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Wang Z, Xu M, Li Q, Lu S, Liu Z. Subchronic Chloroform Exposure Causes Intestinal Damage and Induces Gut Microbiota Disruption and Metabolic Dysregulation in Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39221872 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Chloroform is a prevalent toxic environmental pollutant in urban settings, posing risks to human health through exposure via various mediums such as air and tap water. The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in maintaining host health. However, there is a paucity of research elucidating the impact of chloroform exposure on the gut microbiota. In this investigation, 18 SPF Kunming female mice were stratified into three groups (n = 6) and subjected to oral gavage with chloroform doses equivalent to 0, 50, and 150 mg/kg of body weight over 30 days. Our findings demonstrate that subchronic chloroform exposure significantly perturbs hematological parameters in mice and induces histopathological alterations in cecal tissues, consequently engendering marked disparities in the functional composition of cecal microbiota and metabolic equilibrium of cecal contents. Ultimately, our investigation revealed a statistically robust correlation, exhibiting a high degree of significance, between the intestinal microbiome composition and the metabolites that were differentially expressed consequent to chloroform exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaishan Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Meng Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Sihan Lu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang, China
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2
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Du Z, Luong HM, Sabury S, Jones AL, Zhu Z, Panoy P, Chae S, Yi A, Kim HJ, Xiao S, Brus VV, Manjunatha Reddy GN, Reynolds JR, Nguyen TQ. High-Performance Wearable Organic Photodetectors by Molecular Design and Green Solvent Processing for Pulse Oximetry and Photoplethysmography. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310478. [PMID: 38054854 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
White-light detection from the visible to the near-infrared region is central to many applications such as high-speed cameras, autonomous vehicles, and wearable electronics. While organic photodetectors (OPDs) are being developed for such applications, several challenges must be overcome to produce scalable high-detectivity OPDs. This includes issues associated with low responsivity, narrow absorption range, and environmentally friendly device fabrication. Here, an OPD system processed from 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) sets a record in light detectivity, which is also comparable with commercially available silicon-based photodiodes is reported. The newly designed OPD is employed in wearable devices to monitor heart rate and blood oxygen saturation using a flexible OPD-based finger pulse oximeter. In achieving this, a framework for a detailed understanding of the structure-processing-property relationship in these OPDs is also developed. The bulk heterojunction (BHJ) thin films processed from 2-MeTHF are characterized at different length scales with advanced techniques. The BHJ morphology exhibits optimal intermixing and phase separation of donor and acceptor moieties, which facilitates the charge generation and collection process. Benefitting from high charge carrier mobilities and a low shunt leakage current, the newly developed OPD exhibits a specific detectivity of above 1012 Jones over 400-900 nm, which is higher than those of reference devices processed from chlorobenzene and ortho-xylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Du
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Hoang Mai Luong
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Sina Sabury
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Austin L Jones
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ziyue Zhu
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Patchareepond Panoy
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Sangmin Chae
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Ahra Yi
- Department of Organic Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- Department of Organic Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Steven Xiao
- 1-Material Inc, 2290 Chemin St-Francois, Dorval, Quebec, H9P 1K2, Canada
| | - Viktor V Brus
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan City, 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - G N Manjunatha Reddy
- University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille Institut, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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Chen L, Wu J, Zhu G, Liu C, Xu T, Huang L, Wu W, Guo J, Xiao H, Dai H, Huang C, Zhang Z, Bian H. Comparison of hydrophobic cellulose nanofibrils modified with different diisocyanates for circulating oil absorption. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:129107. [PMID: 38159705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A large number of polluting substances, including chlorinated organic substances that were highly stable and hazardous, has been emitted due to the rapidly developing chemical industry, which will affect the ecological environment. Nanocellulose aerogels are effective carriers for adsorption of oil substances and organic solvents, however, the extremely strong hydrophilicity and poor mechanical properties limited their widespread applications. In this study, TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils was modified with 2, 4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) to prepare strong and hydrophobic aerogels for oil adsorption. The main purpose was to evaluate and compare the effects of two diisocyanates on various properties of modified aerogels. It was found that the modified aerogel had better hydrophobic properties, mechanical properties and adsorption properties. In particular, the modified aerogel with TDI as crosslinker showed a better performance, with a maximum chloroform adsorption capacity of 99.3 g/g, a maximum water contact angle of 131.3°, and a maximum compression stress of 36.3 kPa. This study provides further evidence of the potential of functional nanocellulose aerogel in addressing environmental pollution caused by industrial emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Gaojian Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Liulian Huang
