in the interviewed analysis (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 0.87-2.66). There were borderline significant ORs for the BC comparison for methylene chloride (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 0.96-2.07, p = 0.082) and PAHs (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 0.98-2.11, p = 0.064). CONCLUSIONS Living in areas with higher levels of styrene and chromium during pregnancy was associated with increased risk of ASD, with borderline effects for PAHs and methylene chloride. These results are consistent with other studies. It is unclear, however, whether these chemicals are risk factors themselves or if they reflect the effect of a mixture of pollutants. Future work should include improved spatiotemporal estimates of exposure to air toxics, taking into account the dynamic movement of individuals during daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn O Talbott
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto Street, A526 Crabtree, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Lynne P Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto Street, A526 Crabtree, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Judith R Rager
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto Street, A526 Crabtree, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Vincent C Arena
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Ravi K Sharma
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Scienc, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Shaina L Stacy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Murali K, Kenesei K, Li Y, Demeter K, Környei Z, Madarász E. Uptake and bio-reactivity of polystyrene nanoparticles is affected by surface modifications, ageing and LPS adsorption: in vitro studies on neural tissue cells. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:4199-210. [PMID: 25673096 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06849a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Because of their capacity of crossing an intact blood-brain barrier and reaching the brain through an injured barrier or via the nasal epithelium, nanoparticles have been considered as vehicles to deliver drugs and as contrast materials for brain imaging. The potential neurotoxicity of nanoparticles, however, is not fully explored. Using particles with a biologically inert polystyrene core material, we investigated the role of the chemical composition of particle surfaces in the in vitro interaction with different neural cell types. PS NPs within a size-range of 45-70 nm influenced the metabolic activity of cells depending on the cell-type, but caused toxicity only at extremely high particle concentrations. Neurons did not internalize particles, while microglial cells ingested a large amount of carboxylated but almost no PEGylated NPs. PEGylation reduced the protein adsorption, toxicity and cellular uptake of NPs. After storage (shelf-life >6 months), the toxicity and cellular uptake of NPs increased. The altered biological activity of "aged" NPs was due to particle aggregation and due to the adsorption of bioactive compounds on NP surfaces. Aggregation by increasing the size and sedimentation velocity of NPs results in increased cell-targeted NP doses. The ready endotoxin adsorption which cannot be prevented by PEG coating, can render the particles toxic. The age-dependent changes in otherwise harmless NPs could be the important sources for variability in the effects of NPs, and could explain the contradictory data obtained with "identical" NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumarasamy Murali
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 43 Szigony u., H-1083-Budapest, Hungary.
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Cole M, Lindeque P, Fileman E, Halsband C, Galloway TS. The impact of polystyrene microplastics on feeding, function and fecundity in the marine copepod Calanus helgolandicus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:1130-7. [PMID: 25563688 DOI: 10.1021/es504525u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 686] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic plastic debris, termed “microplastics”, are of increasing environmental concern. Recent studies have demonstrated that a range of zooplankton, including copepods, can ingest microplastics. Copepods are a globally abundant class of zooplankton that form a key trophic link between primary producers and higher trophic marine organisms. Here we demonstrate that ingestion of microplastics can significantly alter the feeding capacity of the pelagic copepod Calanus helgolandicus. Exposed to 20 μm polystyrene beads (75 microplastics mL(–1)) and cultured algae ([250 μg C L(–1)) for 24 h, C. helgolandicus ingested 11% fewer algal cells (P = 0.33) and 40% less carbon biomass (P < 0.01). There was a net downward shift in the mean size of algal prey consumed (P < 0.001), with a 3.6 fold increase in ingestion rate for the smallest size class of algal prey (11.6–12.6 μm), suggestive of postcapture or postingestion rejection. Prolonged exposure to polystyrene microplastics significantly decreased reproductive output, but there were no significant differences in egg production rates, respiration or survival. We constructed a conceptual energetic (carbon) budget showing that microplastic-exposed copepods suffer energetic depletion over time. We conclude that microplastics impede feeding in copepods, which over time could lead to sustained reductions in ingested carbon biomass.
