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Nematisouldaragh D, Nguyen H, Rabinovich-Nikitin I. Agonists, inverse agonists, and antagonists as therapeutic approaches to manipulate retinoic acid-related orphan receptors. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38728749 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2024-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-related orphan receptors (RORs) serve as transcription factors that play a pivotal role in a myriad of physiological processes within the body. Their involvement extends to critical biological processes that confer protective effects in the heart, immune system, and nervous system, as well as contributing to the mitigation of several aggressive cancer types. These protective functions are attributed to ROR's regulation of key proteins and the management of various cellular processes, including autophagy, mitophagy, inflammation, oxidative stress, and glucose metabolism, highlighting the emerging need for pharmacological approaches to modulate ROR expression. Thus, the modulation of RORs is a rapidly growing area of research aimed not only at comprehending these receptors, but also at manipulating them to attain the desired physiological response. Despite the presence of natural ROR ligands, the development of synthetic agonists with high selectivity for these receptors holds substantial therapeutic potential. The exploration and advancement of such compounds can effectively target diseases associated with ROR dysregulation, thereby providing avenues for therapeutic interventions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive examination of the multifaceted role of ROR in diverse physiological and pathophysiological conditions, accompanied by an in-depth exploration of a spectrum of ROR agonists, inverse agonists, and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Nematisouldaragh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Huong Nguyen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Inna Rabinovich-Nikitin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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2
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Tollis P, Vitiello E, Migliaccio F, D'Ambra E, Rocchegiani A, Garone MG, Bozzoni I, Rosa A, Carissimo A, Laneve P, Caffarelli E. The long noncoding RNA nHOTAIRM1 is necessary for differentiation and activity of iPSC-derived spinal motor neurons. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:741. [PMID: 37963881 PMCID: PMC10646148 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian nervous system is made up of an extraordinary array of diverse cells that form intricate functional connections. The programs underlying cell lineage specification, identity and function of the neuronal subtypes are managed by regulatory proteins and RNAs, which coordinate the succession of steps in a stereotyped temporal order. In the central nervous system (CNS), motor neurons (MNs) are responsible for controlling essential functions such as movement, breathing, and swallowing by integrating signal transmission from the cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord (SC) towards peripheral muscles. A prime role in guiding the progression of progenitor cells towards the MN fate has been largely attributed to protein factors. More recently, the relevance of a class of regulatory RNAs abundantly expressed in the CNS - the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) - has emerged overwhelmingly. LncRNA-driven gene expression control is key to regulating any step of MN differentiation and function, and its derangement profoundly impacts neuronal pathophysiology. Here, we uncover a novel function for the neuronal isoform of HOTAIRM1 (nHOTAIRM1), a lncRNA specifically expressed in the SC. Using a model system that recapitulates spinal MN (spMN) differentiation, we show that nHOTAIRM1 intervenes in the binary cell fate decision between MNs and interneurons, acting as a pro-MN factor. Furthermore, human iPSC-derived spMNs without nHOTAIRM1 display altered neurite outgrowth, with a significant reduction of both branch and junction numbers. Finally, the expression of genes essential for synaptic connectivity and neurotransmission is also profoundly impaired when nHOTAIRM1 is absent in spMNs. Mechanistically, nHOTAIRM1 establishes both direct and indirect interactions with a number of target genes in the cytoplasm, being a novel post-transcriptional regulator of MN biology. Overall, our results indicate that the lncRNA nHOTAIRM1 is essential for the specification of MN identity and the acquisition of proper morphology and synaptic activity of post-mitotic MNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Tollis
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Vitiello
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Center for Human Technology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Migliaccio
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute for Applied Mathematics "Mauro Picone", CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Eleonora D'Ambra
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rocchegiani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Giovanna Garone
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW Melbourne, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Stem Cell Biology Department, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Irene Bozzoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rosa
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Laneve
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Rome, CNR, Italy.
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Reichlmeir M, Canet-Pons J, Koepf G, Nurieva W, Duecker RP, Doering C, Abell K, Key J, Stokes MP, Zielen S, Schubert R, Ivics Z, Auburger G. In Cerebellar Atrophy of 12-Month-Old ATM-Null Mice, Transcriptome Upregulations Concern Most Neurotransmission and Neuropeptide Pathways, While Downregulations Affect Prominently Itpr1, Usp2 and Non-Coding RNA. Cells 2023; 12:2399. [PMID: 37830614 PMCID: PMC10572167 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The autosomal recessive disorder Ataxia-Telangiectasia is caused by a dysfunction of the stress response protein, ATM. In the nucleus of proliferating cells, ATM senses DNA double-strand breaks and coordinates their repair. This role explains T-cell dysfunction and tumour risk. However, it remains unclear whether this function is relevant for postmitotic neurons and underlies cerebellar atrophy, since ATM is cytoplasmic in postmitotic neurons. Here, we used ATM-null mice that survived early immune deficits via bone-marrow transplantation, and that reached initial neurodegeneration stages at 12 months of age. Global cerebellar transcriptomics demonstrated that ATM depletion triggered upregulations in most neurotransmission and neuropeptide systems. Downregulated transcripts were found for the ATM interactome component Usp2, many non-coding RNAs, ataxia genes Itpr1, Grid2, immediate early genes and immunity factors. Allelic splice changes affected prominently the neuropeptide machinery, e.g., Oprm1. Validation experiments with stressors were performed in human neuroblastoma cells, where ATM was localised only to cytoplasm, similar to the brain. Effect confirmation in SH-SY5Y cells occurred after ATM depletion and osmotic stress better than nutrient/oxidative stress, but not after ATM kinase inhibition or DNA stressor bleomycin. Overall, we provide pioneer observations from a faithful A-T mouse model, which suggest general changes in synaptic and dense-core vesicle stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Reichlmeir
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.R.); (J.C.-P.); (J.K.)
| | - Júlia Canet-Pons
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.R.); (J.C.-P.); (J.K.)
| | - Gabriele Koepf
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.R.); (J.C.-P.); (J.K.)
| | - Wasifa Nurieva
- Transposition and Genome Engineering, Research Centre of the Division of Hematology, Gene and Cell Therapy, Paul Ehrlich Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany; (W.N.); (Z.I.)
| | - Ruth Pia Duecker
- Division of Pediatrics, Pulmonology, Allergology, Infectious Diseases and Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (R.P.D.); (S.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Claudia Doering
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Kathryn Abell
- Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, MA 01923, USA; (K.A.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Jana Key
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.R.); (J.C.-P.); (J.K.)
| | - Matthew P. Stokes
- Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, MA 01923, USA; (K.A.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Stefan Zielen
- Division of Pediatrics, Pulmonology, Allergology, Infectious Diseases and Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (R.P.D.); (S.Z.); (R.S.)
- Respiratory Research Institute, Medaimun GmbH, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ralf Schubert
- Division of Pediatrics, Pulmonology, Allergology, Infectious Diseases and Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (R.P.D.); (S.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Zoltán Ivics
- Transposition and Genome Engineering, Research Centre of the Division of Hematology, Gene and Cell Therapy, Paul Ehrlich Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany; (W.N.); (Z.I.)
| | - Georg Auburger
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.R.); (J.C.-P.); (J.K.)