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Weibing Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Hongqi Dai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, Nanjing 210042, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Huiyang Bian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Shi J, Zhang K, Xiao T, Yang J, Sun Y, Yang C, Dai H, Yang W. Exposure to disinfection by-products and risk of cancer: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115925. [PMID: 38183752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs), including trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), have attracted attention due to their carcinogenic properties, leading to varying conclusions. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the dose-response relationship and the dose-dependent effect of DBPs on cancer risk. We performed a selective search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases for articles published up to September 15th, 2023. Our meta-analysis eventually included 25 articles, encompassing 8 cohort studies with 6038,525 participants and 10,668 cases, and 17 case-control studies with 10,847 cases and 20,702 controls. We observed a positive correlation between increased cancer risk and higher concentrations of total trihalomethanes (TTHM) in water, longer exposure durations, and higher cumulative TTHM intake. These associations showed a linear trend, with relative risks (RRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) being 1.02 (1.01-1.03), 1.04 (1.02-1.06), and 1.02 (1.00-1.03), respectively. Gender-specific analyses revealed slightly U-shaped relationships in both males and females, with males exhibiting higher risks. The threshold dose for TTHM in relation to cancer risk was determined to be 55 µg/L for females and 40 µg/L for males. A linear association was also identified between bladder cancer risk and TTHM exposure, with an RR and 95 % CI of 1.08 (1.05-1.11). Positive linear associations were observed between cancer risk and exposure to chloroform, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), and HAA5, with RRs and 95 % CIs of 1.02 (1.01-1.03), 1.33 (1.18-1.50), and 1.07 (1.03-1.12), respectively. Positive dose-dependent effects were noted for brominated THMs above 35 µg/L and chloroform above 75 µg/L. While heterogeneity was observed in the studies for quantitative synthesis, no publication bias was detected. Exposure to TTHM, chloroform, BDCM, or HAA5 may contribute to carcinogenesis, and the risk of cancer appears to be dose-dependent on DBP exposure levels. A cumulative effect is suggested by the positive correlation between TTHM exposure and cancer risk. Bladder cancer and endocrine-related cancers show dose-dependent and positive associations with TTHM exposure. Males may be more susceptible to TTHM compared to females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Shi
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianshu Xiao
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxuan Yang
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Chan Yang
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Dai
- Department of Forensic Pathology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxing Yang
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Bureau A, Tian Y, Levallois P, Giguère Y, Chen J, Zhang H. Methods and Software to Analyze Gene-Environment Interactions under a Case-Mother-Control-Mother Design with Partially Missing Child Genotype. Hum Hered 2023; 88:38-49. [PMID: 37100044 PMCID: PMC10308538 DOI: 10.1159/000529559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The case-mother-control-mother design allows to study fetal and maternal genetic factors together with environmental exposures on early life outcomes. Mendelian constraints and conditional independence between child genotype and environmental factors enabled semiparametric likelihood methods to estimate logistic models with greater efficiency than standard logistic regression. Difficulties in child genotype collection require methods handling missing child genotype. METHODS We review a stratified retrospective likelihood and two semiparametric likelihood approaches: a prospective one and a modified retrospective one, the latter either modeling the maternal genotype as a function of covariates or leaving their joint distribution unspecified (robust version). We also review software implementing these modeling alternatives, compare their statistical properties in a simulation study, and illustrate their application, focusing on gene-environment interactions and partially missing child genotype. RESULTS The robust retrospective likelihood provides generally unbiased estimates, with standard errors only slightly larger than when modeling maternal genotype based on exposure. The prospective likelihood encounters maximization problems. In the application to the association of small-for-gestational-age babies with CYP2E1 and drinking water disinfection by-products, the retrospective likelihood allowed a full array of covariates, while the prospective likelihood was limited to few covariates. CONCLUSION We recommend the robust version of the modified retrospective likelihood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bureau
- Departement de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Yuang Tian
- Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Patrick Levallois
- Departement de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Direction de la Santé Environnementale et de la Toxicologie, Institut National de Santé Publique (INSPQ), Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Giguère
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, de Biochimie Médicale et de Pathologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jinbo Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Statistics and Finance, School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Piccardo MT, Geretto M, Pulliero A, Izzotti A. Odor emissions: A public health concern for health risk perception. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112121. [PMID: 34571035 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory nuisance, due to the emissions of active molecules, is mainly associated with unproperly managed waste disposal and animal farming. Volatile compounds e.g., aromatics, organic and inorganic sulfide compounds, as well as nitrogen and halogenated compounds are the major contributor to odor pollution generated by waste management plants; the most important source of atmospheric ammonia is produced by livestock farming. Although an odorous compound may represent a nuisance rather than a health risk, long-term exposure to a mixture of volatile compounds may represent a risk for different diseases, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, and neurologic damage. Workers and communities living close to odor-producing facilities result directly exposed to irritant air pollutants through inhalation and for this reason the cumulative health risk assessment is recommended. Health effects are related to the concentration and exposure duration to the odorants, as well as to their irritant potency and/or biotransformation in hazardous metabolites. The health effects of a single chemical are well known, while the interactions between molecules with different functional groups have still to be extensively studied. Odor emissions are often due to airborne pollutants at levels below the established toxicity thresholds. The relationship between odor and toxicity does not always occurs but depends on the specific kind of pollutant involved. Indeed, some toxic agents does not induce odor nuisance while untoxic agents do. Accordingly, the relationship between toxicity and odor nuisance should be always analyzed in detail evaluating on the characteristics of the airborne mixture and the type of the source involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Piccardo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Geretto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - A Pulliero
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - A Izzotti
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy.