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Loos C, Syrovets T, Musyanovych A, Mailänder V, Landfester K, Nienhaus GU, Simmet T. Functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles as a platform for studying bio-nano interactions. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:2403-12. [PMID: 25671136 PMCID: PMC4311717 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles of various shapes, sizes, and materials carrying different surface modifications have numerous technological and biomedical applications. Yet, the mechanisms by which nanoparticles interact with biological structures as well as their biological impact and hazards remain poorly investigated. Due to their large surface to volume ratio, nanoparticles usually exhibit properties that differ from those of bulk materials. Particularly, the surface chemistry of the nanoparticles is crucial for their durability and solubility in biological media as well as for their biocompatibility and biodistribution. Polystyrene does not degrade in the cellular environment and exhibits no short-term cytotoxicity. Because polystyrene nanoparticles can be easily synthesized in a wide range of sizes with distinct surface functionalizations, they are perfectly suited as model particles to study the effects of the particle surface characteristics on various biological parameters. Therefore, we have exploited polystyrene nanoparticles as a convenient platform to study bio-nano interactions. This review summarizes studies on positively and negatively charged polystyrene nanoparticles and compares them with clinically used superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Loos
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr. 20, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tatiana Syrovets
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr. 20, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna Musyanovych
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - G Ulrich Nienhaus
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang Gaede-Str. 1, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Str. Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Thomas Simmet
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr. 20, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Tabor ML, Newman D, Whelton AJ. Stormwater chemical contamination caused by cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) infrastructure rehabilitation activities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10938-10947. [PMID: 25127182 DOI: 10.1021/es5018637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) is becoming a popular U.S. stormwater culvert rehabilitation method. Several State transportation agencies have reported that CIPP activities can release styrene into stormwater, but no other contaminants have been monitored. CIPP's stormwater contamination potential and that of its condensate waste was characterized. Condensate completely dissolved Daphnia magna within 24 h. Condensate pH was 6.2 and its chemical oxygen demand (COD) level was 36,000 ppm. D. magna mortality (100%) occurred in 48 h, even when condensate was diluted by a factor of 10,000 and styrene was present at a magnitude less than its LC50. Condensate and stormwater contained numerous carcinogenic solvents used in resin synthesis, endocrine disrupting contaminants such as plasticizers, and initiator degradation products. For 35 days, COD levels at the culvert outlets and downstream ranged from 100 to 375 ppm and styrene was 0.01 to 7.4 ppm. Although contaminant levels generally reduced with time, styrene levels were greatest 50 ft downstream, not at the culvert outlet. Cured CIPP extraction tests confirmed that numerous contaminants other than styrene were released into the environment and their persistence and toxicity should be investigated. More effective contaminant containment and cleaner installation processes must be developed to protect the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Tabor
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of South Alabama , Mobile, Alabama 36688, United States
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Studies of styrene, styrene oxide and 4-hydroxystyrene toxicity in CYP2F2 knockout and CYP2F1 humanized mice support lack of human relevance for mouse lung tumors. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 66:24-9. [PMID: 23454103 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Styrene (S) is lung tumorigenic in mice but not in rats. S and its alkene-oxidized metabolite styrene oxide (SO) were not lung toxic in CYP2F2(-/-) [knockout] mice, indicating S-induced mouse lung tumors are mediated through mouse-specific CYP2F2-generated ring-oxidized metabolite(s) in lung bronchioles. The human relevance of the CYP2F MOA was assessed by insertion of a human CYP2F1, 2A13, 2B6 transgene into CYP2F2(-/-) mice; CYP2F1 expression and activity were confirmed in the transgenic (TG) mice. No evidence of cytotoxicity or increased cell proliferation (BrdU labeling) was seen in TG mice treated with either S or SO (200mg/kg/day ip for 5days). In contrast to S and SO, 4HS (105mg/kg/day ip for 5days) increased BrdU labeling 5-10-fold in WT mice, <3-fold increase in KO mice and 2-4-fold in TG mice. The limited response of 4HS in KO and TG mice may result from intrinsic toxicity or from further metabolism; regardless of the MOA, these findings indicate that the CYP2F-mediated tumorigenic MOA in WT mice is not operative for S, SO, or for 4HS putatively derived from metabolism of S by CYP2F1 in humans, and thus S-induced mouse lung tumors are unlikely to be relevant to human risk.