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4
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Jin Y, Su K, Kong HE, Ma W, Wang Z, Li Y, Li R, Allen EG, Wu H, Jin P. Cell type-specific DNA methylome signatures reveal epigenetic mechanisms for neuronal diversity and neurodevelopmental disorder. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:218-230. [PMID: 35947991 PMCID: PMC9840206 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation plays a critical function in establishing and maintaining cell identity in brain. Disruption of DNA methylation-related processes leads to diverse neurological disorders. However, the role of DNA methylation characteristics in neuronal diversity remains underexplored. Here, we report detailed context-specific DNA methylation maps for GABAergic, glutamatergic (Glu) and Purkinje neurons, together with matched transcriptome profiles. Genome-wide mCH levels are distinguishable, while the mCG levels are similar among the three cell types. Substantial CG-differentially methylated regions (DMRs) are also seen, with Glu neurons experiencing substantial hypomethylation events. The relationship between mCG levels and gene expression displays cell type-specific patterns, while genic CH methylation exhibits a negative effect on transcriptional abundance. We found that cell type-specific CG-DMRs are informative in terms of represented neuronal function. Furthermore, we observed that the identified Glu-specific hypo-DMRs have a high level of consistency with the chromatin accessibility of excitatory neurons and the regions enriched for histone modifications (H3K27ac and H3K4me1) of active enhancers, suggesting their regulatory potential. Hypomethylation regions specific to each cell type are predicted to bind neuron type-specific transcription factors. Finally, we show that the DNA methylation changes in a mouse model of Rett syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by the de novo mutations in MECP2, are cell type- and brain region-specific. Our results suggest that cell type-specific DNA methylation signatures are associated with the functional characteristics of the neuronal subtypes. The presented results emphasize the importance of DNA methylation-mediated epigenetic regulation in neuronal diversity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kenong Su
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ha Eun Kong
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wenjing Ma
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhiqin Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yujing Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ronghua Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Emily G Allen
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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5
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Wu QW, Kapfhammer JP. The Emerging Key Role of the mGluR1-PKCγ Signaling Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Spinocerebellar Ataxias: A Neurodevelopmental Viewpoint. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169169. [PMID: 36012439 PMCID: PMC9409119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a heterogeneous group of autosomal dominantly inherited progressive disorders with degeneration and dysfunction of the cerebellum. Although different subtypes of SCAs are classified according to the disease-associated causative genes, the clinical syndrome of the ataxia is shared, pointing towards a possible convergent pathogenic pathway among SCAs. In this review, we summarize the role of SCA-associated gene function during cerebellar Purkinje cell development and discuss the relationship between SCA pathogenesis and neurodevelopment. We will summarize recent studies on molecules involved in SCA pathogenesis and will focus on the mGluR1-PKCγ signaling pathway evaluating the possibility that this might be a common pathway which contributes to these diseases.
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6
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Mapelli L, Soda T, D’Angelo E, Prestori F. The Cerebellar Involvement in Autism Spectrum Disorders: From the Social Brain to Mouse Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073894. [PMID: 35409253 PMCID: PMC8998980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders that include a variety of forms and clinical phenotypes. This heterogeneity complicates the clinical and experimental approaches to ASD etiology and pathophysiology. To date, a unifying theory of these diseases is still missing. Nevertheless, the intense work of researchers and clinicians in the last decades has identified some ASD hallmarks and the primary brain areas involved. Not surprisingly, the areas that are part of the so-called “social brain”, and those strictly connected to them, were found to be crucial, such as the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic system, and dopaminergic pathways. With the recent acknowledgment of the cerebellar contribution to cognitive functions and the social brain, its involvement in ASD has become unmistakable, though its extent is still to be elucidated. In most cases, significant advances were made possible by recent technological developments in structural/functional assessment of the human brain and by using mouse models of ASD. Mouse models are an invaluable tool to get insights into the molecular and cellular counterparts of the disease, acting on the specific genetic background generating ASD-like phenotype. Given the multifaceted nature of ASD and related studies, it is often difficult to navigate the literature and limit the huge content to specific questions. This review fulfills the need for an organized, clear, and state-of-the-art perspective on cerebellar involvement in ASD, from its connections to the social brain areas (which are the primary sites of ASD impairments) to the use of monogenic mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mapelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (T.S.); (E.D.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Teresa Soda
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (T.S.); (E.D.)
| | - Egidio D’Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (T.S.); (E.D.)
- Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Prestori
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (T.S.); (E.D.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (F.P.)
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7
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Niewiadomska-Cimicka A, Doussau F, Perot JB, Roux MJ, Keime C, Hache A, Piguet F, Novati A, Weber C, Yalcin B, Meziane H, Champy MF, Grandgirard E, Karam A, Messaddeq N, Eisenmann A, Brouillet E, Nguyen HHP, Flament J, Isope P, Trottier Y. SCA7 Mouse Cerebellar Pathology Reveals Preferential Downregulation of Key Purkinje Cell-Identity Genes and Shared Disease Signature with SCA1 and SCA2. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4910-4936. [PMID: 33888607 PMCID: PMC8260160 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1882-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease mainly characterized by motor incoordination because of progressive cerebellar degeneration. SCA7 is caused by polyglutamine expansion in ATXN7, a subunit of the transcriptional coactivator SAGA, which harbors histone modification activities. Polyglutamine expansions in specific proteins are also responsible for SCA1-SCA3, SCA6, and SCA17; however, the converging and diverging pathomechanisms remain poorly understood. Using a new SCA7 knock-in mouse, SCA7140Q/5Q, we analyzed gene expression in the cerebellum and assigned gene deregulation to specific cell types using published datasets. Gene deregulation affects all cerebellar cell types, although at variable degree, and correlates with alterations of SAGA-dependent epigenetic marks. Purkinje cells (PCs) are by far the most affected neurons and show reduced expression of 83 cell-type identity genes, including these critical for their spontaneous firing activity and synaptic functions. PC gene downregulation precedes morphologic alterations, pacemaker dysfunction, and motor incoordination. Strikingly, most PC genes downregulated in SCA7 have also decreased expression in SCA1 and SCA2 mice, revealing converging pathomechanisms and a common disease signature involving cGMP-PKG and phosphatidylinositol signaling pathways and LTD. Our study thus points out molecular targets for therapeutic development, which may prove beneficial for several SCAs. Furthermore, we show that SCA7140Q/5Q males and females exhibit the major disease features observed in patients, including cerebellar damage, cerebral atrophy, peripheral nerves pathology, and photoreceptor dystrophy, which account for progressive impairment of behavior, motor, and visual functions. SCA7140Q/5Q mice represent an accurate model for the investigation of different aspects of SCA7 pathogenesis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Spinocerebellar ataxia 7 (SCA7) is one of the several forms of inherited SCAs characterized by cerebellar degeneration because of polyglutamine expansion in specific proteins. The ATXN7 involved in SCA7 is a subunit of SAGA transcriptional coactivator complex. To understand the pathomechanisms of SCA7, we determined the cell type-specific gene deregulation in SCA7 mouse cerebellum. We found that the Purkinje cells are the most affected cerebellar cell type and show downregulation of a large subset of neuronal identity genes, critical for their spontaneous firing and synaptic functions. Strikingly, the same Purkinje cell genes are downregulated in mouse models of two other SCAs. Thus, our work reveals a disease signature shared among several SCAs and uncovers potential molecular targets for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Niewiadomska-Cimicka
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Frédéric Doussau
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR3212, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Perot
- Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Fontenay-aux-Roses 92260, France
| | - Michel J Roux
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Celine Keime
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Antoine Hache
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Françoise Piguet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Ariana Novati
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Chantal Weber
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Binnaz Yalcin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Hamid Meziane
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
- Celphedia, Phenomin, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Marie-France Champy
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