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Robinson EA, Frankenberg-Dinkel N, Xue F, Wilks A. Recombinant Production of Biliverdin IXβ and δ Isomers in the T7 Promoter Compatible Escherichia coli Nissle. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:787609. [PMID: 34956154 PMCID: PMC8692735 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.787609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to obtain purified biliverdin IX (BVIX) isomers other than the commercially available BVIXα is limited due to the low yields obtained by the chemical coupled oxidation of heme. Chemical oxidation requires toxic chemicals, has very poor BVIX yields (<0.05%), and is not conducive to scalable production. Alternative approaches utilizing recombinant E. coli BL21 expressing a cyanobacterial heme oxygenase have been employed for the production BVIXα, but yields are limited by the rate of endogenous heme biosynthesis. Furthermore, the emerging roles of BVIXβ and BVIXδ in biology and their lack of commercial availability has led to a need for an efficient and scalable method with the flexibility to produce all three physiologically relevant BVIX isomers. Herein, we have taken advantage of an optimized non-pathogenic E. coli Nissle (EcN(T7)) strain that encodes an endogenous heme transporter and an integrated T7 polymerase gene. Protein production of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa BVIXβ and BVIXδ selective heme oxygenase (HemO) or its BVIXα producing mutant (HemOα) in the EcN(T7) strain provides a scalable method to obtain all three isomers, that is not limited by the rate of endogenous heme biosynthesis, due to the natural ability of EcN(T7) to transport extracellular heme. Additionally, we have optimized our previous LC-MS/MS protocol for semi-preparative separation and validation of the BVIX isomers. Utilizing this new methodology for scalable production and separation we have increased the yields of the BVIXβ and -δ isomers >300-fold when compared to the chemical oxidation of heme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Robinson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nicole Frankenberg-Dinkel
- Fachbereich Biologie, Abt. Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserlautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Angela Wilks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Ding X, Zhu J, Wang X, Zhou W, Wu K, Zhou Z, Zhou K, Wu D, Jiao J, Xia Y, Wang X. Different cytotoxicity of disinfection by-product haloacetamides on two exposure pathway-related cell lines: Human gastric epithelial cell line GES-1 and immortalized human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:1267-1275. [PMID: 31539958 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to disinfection by-products (DBPs) mainly through drinking water ingestion and dermal contact. As an emerging class of nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs), haloacetamides (HAcAms) have been found to have significantly higher cytotoxicity than regulated DBPs. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of HAcAms on two exposure pathway-related cell lines: human gastric epithelial GES-1 cells and immortalized keratinocytes HaCaT. Our results showed that the ranking order of cytotoxicity of 13 HAcAms was different between HaCaT and GES-1 cells. In addition, the 50% inhibitive concentration in HaCaT was 1.01-3.29 times that in GES-1. Further comparison among GES-1, HaCaT and CHO cell lines confirmed that different cell lines exhibited different sensitivity to the same compound. Importantly, HAcAms showed 5.83-7.13 × 104 times higher toxicity than the well-clarified DBP chloroform, clearly demonstrating the increased toxicity of HAcAms. Finally, using a novel high-content screening (HCS) analysis, we found that 39.29% of chlorinated HAcAms, 42.86% of brominated HAcAms and 16.07% of iodinated HAcAms significantly affected at least one of the cell-health parameters, such as nuclear size, membrane permeability, mitochondrial membrane potential, or cytochrome c release, in GES-1 or HaCaT cells. Thus, brominated HAcAms appear to have stronger effects under the sublethal exposure dose, possibly causing cytotoxicity via apoptosis. Together, our study provides new insights to the toxicity of HAcAms and a comprehensive toxicology dataset for health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Public Health, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Jingying Zhu
- Department of Public Health, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Weijie Zhou
- Department of Public Health, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Keqin Wu
- Department of Public Health, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Zhu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, York College, The City University of New York, Jamaica, N.Y. 11451
| | - Kun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jiandong Jiao
- Department of Public Health, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China.