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Costa C, Costa S, Silva S, Coelho P, Botelho M, Gaspar J, Rueff J, Laffon B, Teixeira JP. DNA damage and susceptibility assessment in industrial workers exposed to styrene. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:735-746. [PMID: 22788361 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.688488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Styrene is a widely used chemical in the manufacture of synthetic rubber, resins, polyesters, and plastics. The highest levels of human exposure to styrene occur during the production of reinforced plastic products. The objective of this study was to examine occupational exposure to styrene in a multistage approach, in order to integrate the following endpoints: styrene in workplace air, mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids (MA + PGA) in urine, sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), micronuclei (MN), DNA damage (comet assay), and genetic polymorphisms of metabolizing enzymes (CYP2E1, EPHX1, GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1). Seventy-five workers from a fiberglass-reinforced plastics factory and 77 unexposed controls took part in the study. The mean air concentration of styrene in the breathing zone of workers (30.4 ppm) and the mean concentration of urinary metabolites (MA + PGA = 443 ± 44 mg/g creatinine) exceeded the threshold limit value (TLV) and the biological exposure index (BEI). Significantly higher SCE frequency rate and DNA damage were observed in exposed workers, but MN frequency was not markedly modified by exposure. With respect to the effect of genetic polymorphisms on different exposure and effect biomarkers studied, an increase in SCE levels with elevated microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity was noted in exposed workers, suggesting a possible exposure-genotype interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Costa
- Portuguese National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Porto, Portugal.
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CYP2F2-generated metabolites, not styrene oxide, are a key event mediating the mode of action of styrene-induced mouse lung tumors. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 62:214-20. [PMID: 22041433 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Styrene induces lung tumors in mice but not in rats. Although metabolism of styrene to 7,8-styrene oxide (SO) by CYP2E1 has been suggested as a mediator of styrene toxicity, lung toxicity is not attenuated in CYP2E1 knockout mice. However, styrene and/or SO metabolism by mouse lung Clara cell-localized CYP2F2 to ring-oxidized cytotoxic metabolite(s) has been postulated as a key metabolic gateway responsible for both lung toxicity and possible tumorigenicity. To test this hypothesis, the lung toxicity of styrene and SO was evaluated in C57BL/6 (WT) and CYP2F2⁻/⁻ knockout mice treated with styrene (400 mg/kg/day, gavage, or 200 or 400 mg/kg/day, ip) or S- or R-SO (200 mg/kg/day, ip) for 5 days. Styrene treated WT mice displayed significant necrosis and exfoliation of Clara cells, and cumulative BrdU-labeling index of S-phase cells was markedly increased in terminal bronchioles of WT mice exposed to styrene or S- or RSO. In contrast, Clara and terminal bronchiole cell toxicity was not observed in CYP2F2⁻/⁻ mice exposed to either styrene or SO. This study clearly demonstrates that the mouse lung toxicity of both styrene and SO is critically dependent on metabolism by CYP2F2. Importantly, the human isoform of CYP2F, CYP2F1, is expressed at much lower levels and likely does not catalyze significant styrene metabolism, supporting the hypothesis that styrene-induced mouse lung tumors may not quantitatively, or possibly qualitatively, predict lung tumor potential in humans.