- Celphedia, Phenomin, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Erwan Grandgirard
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Alice Karam
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Nadia Messaddeq
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Aurélie Eisenmann
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Emmanuel Brouillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Fontenay-aux-Roses 92260, France
| | - Hoa Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Julien Flament
- Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Fontenay-aux-Roses 92260, France
| | - Philippe Isope
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR3212, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Yvon Trottier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
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8
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Wang S, Liu H, Cheng B, Wu Q, Li L, Yang T, Hou N, Li T. Vitamin A supplementation ameliorates motor incoordination via modulating RORα in the cerebellum in a valproic acid-treated rat autism model with vitamin A deficiency. Neurotoxicology 2021; 85:90-98. [PMID: 33991534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Motor dysfunctions are common comorbidities among autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients. Abnormal cerebellar development throughout critical periods may have an effect on motor functions and result in motor impairments. Vitamin A (VA) plays a crucial role in the developing process of the nervous system. The correlation of VA deficiency (VAD) and ASD with motor dysfunctions, however, is not clear. Therefore, we built rat models with different VA levels based on the valproic acid (VPA)-treated autism model. ASD rats with VAD showed aggravated motor coordination abnormalities, Purkinje cell loss and impaired dendritic arborization of Purkinje cells compared to ASD rats with normal VA levels (VA normal, VAN). Additionally, the expression levels of retinoid-related orphan receptor α (RORα) and retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) were lower in the cerebellum of ASD rats with VAD than in those of ASD rats with VAN. VA supplementation (VAS) effectively improved motor coordination and cerebellar Purkinje cell abnormalities in ASD rats with VAD. Furthermore, the results of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays confirmed that the enrichment of RARα was detected on the RORα promoter in the cerebellum and that VAS could upregulate the binding capacity of RARα for RORα promoters. These results showed that VAD in autism might result in cerebellar impairments and be a factor aggravating a subtype of ASD with motor comorbidities. The therapeutic effect of VAS on motor deficits and Purkinje neuron impairments in autism might be due to the regulation of RORα by RARα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Wang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Chongqing, China
| | - Boli Cheng
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Chongqing, China
| | - Qionghui Wu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Chongqing, China
| | - Lisha Li
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Chongqing, China
| | - Nali Hou
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Chongqing, China; Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Tingyu Li
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Chongqing, China.
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9
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Yasui H, Matsuzaki Y, Konno A, Hirai H. Global Knockdown of Retinoid-related Orphan Receptor α in Mature Purkinje Cells Reveals Aberrant Cerebellar Phenotypes of Spinocerebellar Ataxia. Neuroscience 2020; 462:328-336. [PMID: 32278059 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid-related orphan receptor α (RORα) is a transcription factor expressed in a variety of tissues throughout the body. Knockout of RORα leads to various impairments, including defects in cerebellar development, circadian rhythm, lipid metabolism, immune function, and bone development. Previous studies have shown significant reduction of RORα expression in Purkinje cells (PCs) of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) type 1 and type 3/MJD (Machado-Joseph disease) model mice. However, it remains unclear to what extent the RORα reduction in PCs is involved in the disease pathology. Here, RORα expression was downregulated specifically in mature mouse PCs by intravenous infusion of blood-brain barrier-permeable adeno-associated virus (AAV), expressing a microRNA against RORα (miR-RORα) under the control of the PC-specific L7-6 promoter. The systemic AAV infusion led to extensive transduction of PCs. The RORα knock-down caused degeneration of PCs including disruption of the PC monolayer alignment and dendrite atrophy. In behavioral experiments, mice expressing miR-RORα showed motor learning deficits, and later, overt cerebellar ataxia. Thus, RORα in mature PCs plays pivotal roles in maintenance of PC dendrites and the monolayer alignment, and consequently, motor learning and motor function. Decrease in RORα expression in PCs could be a primary etiology of the cerebellar symptoms in patients with SCA1 and SCA3/MJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yasui
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yasunori Matsuzaki
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan; Viral Vector Core, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ayumu Konno
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan; Viral Vector Core, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan; Viral Vector Core, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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10
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Watanave M, Hoshino C, Konno A, Fukuzaki Y, Matsuzaki Y, Ishitani T, Hirai H. Pharmacological enhancement of retinoid-related orphan receptor α function mitigates spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 pathology. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 121:263-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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11
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Canet-Pons J, Schubert R, Duecker RP, Schrewe R, Wölke S, Kieslich M, Schnölzer M, Chiocchetti A, Auburger G, Zielen S, Warnken U. Ataxia telangiectasia alters the ApoB and reelin pathway. Neurogenetics 2018; 19:237-255. [DOI: 10.1007/s10048-018-0557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Kamath SP, Chen AI. Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2c Regulates Dendritic Complexity and Connectivity of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4102-4119. [PMID: 30276662 PMCID: PMC6505522 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Mef2c haploinsufficiency is implicated in behavioral deficits related to autism, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability. Although perturbations in the cerebellum, notably Purkinje cells, have been linked to these neurological disorders, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the roles of Mef2c in cerebellar Purkinje cells during the first three weeks of postnatal development. Our analysis revealed that in comparison to other members of the Mef2 family, Mef2c expression is limited to postnatal Purkinje cells. Because the role of Mef2c has not been assessed in GABAergic neurons, we set out to determine the functional significance of Mef2c by knocking down the expression of Mef2c selectively in Purkinje cells. We found that the loss of Mef2c expression during the first and second postnatal week results in an increase in dendritic arborization without impact on the general growth and migration of Purkinje cells. The influence of Mef2c on dendritic arborization persists throughout the first three weeks, but is most prominent during the first postnatal week suggesting a critical period of Mef2c activity. Additionally, the loss of Mef2c expression results in an increase in the number of spines accompanied by an increase in Gad67 and vGluT1 puncta and decrease in vGluT2 puncta. Thus, our results reveal the specific expression and functional relevance of Mef2c in developing Purkinje cells and offer insight to how disruption of the expression of Mef2c in a GABAergic neuronal subtype may lead to pathogenesis of cerebellar-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Prakash Kamath
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Albert I Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
- A*STAR, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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13
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Shimobayashi E, Kapfhammer JP. Calcium Signaling, PKC Gamma, IP3R1 and CAR8 Link Spinocerebellar Ataxias and Purkinje Cell Dendritic Development. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:151-159. [PMID: 28554312 PMCID: PMC5883377 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170529104000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a group of cerebellar diseases characterized by progressive ataxia and cerebellar atrophy. Several forms of SCAs are caused by missense mutations or deletions in genes related to calcium signaling in Purkinje cells. Among them, spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 (SCA14) is caused by missense mutations in PRKCG gene which encodes protein kinase C gamma (PKCγ). It is remarkable that in several cases in which SCA is caused by point mutations in an individual gene, the affected genes are involved in the PKCγ signaling pathway and calcium signaling which is not only crucial for proper Purkinje cell function but is also involved in the control of Purkinje cell dendritic development. In this review, we will focus on the PKCγ signaling related genes and calcium signaling related genes then discuss their role for both Purkinje cell dendritic development and cerebellar ataxia. Methods Research related to SCAs and Purkinje cell dendritic development is reviewed. Results PKCγ dysregulation causes abnormal Purkinje cell dendritic development and SCA14. Carbonic anhydrase related protein 8 (Car8) encoding CAR8 and Itpr1 encoding IP3R1were identified as upregulated genes in one of SCA14 mouse model. IP3R1, CAR8 and PKCγ proteins are strongly and specifically expressed in Purkinje cells. The common function among them is that they are involved in the regulation of calcium homeostasis in Purkinje cells and their dysfunction causes ataxia in mouse and human. Furthermore, disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis caused by mutations in some calcium channels in Purkinje cells links to abnormal Purkinje cell dendritic development and the pathogenesis of several SCAs. Conclusion Once PKCγ signaling related genes and calcium signaling related genes are disturbed, the normal dendritic development of Purkinje cells is impaired as well as the integration of signals from other neurons, resulting in abnormal development, cerebellar dysfunction and eventually Purkinje cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Shimobayashi