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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9
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Alabdulhadi A, Ramadan A, Devey P, Boggess M, Guest M. Inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds in the printing industry. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2019; 69:1142-1169. [PMID: 31184550 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2019.1629355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the occupational inhalation exposure to VOCs of workers in the Kuwaiti printing industry. Using the evacuated canister methodology, we targeted 72 VOCs in three printeries and compared the concentrations to previous reports and relevant occupational exposure levels (OELs). We found that recent efforts in the printing industry to reduce VOC usage had been successful, as concentrations of key hazardous VOCs were substantially lower than anticipated. On the other hand, nearly all target VOCs were found. Non-production areas were sampled along with the offset printing areas, another strength of this study, and revealed exposures to hazardous VOCs among administers and digital printer and CTP operators. Exposure to ototoxic VOCs amounted to 1-3% of the OEL, consisting mostly of ethylbenzene, which was likely in use in two of the study printeries. Exposure to carcinogenic or probably carcinogenic VOCs was 15-20% of the OEL at four locations across the three printeries, consisting mostly of vinyl chloride and benzyl chloride. Vinyl chloride VOC was partially sourced from outdoors, but was also likely used inside the study printeries. Interestingly, concentrations of vinyl chloride were similar in most sampling locations to that of CFC-114, a CFC banned by the Montreal Protocol and not commonly used as a refrigerant. This unexpected finding suggests further study is warranted to identify the use of these VOCs in printeries. Exposure to hazardous VOCs up to nearly 50% of the OEL, consisting largely of bromoform and vinyl chloride. Bromoform was found in all the study printeries, sourced partially from outdoor air. The higher concentrations found inside the study printeries likely resulted from the use of the desalinated water for washing. This finding raises of emissions from sources other than blanket washes, and inks, etc. adding to the total VOC load in printery indoor air. Implications: Results from this study indicate that efforts to reduce worker exposure to VOCs particularly dangerous to human health in recent years have been successful, but there is still much to be done to protect workers. Exposures to ototoxic and carcinogenic VOCs were identified, among both production and non-production workers. Unexpected findings included the apparent use in printing activities of the carcinogen vinyl chloride and CFC-114, banned under the Montreal Protocol. Observed lapses in safety procedures included failure to utilize ventilation systems and closing doors between work areas, indicating management and worker education should remain a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alabdulhadi
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle , Callaghan , NSW , Australia
- Public Authority of Applied Education and Training , Shuwaikh , Kuwaitu
| | - Ashraf Ramadan
- Kuwait Institute of Scientific Research , Safat , Kuwait
| | - Peter Devey
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle , Callaghan , NSW , Australia
| | - May Boggess
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ , USA
| | - Maya Guest
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle , Callaghan , NSW , Australia
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10
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Iriondo A, Tainta M, Saldias J, Arriba M, Ochoa B, Goñi FM, Martinez-Lage P, Abad-García B. Isopropanol extraction for cerebrospinal fluid lipidomic profiling analysis. Talanta 2018; 195:619-627. [PMID: 30625592 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lipidome is attracting increasing attention due to the importance of lipids in brain molecular signaling and their involvement in several neurological diseases. Different solvent systems have been used for the extraction of multiple lipid classes from CSF but no comparative study of the effectiveness of these protocols has been carried out. To optimize CSF lipid extraction for lipidomic measurements by untargeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry, we evaluate and compare two sample preparation protocols, one involving protein precipitation with isopropanol (IPA) and other consisting of a liquid-liquid extraction with chloroform-methanol. For that purpose, human CSF from neurologically healthy and normolipidemic volunteers was used. The criteria established to compare these two methods were based on four critical aspects of sample preparation: simplicity, lipid coverage, reproducibility and recovery efficiencies. We found that both methods were highly reproducible techniques (>75% of the lipids with coefficient of variation (CV) <30%). In terms of recovery, the single-step IPA procedure yielded better values for most of the lipid classes and it was less toxic and simpler than the liquid-liquid extraction method. In relation to lipid coverage, variation in selectivity was observed between methods, providing evidence that IPA was more selective for polar lipids. Overall, IPA precipitation provides excellent results in terms of simplicity of execution, lipid coverage, reproducibility and recovery. We conclude that it is a choice procedure for large-scale, untargeted lipid profiling using UHPLC-MS in CSF analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Iriondo
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies. CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, Mikeletegi 71, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
| | - Mikel Tainta
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies. CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, Mikeletegi 71, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
| | - Jon Saldias
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies. CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, Mikeletegi 71, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
| | - Maria Arriba
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies. CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, Mikeletegi 71, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
| | - Begoña Ochoa
- Lipids & Liver Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Felix M Goñi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Instituto Biofisika (CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Pablo Martinez-Lage
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies. CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, Mikeletegi 71, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Abad-García
- Central Analysis Service, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
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Prenatal exposure to drinking-water chlorination by-products, cytochrome P450 gene polymorphisms and small-for-gestational-age neonates. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 73:75-86. [PMID: 28774688 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility may modulate chlorination by-products (CBPs) effects on fetal growth, especially genes coding for the cytochrome P450 involved in the metabolism of CBPs and steroidogenesis. In a case-control study of 1432 mother-child pairs, we assessed the association between maternal and child single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2D6 and CYP17A1 genes and small-for-gestational-age neonates (SGA<10th percentile) as well as interaction between these SNPs and maternal exposure to trihalomethanes or haloacetic acids (HAAs) during the third trimester of pregnancy. Interactions were found between mother and neonate carrying CYP17A1 rs4919687A and rs743572G alleles and maternal exposure to total trihalomethanes or five regulated HAAs species. However, these interactions became non statistically significant after correction for multiple testing. There is some evidence, albeit weak, of a potential effect modification of the association between CBPs and SGA by SNPs in CYP17A1 gene. Further studies are needed to validate these observations.
