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Carrión CI, Rivera D, Forte A, Olabarrieta-Landa L, Moreno O, Usuga DR, Morel Valdés GM, López M, Rodriguez MJ, Lequerica AH, Drago CI, García P, Rivera PM, Perrin PB, Arango-Lasprilla JC. Attention and processing speed tests: Normative data for Spanish-Speaking adults in the United States. NeuroRehabilitation 2024:NRE240086. [PMID: 39331117 DOI: 10.3233/nre-240086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hispanics/Latinos are the largest racial/ethnic group among underrepresented populations in the U.S. and multiple sociodemographic, cultural, and linguistic factors have been found to impact their performances on cognitive testing. Despite this, few normative data are available for the heterogeneous Spanish-speaking population in the U.S. OBJECTIVE To generate normative data on the Trail-Making Test (TMT), Bells Test, Symbol-Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), and the Brief Test of Attention (BTA) for Spanish speakers residing in the U.S. METHODS The sample included 245 Spanish-speaking individuals aged 18- 80 from eight states across the U.S. (California, Connecticut, Florida, Indiana, New Jersey, Oregon, Virginia, and Wisconsin). Participants were administered attention and processing speed measures as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. We used a Bayesian regression approach to estimate normative data, including covariates found to be important for predicting performances on measures of attention and processing speed. RESULTS Sociodemographic factors including education, time in the U.S., acculturation, age, and/or sex had differential effects on the TMT-A, TMT-B, SDMT, and the BTA whereas the Bells Test was not influenced by any of these sociodemographic factors. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that while sex, age, and educational attainment are important factors to consider, language and acculturation can also influence attention and processing speed performances among Spanish speakers in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen I Carrión
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Diego Rivera
- Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigacióanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Anabel Forte
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laiene Olabarrieta-Landa
- Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigacióanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Oswaldo Moreno
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Daniela Ramos Usuga
- Biomedical Research Doctorate Program, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Gloria M Morel Valdés
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Miriam J Rodriguez
- Clinical Psychology Program, Carlos Albizu University, Miami Campus, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Health and Wellness Design, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Anthony H Lequerica
- Center for Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - Patricia García
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Patricia M Rivera
- Mental Health Department - Neuropsychology, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Paul B Perrin
- School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Fierro Bósquez MJ, Olabarrieta-Landa L, Christ BR, Arjol D, Perrin PB, Arango-Lasprilla JC, Rivera D. Normative data for executive function tests in an Ecuadorian Waranka minority population. Clin Neuropsychol 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38946161 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2024.2367748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Objective: To generate normative data (ND) for executive functions tests in the Waranka minority population of Ecuador. Method: Four-hundred participants aged 6-17 completed the Symbol-Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), Trail-Making Test (TMT), Modified-Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST), and Test of Colors-Words (STROOP). Scores were normed using multiple linear regressions, including age, age2, natural logarithm of mean parent education (MPE), sex, bilingualism, and two-way interactions as predictors. Results: Age by MPE and Age2 by MPE interactions arose for SDMT, so that children with illiterate parents scored lower than those with literate parents. Girls scored higher in SDMT. All TMT and M-WCST scores were influenced by age2. Age by MPE interaction was found for TMT-A, so that children with higher MPE went faster; and age by bilingualism interaction for TMT-B, so that more bilingual children needed less time. Stroop-Word and Color were influenced by age2 by MPE interaction, so that children, while older, scored higher, especially those with higher MPE. Also, age2 by sex interaction arose, so that girls increased scores curvilinearly while boys linearly. Word-Color was influenced by age, while Stroop-interference by age2. Age by MPE interaction was found for MCST-Categories and Perseveration, so that perseverations decreased to then increased, especially in those with illiterate parents. M-WCST-Category scores increased to then decrease later on age in children with illiterate parents. Z-scores calculated through indigenous ND were significantly lower than generated through non-indigenous norms. Conclusions: ND for minority populations are critical since Waranka sample performed worse when using non-indigenous norms for z-score calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Fierro Bósquez
- Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Ser Humano, Universidad Estatal de Bolívar, Guaranda, Ecuador
| | - Laiene Olabarrieta-Landa
- Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Bryan R Christ
- School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David Arjol
- Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Paul B Perrin
- School of Data Science and Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Diego Rivera
- Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
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García-Herranz S, Díaz-Mardomingo MC, Suárez-Falcón JC, Rodríguez-Fernández R, Peraita H, Venero C. Normative Data for Verbal Fluency, Trail Making, and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Tests on Monolingual Spanish-Speaking Older Adults. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2022; 37:952-969. [PMID: 34984432 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to generate updated normative data for commonly used tests in neuropsychological assessment applied to older monolingual Spanish-speaking adults: Verbal fluency tests, the Trail Making Test (TMT), and the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test (ROCF). METHOD To obtain normative data, 382 cognitively healthy 60- to 90-year-old Spanish monolingual participants from the Autonomous Community of Madrid (Spain) with 0-22 years education were assessed using an overlapping interval strategy that involved cell and midpoint techniques, and that assessed the influence of age, education, and sex. RESULTS Age and education were associated with the scores in the verbal fluency tests, TMT, and ROCF, whereas sex only significantly affected the TMT results. Age-adjusted scaled scores (SSA) based on percentile ranks were also converted into age-education scaled scores (SSAE) using a linear regression model. In addition, tables with the relevant adjustments for sex are provided for TMT-A and TMT-B. CONCLUSIONS Thus, this study provides updated, uniform normative data for widely used neuropsychological tests on older Spanish adults. The normative procedure followed helps to make consistent comparisons when using these neuropsychological tests, which will improve the interpretation of the data obtained when these tools are employed, reducing the risk of misdiagnosing cognitive impairment in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara García-Herranz
- Department of Basic Psychology II, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Mixto de Investigación-Escuela Nacional de Sanidad (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Carmen Díaz-Mardomingo
- Instituto Mixto de Investigación-Escuela Nacional de Sanidad (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Basic Psychology I, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Suárez-Falcón
- Department of Behavioral Sciences Methodology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Rodríguez-Fernández
- Instituto Mixto de Investigación-Escuela Nacional de Sanidad (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Behavioral Sciences Methodology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Herminia Peraita
- Department of Basic Psychology I, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - César Venero
- Instituto Mixto de Investigación-Escuela Nacional de Sanidad (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychobiology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
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