- Anatomical Institute, Department of Biomedicine Basel, University of Basel, Pestalozzistrasse 20, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josef P Kapfhammer
- Anatomical Institute, Department of Biomedicine Basel, University of Basel, Pestalozzistrasse 20, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor and its signaling molecules as therapeutic targets for the treatment of cerebellar disorders. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Alisch RS, Van Hulle C, Chopra P, Bhattacharyya A, Zhang SC, Davidson RJ, Kalin NH, Goldsmith HH. A multi-dimensional characterization of anxiety in monozygotic twin pairs reveals susceptibility loci in humans. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:1282. [PMID: 29225348 PMCID: PMC5802687 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of individual differences in human anxiousness is complex and includes contributions from genetic, epigenetic (i.e., DNA methylation) and environmental factors. Past genomic approaches have been limited in their ability to detect human anxiety-related differences in these factors. To overcome these limitations, we employed both a multi-dimensional characterization method, to select monozygotic twin pairs discordant for anxiety, and whole genome DNA methylation sequencing. This approach revealed 230 anxiety-related differentially methylated loci that were annotated to 183 genes, including several known stress-related genes such as NAV1, IGF2, GNAS, and CRTC1. As an initial validation of these findings, we tested the significance of an overlap of these data with anxiety-related differentially methylated loci that we previously reported from a key neural circuit of anxiety (i.e., the central nucleus of the amygdala) in young monkeys and found a significant overlap (P-value < 0.05) of anxiety-related differentially methylated genes, including GNAS, SYN3, and JAG2. Finally, sequence motif predictions of all the human differentially methylated regions indicated an enrichment of five transcription factor binding motifs, suggesting that DNA methylation may regulate gene expression by mediating transcription factor binding of these transcripts. Together, these data demonstrate environmentally sensitive factors that may underlie the development of human anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid S Alisch
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | | | - Pankaj Chopra
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Su-Chun Zhang
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Departments of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Richard J Davidson
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Departments of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Center for Healthy Minds, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ned H Kalin
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - H Hill Goldsmith
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- Departments of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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16
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Salehi M, Kamali E, Karahmadi M, Mousavi SM. RORA and Autism in The Isfahan Population: Is There An Epigenetic Relationship. CELL JOURNAL 2016; 18:540-546. [PMID: 28042538 PMCID: PMC5086332 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.4720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulty in verbal
and non-verbal communication, impaired social interaction, and restricted and repetitive
behavior. It has been recently introduced as a multigenic disorder with significant epigenetic effects on its pathology. Recently, epigenetic silencing of retinoic acid receptor-
related orphan receptor alpha (RORα) gene (which has an essential role in neural tissue
development) was shown to have occurred in autistic children due to methylation of its
promoter region. This may thus explain a significant part of the molecular pathogenesis
of autism. Therefore, we aimed to confirm this finding by implementing a case-control
(experimental) study in the population of Isfahan.
Materials and Methods The methylation status of a 136 bp sequence of a GpG island
(encompassing 13 CpG sites) in the RORA promoter region (positions -200 to -64) as an
experimental study was examined in the lymphocyte cells of 30 autistic children after sodium bisulfite treatment using the melting curve analysis-methylation (MCA-Meth) assay
compared with normal children. Also, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain
reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis was used to estimate the level of mRNA transcripts and to
evaluate MCA-Meth analysis results.
Results This study revealed no methylation in the examined promoter regions in both
autistic and normal children, with the melting curve of all studied samples being comparable to that of the non-methylated control. The results of MCA-Meth analysis were also
consistent with qRT-PCR results. We therefore observed no significant difference in the
levels of RORα transcripts in the blood lymphocytes between autistic and healthy children.
Conclusion The methylation of the RORA promoter region may not be considered as a
common epigenetic risk factor for autism in all populations. Hence, the molecular pathogenesis of autism remains unclear in the population investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor Salehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elahe Kamali
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mojgan Karahmadi
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Mousavi
- Genetic and Identification Lab, Legal Medicine Center, Isfahan, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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17
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Wang Y, Billon C, Walker JK, Burris TP. Therapeutic Effect of a Synthetic RORα/γ Agonist in an Animal Model of Autism. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:143-8. [PMID: 26625251 PMCID: PMC4759619 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Autism is a developmental disorder
of the nervous system associated
with impaired social communication and interactions as well excessive
repetitive behaviors. There are no drug therapies that directly target
the pathology of this disease. The retinoic acid receptor-related
orphan receptor α (RORα) is a nuclear receptor that has
been demonstrated to have reduced expression in many individuals with
autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Several genes that have been shown
to be downregulated in individuals with ASD have also been identified
as putative RORα target genes. Utilizing a synthetic RORα/γ
agonist, SR1078, that we identified previously, we demonstrate that
treatment of BTBR mice (a model of autism) with SR1078 results in
reduced repetitive behavior. Furthermore, these mice display increased
expression of ASD-associated RORα target genes in both the brains
of the BTBR mice and in a human neuroblastoma cell line treated with
SR1078. These data suggest that pharmacological activation of RORα
may be a method for treatment of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Cyrielle Billon
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - John K. Walker
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
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18
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Cook DN, Kang HS, Jetten AM. Retinoic Acid-Related Orphan Receptors (RORs): Regulatory Functions in Immunity, Development, Circadian Rhythm, and Metabolism. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2015; 2. [PMID: 26878025 PMCID: PMC4750502 DOI: 10.11131/2015/101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this overview, we provide an update on recent progress made in understanding the mechanisms of action, physiological functions, and roles in disease of retinoic acid related orphan receptors (RORs). We are particularly focusing on their roles in the regulation of adaptive and innate immunity, brain function, retinal development, cancer, glucose and lipid metabolism, circadian rhythm, metabolic and inflammatory diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders. We also summarize the current status of ROR agonists and inverse agonists, including their regulation of ROR activity and their therapeutic potential for management of various diseases in which RORs have been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald N Cook
- Immunogenetics Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Hong Soon Kang
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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19
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Draganova K, Zemke M, Zurkirchen L, Valenta T, Cantù C, Okoniewski M, Schmid MT, Hoffmans R, Götz M, Basler K, Sommer L. Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates sequential fate decisions of murine cortical precursor cells. Stem Cells 2015; 33:170-82. [PMID: 25182747 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The fate of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) is determined by a complex interplay of intrinsic programs and extrinsic signals, very few of which are known. β-Catenin transduces extracellular Wnt signals, but also maintains adherens junctions integrity. Here, we identify for the first time the contribution of β-catenin transcriptional activity as opposed to its adhesion role in the development of the cerebral cortex by combining a novel β-catenin mutant allele with conditional inactivation approaches. Wnt/β-catenin signaling ablation leads to premature NPC differentiation, but, in addition, to a change in progenitor cell cycle kinetics and an increase in basally dividing progenitors. Interestingly, Wnt/β-catenin signaling affects the sequential fate switch of progenitors, leading to a shortened neurogenic period with decreased number of both deep and upper-layer neurons and later, to precocious astrogenesis. Indeed, a genome-wide analysis highlighted the premature activation of a corticogenesis differentiation program in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling-ablated cortex. Thus, β-catenin signaling controls the expression of a set of genes that appear to act downstream of canonical Wnt signaling to regulate the stage-specific production of appropriate progenitor numbers, neuronal subpopulations, and astroglia in the forebrain.