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Lodhi A, Hashmi I, Nasir H, Khan R. Effect of trihalomethanes (chloroform and bromoform) on human haematological count. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2017; 15:367-373. [PMID: 28598341 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing concerns about the harmful effects of disinfection products, the process of chlorination is becoming questionable. Bromoform and chloroform are among the most frequently occurring disinfection by-products. Haematological parameters are an important indicator of human well-being which is why the prime objective of the current study was to conduct a dose-response assessment to investigate the effects of trihalomethanes on human haematological count. Blood samples of healthy subjects were exposed to different concentrations (10, 30 and 50 μg/mL) of chloroform and bromoform in vitro to analyse how these compounds affected the haematological count with increasing dose concentrations. Headspace gas chromatography analysis was also conducted on samples to assess the difference between measured and spiked values of doses. The results indicated that the damage caused by bromoform was statistically more significant as compared to chloroform. Haemoglobin (HGB) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration levels lowered as they were significantly affected (p < 0.05) by bromoform at all administered doses. It also significantly damaged platelet level at doses of 30 (p < 0.05) and 50 μg/mL (p < 0.01). Conversely, the damage caused by chloroform was statistically less significant (p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Asna Lodhi
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Sector, Islamabad, Pakistan E-mail:
| | - Imran Hashmi
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Sector, Islamabad, Pakistan E-mail:
| | - Habib Nasir
- School of Natural Sciences (SNS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Sector, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Romana Khan
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Sector, Islamabad, Pakistan E-mail:
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13
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Levallois P, Giguère Y, Nguile-Makao M, Rodriguez M, Campagna C, Tardif R, Bureau A. Disinfection by-products exposure and intra-uterine growth restriction: Do genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1or deletion of GSTM1 or GSTT1 modify the association? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 92-93:220-231. [PMID: 27107227 PMCID: PMC4903081 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) during pregnancy was associated with reduced foetal growth. Genetic susceptibility might play a role, especially for genes encoding for the Cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) and Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) enzymes, involved in metabolism and activation of DBPs. Few epidemiological studies evaluated these gene-environment interactions and their results were never replicated. OBJECTIVE This study aims to examine interactions between trihalomethanes (THM) or haloacetic acids (HAA) exposure and genetic polymorphisms on small for gestational age (SGA) neonates by investigating single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP2E1 gene and GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletions in mothers-children pairs. METHODS A population-based case-control study of 1549 mothers and 1455 children was conducted on SGA and THM/HAA exposure. DNA was extracted from blood or saliva cells. Targeted SNPs and deletions were genotyped. Statistical interaction between SNPs/deletions and THMs or HAAs in utero exposure with regard to SGA occurrence was evaluated by unconditional logistic regression with control of potential confounders. RESULTS Previously reported positive modification of the effect of THM uterine exposure by mothers or newborns CYP2E1 rs3813867 C allele or GSTM1 deletion was not replicated. However interactions with CYP2E1 rs117618383 and rs2515641 were observed but were not statistically significant after correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS Previous positive interactions between THMs exposure and CYP2E1 and GSTM1 were not replicated but interactions with other CYP2E1 polymorphisms are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Levallois
- Direction de la santé environnementale et de la toxicologie, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval and Axe Santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec City, Québec G1V 7B3, Canada.
| | - Yves Giguère
- Département de biologie moléculaire, de biochimie médicale et de pathologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval and Axe Reproduction, santé de la mère et de l'enfant, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec City, Québec G1L 3L5, Canada.
| | - Molière Nguile-Makao
- Centre de Recherche Clinique et Évaluative en Oncologie. Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1R 3S1, Canada.
| | - Manuel Rodriguez
- École supérieure d'aménagement du territoire and Chaire d'eau potable, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Céline Campagna
- Direction de la santé environnementale et de la toxicologie, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, and Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1V 5B3, Canada.
| | - Robert Tardif
- Département de santé environnementale et santé au travail, École de santé publique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Alexandre Bureau
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval and Axe de recherche neurosciences cliniques et cognitives, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
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15
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Borgert CJ, Wise K, Becker RA. Modernizing problem formulation for risk assessment necessitates articulation of mode of action. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:538-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Schweighardt AJ, Tate CM, Scott KA, Harper KA, Robertson JM. Evaluation of Commercial Kits for Dual Extraction of DNA and RNA from Human Body Fluids,,. J Forensic Sci 2014; 60:157-65. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Schweighardt
- Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit; Visiting Scientist Program; Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division; 2501 Investigation Parkway Quantico VA 22135
| | - Courtney M. Tate
- Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit; Visiting Scientist Program; Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division; 2501 Investigation Parkway Quantico VA 22135
| | - Kristina A. Scott
- Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit; Visiting Scientist Program; Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division; 2501 Investigation Parkway Quantico VA 22135
| | - Kathryn A. Harper
- Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit; Visiting Scientist Program; Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division; 2501 Investigation Parkway Quantico VA 22135
| | - James M. Robertson
- Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit; Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division; 2501 Investigation Parkway Quantico VA 22135