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Carlson GP. Hepatotoxicity and pneumotoxicity of styrene and its metabolites in glutathioneS-transferase-deficient mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 2011; 34:440-4. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2011.562899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wongvijitsuk S, Navasumrit P, Vattanasit U, Parnlob V, Ruchirawat M. Low level occupational exposure to styrene: Its effects on DNA damage and DNA repair. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2011; 214:127-37. [PMID: 21030303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sirilak Wongvijitsuk
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
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Carlson GP. Comparison of styrene oxide enantiomers for hepatotoxic and pneumotoxic effects in microsomal epoxide hydrolase-deficient mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:347-350. [PMID: 21271435 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.539130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Styrene is hepatotoxic and pneumotoxic in mice. Styrene oxide, the active metabolite, is detoxified via hydrolysis by microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH). Racemic styrene oxide was previously found to be more lethal and produced increased toxicity in mEH-/- mice compared to wild-type mice. The hepatotoxicity and pneumotoxicity of the R- and S-styrene oxide (SO) enantiomers were compared in wild-type and mEH-deficient mice (mEH-/-). Twenty-four hours following administration of 150 mg/kg ip, neither enantiomer produced hepatotoxicity, but S-SO was more pneumotoxic. However, in mEH-/- mice R-SO produced greater decreases in hepatic glutathione levels 3 h after administration. The basis for the unusual greater toxicity of S-SO, rather than the generally more toxic R-SO, in mEH-/- mice may be related to differences in detoxification by EH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Carlson
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2051, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the epidemiologic literature on styrene and cancer. METHODS We reviewed studies of workers exposed to styrene in manufacturing and polymerization, in the reinforced plastics industry, and in styrene-butadiene rubber production. We also reviewed studies of workers monitored for styrene exposure, studies of environmental exposure, community-based case-control studies of lymphoma and leukemia, and studies of DNA adducts. Studies of workers in the reinforced plastics industry were considered more informative because of higher worker exposure and less confounding by other carcinogens. RESULTS We found no consistent increased risk of any cancer among workers exposed to styrene. A study of reinforced plastic workers reported an association between average estimated styrene exposure and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL, P = 0.05) but no trend with increasing duration of exposure. Other studies of styrene exposure and NHL found no increased risk. In two US studies of reinforced plastic workers, esophageal cancer mortality was increased, but these findings were generated in a background of multiple comparisons. Results for other cancers were unremarkable. CONCLUSIONS The available epidemiologic evidence does not support a causal relationship between styrene exposure and any type of human cancer.
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Khaksar MR, Ghazi-Khansari M. Determination of migration monomer styrene from GPPS (general purpose polystyrene) and HIPS (high impact polystyrene) cups to hot drinks. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 19:257-61. [PMID: 19750020 PMCID: PMC2739648 DOI: 10.1080/15376510802510299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 162 samples were analysed for monomer styrene content with using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method in hot tea, milk, cocoa milk. The monomer styrene content, expressed in microg/l of drink and the level of migration of styrene monomer were varied from 0.61 to 8.15 for hot tea, from 0.65 to 8.30 for hot milk, from 0.71 to 8.65 for hot cocoa milk in GPPS (general purpose polystyrene), from 0.48 to 6.85 for hot tea, from 0.61 to 7.65 for hot milk, from 0.72 to 7.78 for hot cocoa milk in HIPS (high performance polystyrene) cups in different temperatures and times. The estimated limit of detection of (HPLC) method for all samples was 0.001 mg/kg. There is linear regression for styrene monomer from 1 to 10 ng/ml. Several samples spiked with a known amount of styrene monomer. The results of the recovery in study for styrene monomer were determinate to be mean, 96.1 +/- 1.92 to 99.7 +/- 1.15%. The results of this study indicate that styrene monomer from polystyrene disposable into hot and fat drinks was migrated and this migration was highly dependent on fat content and temperature of drinks. The derived concentration of styrene monomer in this study was above the EPA (Environmental protection agency) recommended level, especially in MCLG (Maximum contaminant level goal) standard. More study is needed to further elucidate this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Reza Khaksar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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