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20
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Plasticity of the developmentally arrested staggerer cerebellum in response to exogenous RORα. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:2879-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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21
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Hu VW, Sarachana T, Sherrard RM, Kocher KM. Investigation of sex differences in the expression of RORA and its transcriptional targets in the brain as a potential contributor to the sex bias in autism. Mol Autism 2015; 6:7. [PMID: 26056561 PMCID: PMC4459681 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by significant impairment in reciprocal social interactions and communication coupled with stereotyped, repetitive behaviors and restricted interests. Although genomic and functional studies are beginning to reveal some of the genetic complexity and underlying pathobiology of ASD, the consistently reported male bias of ASD remains an enigma. We have recently proposed that retinoic acid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORA), which is reduced in the brain and lymphoblastoid cell lines of multiple cohorts of individuals with ASD and oppositely regulated by male and female hormones, might contribute to the sex bias in autism by differentially regulating target genes, including CYP19A1 (aromatase), in a sex-dependent manner that can also lead to elevated testosterone levels, a proposed risk factor for autism. Methods In this study, we examine sex differences in RORA and aromatase protein levels in cortical tissues of unaffected and affected males and females by re-analyzing pre-existing confocal immunofluorescence data from our laboratory. We further investigated the expression of RORA and its correlation with several of its validated transcriptional targets in the orbital frontal cortex and cerebellum as a function of development using RNAseq data from the BrainSpan Atlas of the Developing Human Brain. In a pilot study, we also analyzed the expression of Rora and the same transcriptional targets in the cortex and cerebellum of adult wild-type male and female C57BL/6 mice. Results Our findings suggest that Rora/RORA and several of its transcriptional targets may exhibit sexually dimorphic expression in certain regions of the brain of both mice and humans. Interestingly, the correlation coefficients between Rora expression and that of its targets are much higher in the cortex of male mice relative to that of female mice. A strong positive correlation between the levels of RORA and aromatase proteins is also seen in the cortex of control human males and females as well as ASD males, but not ASD females. Conclusions Based on these studies, we suggest that disruption of Rora/RORA expression may have a greater impact on males, since sex differences in the correlation of RORA and target gene expression indicate that RORA-deficient males may experience greater dysregulation of genes relevant to ASD in certain brain regions during development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2040-2392-6-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie W Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye St. NW, Washington, DC 20037 USA
| | - Tewarit Sarachana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye St. NW, Washington, DC 20037 USA ; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rachel M Sherrard
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 & CNRS, UMR 8256 Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Kristen M Kocher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye St. NW, Washington, DC 20037 USA
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Marzban H, Del Bigio MR, Alizadeh J, Ghavami S, Zachariah RM, Rastegar M. Cellular commitment in the developing cerebellum. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:450. [PMID: 25628535 PMCID: PMC4290586 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa and is critical for motor coordination and non-motor functions including cognitive and emotional processes. The anatomical structure of cerebellum is distinct with a three-layered cortex. During development, neurogenesis and fate decisions of cerebellar primordium cells are orchestrated through tightly controlled molecular events involving multiple genetic pathways. In this review, we will highlight the anatomical structure of human and mouse cerebellum, the cellular composition of developing cerebellum, and the underlying gene expression programs involved in cell fate commitments in the cerebellum. A critical evaluation of the cell death literature suggests that apoptosis occurs in ~5% of cerebellar cells, most shortly after mitosis. Apoptosis and cellular autophagy likely play significant roles in cerebellar development, we provide a comprehensive discussion of their role in cerebellar development and organization. We also address the possible function of unfolded protein response in regulation of cerebellar neurogenesis. We discuss recent advancements in understanding the epigenetic signature of cerebellar compartments and possible connections between DNA methylation, microRNAs and cerebellar neurodegeneration. Finally, we discuss genetic diseases associated with cerebellar dysfunction and their role in the aging cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Marc R Del Bigio
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada ; Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Robby M Zachariah
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada ; Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mojgan Rastegar
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada ; Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Maintenance of postmitotic neuronal cell identity. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:899-907. [PMID: 24929660 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The identity of specific cell types in the nervous system is defined by the expression of neuron type-specific gene batteries. How the expression of such batteries is initiated during nervous system development has been under intensive study over the past few decades. However, comparatively little is known about how gene batteries that define the terminally differentiated state of a neuron type are maintained throughout the life of an animal. Here we provide an overview of studies in invertebrate and vertebrate model systems that have carved out the general and not commonly appreciated principle that neuronal identity is maintained in postmitotic neurons by the sustained, and often autoregulated, expression of the same transcription factors that initiate terminal differentiation in a developing organism. Disruption of postmitotic maintenance mechanisms may result in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions.
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Kratz A, Beguin P, Kaneko M, Chimura T, Suzuki AM, Matsunaga A, Kato S, Bertin N, Lassmann T, Vigot R, Carninci P, Plessy C, Launey T. Digital expression profiling of the compartmentalized translatome of Purkinje neurons. Genome Res 2014; 24:1396-410. [PMID: 24904046 PMCID: PMC4120092 DOI: 10.1101/gr.164095.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Underlying the complexity of the mammalian brain is its network of neuronal connections, but also the molecular networks of signaling pathways, protein interactions, and regulated gene expression within each individual neuron. The diversity and complexity of the spatially intermingled neurons pose a serious challenge to the identification and quantification of single neuron components. To address this challenge, we present a novel approach for the study of the ribosome-associated transcriptome-the translatome-from selected subcellular domains of specific neurons, and apply it to the Purkinje cells (PCs) in the rat cerebellum. We combined microdissection, translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) in nontransgenic animals, and quantitative nanoCAGE sequencing to obtain a snapshot of RNAs bound to cytoplasmic or rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)-associated ribosomes in the PC and its dendrites. This allowed us to discover novel markers of PCs, to determine structural aspects of genes, to find hitherto uncharacterized transcripts, and to quantify biophysically relevant genes of membrane proteins controlling ion homeostasis and neuronal electrical activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kratz
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Pascal Beguin
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Launey Research Unit, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Megumi Kaneko
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Launey Research Unit, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takahiko Chimura
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Launey Research Unit, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Ana Maria Suzuki
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Atsuko Matsunaga
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Launey Research Unit, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Sachi Kato
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Nicolas Bertin
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Timo Lassmann
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Réjan Vigot
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Launey Research Unit, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Piero Carninci
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Charles Plessy
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan;
| | - Thomas Launey
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Launey Research Unit, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
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Multivariate analysis reveals genetic associations of the resting default mode network in psychotic bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E2066-75. [PMID: 24778245 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1313093111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain's default mode network (DMN) is highly heritable and is compromised in a variety of psychiatric disorders. However, genetic control over the DMN in schizophrenia (SZ) and psychotic bipolar disorder (PBP) is largely unknown. Study subjects (n = 1,305) underwent a resting-state functional MRI scan and were analyzed by a two-stage approach. The initial analysis used independent component analysis (ICA) in 324 healthy controls, 296 SZ probands, 300 PBP probands, 179 unaffected first-degree relatives of SZ probands (SZREL), and 206 unaffected first-degree relatives of PBP probands to identify DMNs and to test their biomarker and/or endophenotype status. A subset of controls and probands (n = 549) then was subjected to a parallel ICA (para-ICA) to identify imaging-genetic relationships. ICA identified three DMNs. Hypo-connectivity was observed in both patient groups in all DMNs. Similar patterns observed in SZREL were restricted to only one network. DMN connectivity also correlated with several symptom measures. Para-ICA identified five sub-DMNs that were significantly associated with five different genetic networks. Several top-ranking SNPs across these networks belonged to previously identified, well-known psychosis/mood disorder genes. Global enrichment analyses revealed processes including NMDA-related long-term potentiation, PKA, immune response signaling, axon guidance, and synaptogenesis that significantly influenced DMN modulation in psychoses. In summary, we observed both unique and shared impairments in functional connectivity across the SZ and PBP cohorts; these impairments were selectively familial only for SZREL. Genes regulating specific neurodevelopment/transmission processes primarily mediated DMN disconnectivity. The study thus identifies biological pathways related to a widely researched quantitative trait that might suggest novel, targeted drug treatments for these diseases.