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Tang S, Edwards EA. Identification of Dehalobacter reductive dehalogenases that catalyse dechlorination of chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,1-dichloroethane. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120318. [PMID: 23479748 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel reductive dehalogenases (RDases) that are highly similar to each other but catalyse distinct dechlorination reactions were identified from Dehalobacter-containing mixed cultures. These two RDases were partially purified from crude protein extracts of anaerobic dechlorinating enrichment cultures using blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gel slices were assayed for dechlorinating activity, and associated proteins were identified using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with the metagenome of the parent culture as the reference database. The two RDases identified, annotated as CfrA and DcrA, share an amino acid identity of 95.2 per cent, but use different substrates: CfrA dechlorinates chloroform (CF) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA), but not 1,1-dichloroethane; DcrA dechlorinates 1,1-dichloroethane, but not CF or 1,1,1-TCA. These two novel RDases share no more than 40 per cent amino acid identity to any other known or putative RDases, but both have a twin-arginine motif and two iron-sulfur binding motifs conserved in most RDases. Peptides specific to two putative membrane anchor proteins, annotated as CfrB and DcrB, were also detected in gel slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiquan Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Sasso AF, Schlosser PM, Kedderis GL, Genter MB, Snawder JE, Li Z, Rieth S, Lipscomb JC. Application of an updated physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for chloroform to evaluate CYP2E1-mediated renal toxicity in rats and mice. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:360-74. [PMID: 23143927 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are tools for interpreting toxicological data and extrapolating observations across species and route of exposure. Chloroform (CHCl(3)) is a chemical for which there are PBPK models available in different species and multiple sites of toxicity. Because chloroform induces toxic effects in the liver and kidneys via production of reactive metabolites, proper characterization of metabolism in these tissues is essential for risk assessment. Although hepatic metabolism of chloroform is adequately described by these models, there is higher uncertainty for renal metabolism due to a lack of species-specific data and direct measurements of renal metabolism. Furthermore, models typically fail to account for regional differences in metabolic capacity within the kidney. Mischaracterization of renal metabolism may have a negligible effect on systemic chloroform levels, but it is anticipated to have a significant impact on the estimated site-specific production of reactive metabolites. In this article, rate parameters for chloroform metabolism in the kidney are revised for rats, mice, and humans. New in vitro data were collected in mice and humans for this purpose and are presented here. The revised PBPK model is used to interpret data of chloroform-induced kidney toxicity in rats and mice exposed via inhalation and drinking water. Benchmark dose (BMD) modeling is used to characterize the dose-response relationship of kidney toxicity markers as a function of PBPK-derived internal kidney dose. Applying the PBPK model, it was also possible to characterize the dose response for a recent data set of rats exposed via multiple routes simultaneously. Consistent BMD modeling results were observed regardless of species or route of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan F Sasso
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
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Li J, Wu F, Mailhot G, Deng N. Photodegradation of chloroform in aqueous solution: impact of montmorillonite KSF particles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 174:368-374. [PMID: 19828241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work, photodegradation of chloroform in water suspensions of montmorillonite KSF (KSF) under a black light lamp (lambda=365 nm) was investigated. The results showed that KSF induced the photodegradation of chloroform by producing hydroxyl radical (OH) that oxidized chloroform in the heterogeneous clay-water systems. The photodegradation of chloroform in KSF suspensions was greatly influenced by the concentration of KSF and the pH of KSF suspensions. The photodegradation of chloroform by KSF followed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood Model. Furthermore, the removal efficiency of chloroform can be enhanced by the presence of carboxylates (oxalate and citrate) and humic acid (HA). This work demonstrates that KSF can be used as a new and efficient photocatalyst in oxidation and removal of organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
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Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Grellier J, Smith R, Iszatt N, Bennett J, Best N, Toledano M. The epidemiology and possible mechanisms of disinfection by-products in drinking water. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2009; 367:4043-4076. [PMID: 19736233 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2009.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper summarizes the epidemiological evidence for adverse health effects associated with disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water and describes the potential mechanism of action. There appears to be good epidemiological evidence for a relationship between exposure to DBPs, as measured by trihalomethanes (THMs), in drinking water and bladder cancer, but the evidence for other cancers including colorectal cancer is inconclusive and inconsistent. There appears to be some evidence for an association between exposure to DBPs, specifically THMs, and little for gestational age/intrauterine growth retardation and, to a lesser extent, pre-term delivery, but evidence for relationships with other outcomes such as low birth weight, stillbirth, congenital anomalies and semen quality is inconclusive and inconsistent. Major limitations in exposure assessment, small sample sizes and potential biases may account for the inconclusive and inconsistent results in epidemiological studies. Moreover, most studies have focused on total THMs as the exposure metric, whereas other DBPs appear to be more toxic than the THMs, albeit generally occurring at lower levels in the water. The mechanisms through which DBPs may cause adverse health effects including cancer and adverse reproductive effects have not been well investigated. Several mechanisms have been suggested, including genotoxicity, oxidative stress, disruption of folate metabolism, disruption of the synthesis and/or secretion of placental syncytiotrophoblast-derived chorionic gonadotropin and lowering of testosterone levels, but further work is required in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona-PRBB (Office 183.05), , C. Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Chisholm K, Cook A, Bower C, Weinstein P. Risk of birth defects in Australian communities with high levels of brominated disinfection by-products. