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Wang P, Xu Q, Zou H, Liu M, Gao X, Ren H, Wang J, Cao Y. Development and application of UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS methods for the determination of eight metabolites of p-chloronitrobenzene in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1244:124254. [PMID: 39068868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Accurate, reliable, and sensitive methods for the determination of eight metabolites of p-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB) were developed based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography - quadrupole - orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS). The free and conjugated forms of metabolites were determined before and after urine samples were hydrolyzed with acid. Subsequently, three solid phase extraction steps were used for concentration and purification. The calibration curves of the eight metabolites exhibited good linearity with an R2 of >0.999, and the precision was good as well, with the coefficient of variations of intra-day and inter-day being lower than 7.0 % and 8.5 %, respectively. Analytical accuracy for all metabolites varied within ranges of 76.0-102.9 %, and the limit of detection and limit of quantification of all the metabolites varied within ranges of 0.2-7.7 μg/L and 0.6-25.6 μg/L in human urine, respectively. In addition, the application potential of the proposed methods were evaluated by applying them to the determination of metabolites in the urine of workers exposed to p-CNB, and these results showed that these methods were accurate, reliable, and sensitive, which makes them an excellent choice for detecting the metabolites of p-CNB in the urine of exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Institute of Occupational Health and Radiation Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Qiuliang Xu
- Institute of Occupational Health and Radiation Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Hua Zou
- Institute of Occupational Health and Radiation Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Ming Liu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 311399, China
| | - Xiangjing Gao
- Institute of Occupational Health and Radiation Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Institute of Occupational Health and Radiation Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Junlin Wang
- Institute of Occupational Health and Radiation Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Yiyao Cao
- Institute of Occupational Health and Radiation Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China.
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Frigerio G, Mercadante R, Campo L, Polledri E, Boniardi L, Olgiati L, Missineo P, Fustinoni S. Urinary biomonitoring of subjects with different smoking habits. Part I: Profiling mercapturic acids. Toxicol Lett 2020; 327:48-57. [PMID: 32278717 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While tobacco smoke contains thousands of chemicals, some of which are carcinogenic to humans, the content of electronic cigarette smoke is less known. This work aimed to assess and compare the exposure associated with different smoking habits by profiling urinary mercapturic acids as biomarkers of toxic compounds. METHODS In this pilot study, sixty-seven healthy adults with different smoking habits were investigated: 38 non-smokers (NS), 7 electronic cigarette users (ECU), and 22 traditional tobacco smokers (TTS). Seventeen urinary mercapturic acids, metabolites of 1,3-butadiene (DHBMA, MHBMA), 4-chloronitrobenze (NANPC), acrolein (3-HPMA), acrylamide (AAMA, GAMA), acrylonitrile (CEMA), benzene (SPMA), crotonaldehyde (CMEMA, HMPMA), ethylating agents (EMA), methylating agents (MMA), ethylene oxide (HEMA), N,N-dimethylformamide (AMCC), propylene oxide (2-HPMA), styrene (PHEMA), and toluene (SBMA), were quantified, along with urinary nicotine and cotinine. RESULTS Median urinary cotinine was 0.4, 1530 and 1772 μg/L in NS, ECU and TTS, respectively. Most mercapturic acids were 2-165 fold-higher in TTS compared to NS, with CEMA, MHBMA, 3-HPMA and SPMA showing the most relevant increases. Furthermore, some mercapturic acids were higher in ECU than NS; CEMA and 3-HPMA, in particular, showed significant increases and were 1.8 and 4.9 fold-higher, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that tobacco smoking is a major source of carcinogenic chemicals such as benzene and 1,3-butadiene; electronic cigarette use is a minor source, mostly associated with exposure to chemicals with less carcinogenic potential such as acrylonitrile and acrolein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Frigerio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Mercadante
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Campo
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Polledri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Boniardi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Olgiati
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Missineo
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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Frigerio G, Mercadante R, Polledri E, Missineo P, Campo L, Fustinoni S. An LC-MS/MS method to profile urinary mercapturic acids, metabolites of electrophilic intermediates of occupational and environmental toxicants. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1117:66-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Arylamines and nitroarenes are intermediates in the production of pharmaceuticals, dyes, pesticides, and plastics and are important environmental and occupational pollutants. N-Hydroxyarylamines are the toxic common intermediates of arylamines and nitroarenes. N-Hydroxyarylamines and their derivatives can form adducts with hemoglobin (Hb-adducts), albumin, DNA, and tissue proteins in a dose-dependent manner. Most of the arylamine Hb-adducts are labile and undergo hydrolysis in vitro, by mild acid or base, to form the arylamines. According to current knowledge of arylamine adduct-formation, the hydrolyzable fraction is derived from the reaction products of the arylnitroso derivatives that yield arylsulfinamide adducts with cysteine. Hb-adducts are markers for the bioavailability of N-hydroxyarylamines. Hb-adducts of arylamines and nitroarenes have been used for many biomonitoring studies for over 30 years. Hb-adducts reflect the exposure history of the last four months. Biomonitoring of urinary metabolites is a less invasive process than biomonitoring blood protein adducts, and urinary metabolites have served as short-lived biomarkers of exposure to these hazardous chemicals. However, in case of intermittent exposure, urinary metabolites may not be detected, and subjects may be misclassified as nonexposed. Arylamines and nitroarenes and/or their metabolites have been measured in urine, especially to monitor the exposure of workers. This review summarizes the results of human biomonitoring studies involving urinary metabolites and Hb-adducts of arylamines and nitroarenes. In addition, studies about the relationship between Hb-adducts and diseases are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology , Casella Postale 108, CH-6780 Airolo, Switzerland.,Alpine Institute of Chemistry and Toxicology , CH-6718 Olivone, Switzerland.,Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , D-80336 München, Germany
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Rankin GO, Tyree C, Pope D, Tate J, Racine C, Anestis DK, Brown KC, Dial M, Valentovic MA. Role of Free Radicals and Biotransformation in Trichloronitrobenzene-Induced Nephrotoxicity In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061165. [PMID: 28561793 PMCID: PMC5485989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the comparative nephrotoxic potential of four trichloronitrobenzenes (TCNBs) (2,3,4-; 2,4,5-; 2,4,6-; and 3,4,5-TCNB) and explored the effects of antioxidants and biotransformation inhibitors on TCNB-induced cytotoxicity in isolated renal cortical cells (IRCC) from male Fischer 344 rats. IRCC were incubated with a TCNB up to 1.0 mM for 15–120 min. Pretreatment with an antioxidant or cytochrome P450 (CYP), flavin monooxygenase (FMO), or peroxidase inhibitor was used in some experiments. Among the four TCNBs, the order of decreasing nephrotoxic potential was approximately 3,4,5- > 2,4,6- > 2,3,4- > 2,4,5-TCNB. The four TCNBs exhibited a similar profile of attenuation of cytotoxicity in response to antioxidant pretreatments. 2,3,4- and 3,4,5-TCNB cytotoxicity was attenuated by most of the biotransformation inhibitors tested, 2,4,5-TCNB cytotoxicity was only inhibited by isoniazid (CYP 2E1 inhibitor), and 2,4,6-TCNB-induced cytotoxicity was inhibited by one CYP inhibitor, one FMO inhibitor, and one peroxidase inhibitor. All of the CYP specific inhibitors tested offered some attenuation of 3,4,5-TCNB cytotoxicity. These results indicate that 3,4,5-TCNB is the most potent nephrotoxicant, free radicals play a role in the TCNB cytotoxicity, and the role of biotransformation in TCNB nephrotoxicity in vitro is variable and dependent on the position of the chloro groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary O Rankin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
| | - Connor Tyree
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
| | - Deborah Pope
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
| | - Jordan Tate
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
| | - Christopher Racine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
| | - Dianne K Anestis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
| | - Kathleen C Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
| | - Mason Dial
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
| | - Monica A Valentovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
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Deol R, Josephy PD. Acetylation of aromatic cysteine conjugates by recombinant human N-acetyltransferase 8. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:202-207. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1178410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reema Deol
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - P. David Josephy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Sabbioni G, Norppa H, Hirvonen A, Järventaus H, Jones CR, Yan H, Sepai O. Biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility in workers exposed to chloronitrobenzenes. Biomarkers 2016; 21:721-730. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2016.1172116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, Airolo, Switzerland
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Hannu Norppa
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Hirvonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Christopher R. Jones
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Huifang Yan
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ovnair Sepai
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Degradation of chlorinated nitroaromatic compounds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 93:2265-77. [PMID: 22331236 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3927-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Chlorinated nitroaromatic compounds (CNAs) are persistent environmental pollutants that have been introduced into the environment due to the anthropogenic activities. Bacteria that utilize CNAs as the sole sources of carbon and energy have been isolated from different contaminated and non-contaminated sites. Microbial metabolism of CNAs has been studied, and several metabolic pathways for degradation of CNAs have been proposed. Detoxification and biotransformation of CNAs have also been studied in various fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria. Several physicochemical methods have been used for treatment of wastewater containing CNAs; however, these methods are not suitable for in situ bioremediation. This review describes the current scenario of the degradation of CNAs.
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