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Nakatani T, Minaki Y, Kumai M, Nitta C, Ono Y. The c-Ski family member and transcriptional regulator Corl2/Skor2 promotes early differentiation of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Dev Biol 2014; 388:68-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mature Purkinje cells require the retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-α (RORα) to maintain climbing fiber mono-innervation and other adult characteristics. J Neurosci 2013; 33:9546-62. [PMID: 23719821 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2977-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal maturation during development is a multistep process regulated by transcription factors. The transcription factor RORα (retinoic acid-related orphan receptor α) is necessary for early Purkinje cell (PC) maturation but is also expressed throughout adulthood. To identify the role of RORα in mature PCs, we used Cre-lox mouse genetic tools in vivo that delete it specifically from PCs between postnatal days 10-21. Up to 14 d of age, differences between mutant and control PCs were not detectable: both were mono-innervated by climbing fibers (CFs) extending along their well-developed dendrites with spiny branchlets. By week 4, mutant mice were ataxic, some PCs had died, and remaining PC soma and dendrites were atrophic, with almost complete disappearance of spiny branchlets. The innervation pattern of surviving RORα-deleted PCs was abnormal with several immature characteristics. Notably, multiple functional CF innervation was reestablished on these mature PCs, simultaneously with the relocation of CF contacts to the PC soma and their stem dendrite. This morphological modification of CF contacts could be induced even later, using lentivirus-mediated depletion of rora from adult PCs. These data show that the late postnatal expression of RORα cell-autonomously regulates the maintenance of PC dendritic complexity, and the CF innervation status of the PC (dendritic vs somatic contacts, and mono-innervation vs multi-innervation). Thus, the differentiation state of adult neurons is under the control of transcription factors; and in their absence, adult neurons lose their mature characteristics and acquire some characteristics of an earlier developmental stage.
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28
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Hogenson TL. Epigenetics as the Underlying Mechanism for Monozygotic Twin Discordance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1159/000353688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Nishiyama J, Hayashi Y, Nomura T, Miura E, Kakegawa W, Yuzaki M. Selective and regulated gene expression in murine Purkinje cells by in utero electroporation. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2867-76. [PMID: 22775058 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar Purkinje cells, which convey the only output from the cerebellar cortex, play an essential role in cerebellar functions, such as motor coordination and motor learning. To understand how Purkinje cells develop and function in the mature cerebellum, an efficient method for molecularly perturbing them is needed. Here we demonstrate that Purkinje cell progenitors at embryonic day (E)11.5 could be efficiently and preferentially transfected by spatially directed in utero electroporation (IUE) with an optimized arrangement of electrodes. Electrophysiological analyses indicated that the electroporated Purkinje cells maintained normal membrane properties, synaptic responses and synaptic plasticity at postnatal days 25-28. By combining the L7 promoter and inducible Cre/loxP system with IUE, transgenes were expressed even more specifically in Purkinje cells and in a temporally controlled manner. We also show that three different fluorescent proteins could be simultaneously expressed, and that Bassoon, a large synaptic protein, could be expressed in the electroporated Purkinje cells. Moreover, phenotypes of staggerer mutant mice, which have a deletion in the gene encoding retinoid-related orphan receptor α (RORα1), were recapitulated by electroporating a dominant-negative form of RORα1 into Purkinje cells at E11.5. Together, these results indicate that this new IUE protocol, which allows the selective, effective and temporally regulated expression of multiple foreign genes transfected into Purkinje cell progenitors in vivo, without changing the cells' physiological characteristics, is a powerful tool for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying early Purkinje cell developmental events, such as dendritogenesis and migration, and synaptic plasticity in mature Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Dusart I, Flamant F. Profound morphological and functional changes of rodent Purkinje cells between the first and the second postnatal weeks: a metamorphosis? Front Neuroanat 2012; 6:11. [PMID: 22514522 PMCID: PMC3324107 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2012.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Between the first and the second postnatal week, the development of rodent Purkinje cells is characterized by several profound transitions. Purkinje cells acquire their typical dendritic "espalier" tree morphology and form distal spines. During the first postnatal week, they are multi-innervated by climbing fibers and numerous collateral branches sprout from their axons, whereas from the second postnatal week, the regression of climbing fiber multi-innervation begins, and Purkinje cells become innervated by parallel fibers and inhibitory molecular layer interneurons. Furthermore, their periods of developmental cell death and ability to regenerate their axon stop and their axons become myelinated. Thus a Purkinje cell during the first postnatal week looks and functions differently from a Purkinje cell during the second postnatal week. These fundamental changes occur in parallel with a peak of circulating thyroid hormone in the mouse. All these features suggest to some extent an interesting analogy with amphibian metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Dusart
- Equipe Différenciation Neuronale et Gliale, Université Pierre et Marie CurieParis, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Neurobiologie des Processus AdaptatifsParis, France
| | - Frederic Flamant
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de LyonLyon, France
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Janmaat S, Akwa Y, Doulazmi M, Bakouche J, Gautheron V, Liere P, Eychenne B, Pianos A, Luiten P, Groothuis T, Baulieu EE, Mariani J, Sherrard RM, Frédéric F. Age-related Purkinje cell death is steroid dependent: RORα haplo-insufficiency impairs plasma and cerebellar steroids and Purkinje cell survival. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 33:565-578. [PMID: 21222044 PMCID: PMC3220403 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-010-9203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A major problem of ageing is progressive impairment of neuronal function and ultimately cell death. Since sex steroids are neuroprotective, their decrease with age may underlie age-related neuronal degeneration. To test this, we examined Purkinje cell numbers, plasma sex steroids and cerebellar neurosteroid concentrations during normal ageing (wild-type mice, WT), in our model of precocious ageing (Rora(+/sg), heterozygous staggerer mice in which expression of the neuroprotective factor RORα is disrupted) and after long-term hormone insufficiency (WT post-gonadectomy). During normal ageing (WT), circulating sex steroids declined prior to or in parallel with Purkinje cell loss, which began at 18 months of age. Although Purkinje cell death was advanced in WT long-term steroid deficiency, this premature neuronal loss did not begin until 9 months, indicating that vulnerability to sex steroid deficiency is a phenomenon of ageing Purkinje neurons. In precocious ageing (Rora(+/sg)), circulating sex steroids decreased prematurely, in conjunction with marked Purkinje cell death from 9 months. Although Rora(+/sg) Purkinje cells are vulnerable through their RORα haplo-insufficiency, it is only as they age (after 9 months) that sex steroid failure becomes critical. Finally, cerebellar neurosteroids did not decrease with age in either genotype or gender; but were profoundly reduced by 3 months in male Rora(+/sg) cerebella, which may contribute to the fragility of their Purkinje neurons. These data suggest that ageing Purkinje cells are maintained by circulating sex steroids, rather than local neurosteroids, and that in Rora(+/sg) their age-related death is advanced by premature sex steroid loss induced by RORα haplo-insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Janmaat