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:1267-73. [PMID: 18795174 PMCID: PMC2535633 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND By international standards, water supplies in Perth, Western Australia, contain high trihalomethane (THM) levels, particularly the brominated forms. Geographic variability in these levels provided an opportunity to examine cross-city spatial relationships between THM exposure and rates of birth defects (BDs). OBJECTIVES Our goal was to examine BD rates by exposure to THMs with a highly brominated fraction in metropolitan locations in Perth, Western Australia. METHODS We collected water samples from 47 separate locations and analyzed them for total and individual THM concentrations (micrograms per liter), including separation into brominated forms. We classified collection areas by total THM (TTHM) concentration: low (< 60 microg/L), medium (> 60 to < 130 microg/L), and high (> or = 130 microg/L). We also obtained deidentified registry-based data on total births and BDs (2000-2004 inclusive) from post codes corresponding to water sample collection sites and used binomial logistic regression to compare the frequency of BDs aggregately and separately for the TTHM exposure groups, adjusting for maternal age and socioeconomic status. RESULTS Total THMs ranged from 36 to 190 microg/L. A high proportion of the THMs were brominated (on average, 92%). Women living in high-TTHM areas showed an increased risk of any BD [odds ratio (OR) = 1.22; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01-1.48] and for the major category of any cardiovascular BD (OR = 1.62; 95% CI, 1.04-2.51), compared with women living in low-TTHM areas. CONCLUSIONS Brominated forms constituted the significant fraction of THMs in all areas. Small but statistically significant increases in risks of BDs were associated with residence in areas with high THMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Chisholm
- Environmental Determinants of Chronic Disease Group, School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
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22
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Thompson CM, Sonawane B, Barton HA, DeWoskin RS, Lipscomb JC, Schlosser P, Chiu WA, Krishnan K. Approaches for applications of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in risk assessment. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2008; 11:519-47. [PMID: 18584453 DOI: 10.1080/10937400701724337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are particularly useful for simulating exposures to environmental toxicants for which, unlike pharmaceuticals, there is often little or no human data available to estimate the internal dose of a putative toxic moiety in a target tissue or an appropriate surrogate. This article reviews the current state of knowledge and approaches for application of PBPK models in the process of deriving reference dose, reference concentration, and cancer risk estimates. Examples drawn from previous U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) risk assessments and human health risk assessments in peer-reviewed literature illustrate the ways and means of using PBPK models to quantify the pharmacokinetic component of the interspecies and intraspecies uncertainty factors as well as to conduct route to route, high dose to low dose and duration extrapolations. The choice of the appropriate dose metric is key to the use of the PBPK models for the various applications in risk assessment. Issues related to whether uncertainty factors are most appropriately applied before or after derivation of human equivalent dose (or concentration) continue to be explored. Scientific progress in the understanding of life stage and genetic differences in dosimetry and their impacts on variability in susceptibility, as well as ongoing development of analytical methods to characterize uncertainty in PBPK models, will make their use in risk assessment increasingly likely. As such, it is anticipated that when PBPK models are used to express adverse tissue responses in terms of the internal target tissue dose of the toxic moiety rather than the external concentration, the scientific basis of, and confidence in, risk assessments will be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Thompson
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
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23
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Aylward LL, LaKind JS, Hays SM. Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) dossier for trihalomethanes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 51:S68-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lin YS, Egeghy PP, Rappaport SM. Relationships between levels of volatile organic compounds in air and blood from the general population. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2008; 18:421-9. [PMID: 18059425 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The relationships between levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in blood and air have not been well characterized in the general population where exposure concentrations are generally at parts per billion levels. This study investigates relationships between the levels of nine VOCs, namely, benzene, chloroform, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), tetrachloroethene, toluene, and m-/p- and o-xylene, in blood and air from a stratified random sample of the general US population. We used data collected from 354 participants, including 89 smokers and 265 nonsmokers, aged 20-59 years, who provided samples of blood and air in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2000. Demographic and physiological characteristics were obtained from self-reported information; smoking status was determined from levels of serum cotinine. Multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the relationships between VOC levels in air and blood, while adjusting for effects of smoking and demographic factors. Although levels of VOCs in blood were positively correlated with the corresponding air levels, the strength of association (R(2)) varied from 0.02 (ethylbenzene) to 0.68 (1,4-DCB). Also the blood-air relationships of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the xylenes (BTEX) were influenced by smoking, exposure-smoking interactions, and by gender, age, and BMI, whereas those of the other VOCs were not. Interestingly, the particular exposure-smoking interaction for benzene was different from those for toluene, ethylbenzene, and the xylenes. Whereas smokers retained more benzene in their blood at increasing exposure levels, they retained less toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes at increasing exposure levels. Investigators should consider interaction effects of exposure levels and smoking when exploring the blood-air relationships of the BTEX compounds in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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Abstract
This review summarizes the most recent developments in and applications of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling methodology originating from both the pharmaceutical and environmental toxicology areas. It focuses on works published in the last 5 years, although older seminal papers have also been referenced. After a brief introduction to the field and several essential definitions, the main body of the text is structured to follow the major steps of a typical PBPK modeling exercise. Various applications of the methodology are briefly described. The major future trends and perspectives are outlined. The main conclusion from the review of the available literature is that PBPK modeling, despite its obvious potential and recent incremental developments, has not taken the place it deserves, especially in pharmaceutical and drug development sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Nestorov
- Zymogenetics Inc., 1201 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, Washington 98102, USA.
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Nagano K, Kano H, Arito H, Yamamoto S, Matsushima T. Enhancement of renal carcinogenicity by combined inhalation and oral exposures to chloroform in male rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2006; 69:1827-42. [PMID: 16952903 DOI: 10.1080/15287390600630146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chloroform, ubiquitously present in indoor and outdoor air, drinking water, and some foodstuffs, enters the human body by inhalation, oral and dermal routes of exposure. In order to provide bioassay data for risk assessment of humans exposed to chloroform by multiple routes, effects of combined inhalation and oral exposures to chloroform on carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity in male F344 rats were examined. A group of 50 male rats was exposed by inhalation to 0 (clean air), 25, 50, or 100 ppm (v/v) of chloroform vapor-containing air for 6 h/d and 5 d/wk during a 104 w period, and each inhalation group was given chloroform-formulated drinking water (1000 ppm w/w) or vehicle water for 104 wk, ad libitum. Renal-cell adenomas and carcinomas and atypical renal-tubule hyperplasias were increased in the combined inhalation and oral exposure groups, but not in the oral- or inhalation-alone groups. Incidences of cytoplasmic basophilia and dilated tubular lumens in the kidney, as well as incidence of positive urinary glucose, were markedly increased by the combined exposures, compared with those after single-route exposures. It was concluded that combined inhalation and oral exposures markedly enhanced carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity in the proximal tubule of male rat kidneys, suggesting that carcinogenic and toxic effects of the combined exposures on the kidneys were greater than the ones that would be expected under an assumption that the two effects of single route exposures through inhalation and drinking were additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasuke Nagano
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Lewis C, Suffet IH, Ritz B. Estimated effects of disinfection by-products on birth weight in a population served by a single water utility. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 163:38-47. [PMID: 16282238 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwj009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has suggested that trihalomethane exposures during pregnancy might impair fetal growth. Most epidemiologic studies, however, relied on relatively crude exposure assessment methods and did not examine racial/ethnic subgroups. During 1999-2001, vital records data were obtained for a large, racially diverse population residing in 27 Massachusetts communities that received drinking water from a single public utility. The water system was monitored weekly for trihalomethanes and, system-wide, it maintained geographically stable total trihalomethane levels during the study period. The authors examined the effects of trimester-specific and pregnancy average exposures to total trihalomethane in drinking water on term low birth weight in all singleton births. A high average total trihalomethane exposure (> or = 70 microg/liter) during the second trimester increased the risk of term low birth weight (odds ratio = 1.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07, 2.10). The estimated risk increase for Caucasians during the second trimester was 37% (95% CI: 0.80, 2.36), while for all minority women combined (i.e., African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians) it was 60% (95% CI: 1.03, 2.47). The study data suggest that high levels (> or = 70 microg/liter) of trihalomethanes experienced during the second trimester and pregnancy overall may affect fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lewis
- Environmental Science and Engineering Program, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Krishnan K, Johanson G. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic models in cancer risk assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2005; 23:31-53. [PMID: 16291521 DOI: 10.1081/gnc-200051856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) and toxicokinetic models are increasingly being used for the conduct of high dose to low dose and interspecies extrapolations required in cancer risk assessment. These models, by simulating tissue dose of toxic chemicals, help address the uncertainty associated with the default approaches for interspecies and high dose to low dose extrapolations. The applicability of PBPK models in cancer risk assessment has been demonstrated with a number of chemicals (e.g., acrylonitrile, 2-butoxyethanol, chloroform, 1,4-dioxane, methyl chloroform, methylene chloride, styrene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate). Recent advances in PBPK modeling facilitate the consideration of population distribution of parameter values, age-dependent changes in physiology and metabolism, multi-route exposures as well as multichemical interactions for application in cancer risk assessment. Whereas the average values for various input parameters have been used to evaluate the age-dependency of tissue dose, the Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique can be applied to address variability and uncertainty in parameter estimates, thus facilitating a more accurate estimation of cancer risk in the population. The PBPK models also uniquely facilitate the simulation of tissue dose, and thereby cancer risks, associated with multi-route and multichemical exposure situations. Overall, the recent advances reviewed in this article point to the continued enhancement of the scientific basis and applicability of PBPK models in cancer risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Krishnan
- Groupe de Recherche en Toxicologie Humaine, Université de Montréal, Canada.
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Infante-Rivard C. Drinking water contaminants, gene polymorphisms, and fetal growth. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2004; 112:1213-6. [PMID: 15289170 PMCID: PMC1247485 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
There are still many uncertainties regarding the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with exposure to drinking water disinfection by-products. In Montréal, Québec, Canada, we carried out a hospital-based case-control study including 493 cases of intrauterine growth restriction defined as birth weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age and sex, according to Canadian standards. Controls were babies (n = 472) delivered at the same hospital whose birth weight was at or above the 10th percentile, matched for gestational age, race, and sex. Exposure to total and specific trihalomethanes was measured using regulatory data collected by municipalities and the provincial Ministry of Environment. Residential history, water drinking, and shower habits during pregnancy, as well as known risk factors for intrauterine growth restriction, were measured with a face-to-face interview with all mothers. Mothers and newborns were characterized for two genetic polymorphisms, one in the CYP2E1 gene (G1259C), and another in the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene (C677T). Exposure to specific and total trihalomethanes from drinking water, determined for 458 cases and 426 controls, did not result in an increased risk of intrauterine growth restriction. However, significant effect modification was observed between newborns with and without the CYP2E1 variant; among newborns with the variant, the adjusted odds ratio for intrauterine growth restriction associated with exposure to average total trihalomethanes above the 90th percentile (corresponding to 29.4 microg/L) was 13.20 (95% confidence interval, 1.19-146.72). These findings suggest that exposure to trihalomethanes at the highest levels can affect fetal growth but only in genetically susceptible newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Infante-Rivard
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 1130 Pine Avenue West, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 1A3.
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