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Molecular Imaging and Electron Microscopy, University Medical Centre, Groningen, 9700 AD The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Biological Psychiatry, University of Groningen, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette Akwa
- INSERM U788 and Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S788, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276 France
| | - Mohamed Doulazmi
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Bakouche
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Gautheron
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Liere
- INSERM U788 and Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S788, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276 France
| | - Bernard Eychenne
- INSERM U788 and Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S788, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276 France
| | - Antoine Pianos
- INSERM U788 and Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S788, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276 France
| | - Paul Luiten
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Biological Psychiatry, University of Groningen, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Groothuis
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Biological Psychiatry, University of Groningen, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Etienne-Emile Baulieu
- INSERM U788 and Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S788, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276 France
| | - Jean Mariani
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Charles Foix, UEF, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Rachel M. Sherrard
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florence Frédéric
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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Mitsumura K, Hosoi N, Furuya N, Hirai H. Disruption of metabotropic glutamate receptor signalling is a major defect at cerebellar parallel fibre-Purkinje cell synapses in staggerer mutant mice. J Physiol 2011; 589:3191-209. [PMID: 21558162 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.207563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Staggerer mutant mice have functional loss of a transcription factor, retinoid-related orphan receptor α (RORα), which is abundantly expressed in Purkinje cells (PCs) of the cerebellum.Homozygous staggerer (sg/sg)mice show cerebellar hypoplasia and congenital ataxia. Sg/sg mice serve as an important extreme mouse model of the hereditary spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1), since it has been shown that RORα dysfunction is strongly correlated with SCA1 pathogenesis. However, synaptic abnormalities, especially at parallel fibre (PF)-PC synapses, in SCA1-related sg/sg mice have not been examined in detail electrophysiologically. In this study, we report that PFs can still establish functional synapses onto PCs in sg/sg mice in spite of reduction in the number of PF-PC synapses. Compared with PF-evoked EPSCs in the wild-type or heterozygotes, the success rate of the EPSC recordings in sg/sg was quite low (∼40%) and the EPSCs showed faster kinetics and slightly decreased paired pulse facilitation at short intervals. The prominent synaptic dysfunction is that sg/sg mice lack metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-mediated slow EPSCs completely. Neither intense PF stimulation nor an exogenously applied mGluR agonist, DHPG, could elicit mGluR-mediated responses.Western blot analysis in the sg/sg cerebellum revealed low-level expression of mGluR1 and TRPC3, both of which underlie mGluR-mediated slow currents in PCs. Immunohistochemical data demonstrated marked mislocalization of mGluR1 on sg/sg PCs.We found that mGluR-mediated retrograde suppression of PF-PC EPSCs by endocannabinoid is also impaired completely in sg/sg mice. These results suggest that disruption of mGluR signalling at PF-PC synapses is one of the major synaptic defects in sg/sg mice and may manifest itself in SCA1 pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Mitsumura
- Department of Neurophysiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Kang HS, Okamoto K, Takeda Y, Beak JY, Gerrish K, Bortner CD, DeGraff LM, Wada T, Xie W, Jetten AM. Transcriptional profiling reveals a role for RORalpha in regulating gene expression in obesity-associated inflammation and hepatic steatosis. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:818-28. [PMID: 21540300 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00206.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid-related orphan receptor (ROR)α4 is the major RORα isoform expressed in adipose tissues and liver. In this study we demonstrate that RORα-deficient staggerer mice (RORα(sg/sg)) fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) exhibited reduced adiposity and hepatic triglyceride levels compared with wild-type (WT) littermates and were resistant to the development of hepatic steatosis, adipose-associated inflammation, and insulin resistance. Gene expression profiling showed that many genes involved in triglyceride synthesis and storage, including Cidec, Cidea, and Mogat1, were expressed at much lower levels in liver of RORα(sg/sg) mice. In contrast, overexpression of RORα in mouse hepatoma Hepa1-6 cells significantly increased the expression of genes that were repressed in RORα(sg/sg) liver, including Sult1b1, Adfp, Cidea, and ApoA4. ChIP and promoter analysis suggested that several of these genes were regulated directly by RORα. In addition to reduced lipid accumulation, inflammation was greatly diminished in white adipose tissue (WAT) of RORα(sg/sg) mice fed with an HFD. The infiltration of macrophages and the expression of many immune response and proinflammatory genes, including those encoding various chemo/cytokines, Toll-like receptors, and TNF signaling proteins, were significantly reduced in RORα(sg/sg) WAT. Moreover, RORα(sg/sg) mice fed with an HFD were protected from the development of insulin resistance. RORα(sg/sg) mice consumed more oxygen and produced more carbon dioxide, suggesting increased energy expenditure in this genotype. Our study indicates that RORα plays a critical role in the regulation of several aspects of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, RORα may provide a novel therapeutic target in the management of obesity and associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Soon Kang
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Boukhtouche F, Brugg B, Wehrlé R, Bois-Joyeux B, Danan JL, Dusart I, Mariani J. Induction of early Purkinje cell dendritic differentiation by thyroid hormone requires RORα. Neural Dev 2010; 5:18. [PMID: 20663205 PMCID: PMC2918593 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-5-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The active form (T3) of thyroid hormone (TH) controls critical aspects of cerebellar development, such as migration of postmitotic neurons and terminal dendritic differentiation of Purkinje cells. The effects of T3 on early dendritic differentiation are poorly understood. Results In this study, we have analyzed the influence of T3 on the progression of the early steps of Purkinje cell dendritic differentiation in postnatal day 0 organotypic cerebellar cultures. These steps include, successively, regression of immature neuritic processes, a stellate cell stage, and the extension of several long and mature perisomatic protrusions before the growth of the ultimate dendritic tree. We also studied the involvement of RORα, a nuclear receptor controlling early Purkinje cell dendritic differentiation. We show that T3 treatment leads to an accelerated progression of the early steps of dendritic differentiation in culture, together with an increased expression of RORα (mRNA and protein) in both Purkinje cells and interneurons. Finally, we show that T3 failed to promote early dendritic differentiation in staggerer RORα-deficient Purkinje cells. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that T3 action on the early Purkinje cell dendritic differentiation process is mediated by RORα.
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Marton O, Koltai E, Nyakas C, Bakonyi T, Zenteno-Savin T, Kumagai S, Goto S, Radak Z. Aging and exercise affect the level of protein acetylation and SIRT1 activity in cerebellum of male rats. Biogerontology 2010; 11:679-86. [PMID: 20467811 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-010-9279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a gradual decline in cognitive and motor functions, the result of complex biochemical processes including pre- and posttranslational modifications of proteins. Sirtuins are NAD(+) dependent protein deacetylases. These enzymes modulate the aging process by lysine deacetylation, which alters the activity and stability of proteins. Exercise can increase mean life-span and improve quality of life. Data from our laboratories revealed that 4 weeks of treadmill running improves performance in the Morris Maze test for young (4 months, old) but not old (30 months, old) male rats, and the exercise could not prevent the age-associated loss in muscle strength assessed by a gripping test. The positive correlation between protein acetylation and the gripping test suggests that the age-dependent decrease in relative activity of SIRT1 in the cerebellum impairs motor function. Similarly to the acetylation level of total proteins, the acetylation of ά -tubulin is also increased with aging, while the effect of exercise training was not found to be significant. Moreover, the protein content of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, one of the key enzymes of NAD biosynthesis, decreased in the young exercise group. These data suggest that aging results in decreased specific activity of SIRT1 in cerebellum, which could lead to increased acetylation of protein residues, including ά-tubulin, that interfere with motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Marton
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Nguyen A, Rauch TA, Pfeifer GP, Hu VW. Global methylation profiling of lymphoblastoid cell lines reveals epigenetic contributions to autism spectrum disorders and a novel autism candidate gene, RORA, whose protein product is reduced in autistic brain. FASEB J 2010; 24:3036-51. [PMID: 20375269 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-154484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autism is currently considered a multigene disorder with epigenetic influences. To investigate the contribution of DNA methylation to autism spectrum disorders, we have recently completed large-scale methylation profiling by CpG island microarray analysis of lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from monozygotic twins discordant for diagnosis of autism and their nonautistic siblings. Methylation profiling revealed many candidate genes differentially methylated between discordant MZ twins as well as between both twins and nonautistic siblings. Bioinformatics analysis of the differentially methylated genes demonstrated enrichment for high-level functions including gene transcription, nervous system development, cell death/survival, and other biological processes implicated in autism. The methylation status of 2 of these candidate genes, BCL-2 and retinoic acid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORA), was further confirmed by bisulfite sequencing and methylation-specific PCR, respectively. Immunohistochemical analyses of tissue arrays containing slices of the cerebellum and frontal cortex of autistic and age- and sex-matched control subjects revealed decreased expression of RORA and BCL-2 proteins in the autistic brain. Our data thus confirm the role of epigenetic regulation of gene expression via differential DNA methylation in idiopathic autism, and furthermore link molecular changes in a peripheral cell model with brain pathobiology in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- AnhThu Nguyen
- Correspondence: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 Eye St., N.W., Washington, DC 20037, USA
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37
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Koibuchi N. Hormonal regulation of cerebellar development and plasticity. THE CEREBELLUM 2009; 7:1-3. [PMID: 18612713 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-008-0048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar development and plasticity is involved in various epigenetic processes that activate specific genes at different time point. The epigenetic influences include humoral influences from endocrine cells of peripheral organs. A number of hormone receptors are expressed in cerebellum, and cerebellar function is greatly influenced by hormonal status. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that some of such substances are produced locally and affect through their specific hormone receptors. The aim of this special issue was to introduce several key features of hormones and their receptors to regulate cerebellar development and plasticity. The contribution covers thyroid/steroid hormone systems including orphan receptors and co-regulators, neurosteroids, and transporters. It also covers environmental signal that may affect cerebellar hormonal environment. Furthermore, several neuropeptides, which are initially found as neuroendocrine hormones but later identified as neurotransmitters that play an important role in cerebellar function, are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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38
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Ohoka N, Kato S, Takahashi Y, Hayashi H, Sato R. The orphan nuclear receptor RORalpha restrains adipocyte differentiation through a reduction of C/EBPbeta activity and perilipin gene expression. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:759-71. [PMID: 19324970 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor-type transcription factor retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha (RORalpha) is a multifunctional molecule involved in tissue development and cellular function, such as inflammation, metabolism, and differentiation; however, the role of RORalpha during adipocyte differentiation has not yet been fully understood. Here we show that RORalpha inhibits the transcriptional activity of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) without affecting its expression, thereby blocking the induction of both PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha, resulting in the suppression of C/EBPbeta-dependent adipogenesis. RORalpha interacted with C/EBPbeta so as to repress both the C/EBPbeta-p300 association and the C/EBPbeta-dependent recruitment of p300 to chromatin. In addition to the inhibitory effect on C/EBPbeta function, RORalpha also prevents the expression of the lipid droplet coating protein gene perilipin by peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), acting through the specific mechanism of its promoter. We identified a suppressive ROR-responsive element overlapping the PPAR-responsive element in the perilipin promoter and verified that RORalpha competitively antagonizes the binding of PPARgamma. RORalpha inhibits PPARgamma-dependent adipogenesis along with the repression of perilipin induction. These findings suggest that RORalpha is a novel negative regulator of adipocyte differentiation that acts through dual mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumichi Ohoka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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39
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Janmaat S, Frédéric F, Sjollema K, Luiten P, Mariani J, van der Want J. Formation and maturation of parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses in the Staggerer cerebellum ex vivo. J Comp Neurol 2009; 512:467-77. [PMID: 19025990 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In vivo, homozygous staggerer (Rora(sg/sg)) Purkinje cells (PCs) remain in an early stage of development with rudimentary spineless dendrites, associated with a lack of parallel fiber (PF) input and the persistence of multiple climbing fibers (CFs). In this immunocytochemical study we used cerebellar organotypic cultures to monitor the development of Rora(sg/sg) PF-PC synapses in the absence of CF innervation. Ex vivo the vesicular glutamate transporters VGluT1 and VGluT2 reactivity was preferentially localized around the Rora(sg/sg) PC soma and proximal dendrites, which are typically CF domains. The shift from VGluT2 to VGluT1 in PF terminals during development was delayed in Rora(sg/sg) slices. The postsynaptic receptors mGluR1 and GluRdelta2 were differently distributed on Rora(sg/sg) PCs. mGluR1 reactivity was evenly distributed in PC soma and dendrites, whereas GluRdelta2 reactivity, normally restricted at PF synapses, was dense in Rora(sg/sg) PC somata. The presynaptic distribution of VGluT1 and VGluT2 on Rora(sg/sg) PCs matched the postsynaptic distribution of the glutamate receptor GluRdelta2, but not mGluR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Janmaat
- Department of Cell Biology, Molecular Imaging and Electron Microscopy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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40
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Kang HS, Angers M, Beak JY, Wu X, Gimble JM, Wada T, Xie W, Collins JB, Grissom SF, Jetten AM. Gene expression profiling reveals a regulatory role for ROR alpha and ROR gamma in phase I and phase II metabolism. Physiol Genomics 2007; 31:281-94. [PMID: 17666523 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00098.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid-related orphan receptors alpha (ROR alpha) and gamma (ROR gamma) are both expressed in liver; however, their physiological functions in this tissue have not yet been clearly defined. The ROR alpha1 and ROR gamma 1 isoforms, but not ROR alpha 4, show an oscillatory pattern of expression during circadian rhythm. To obtain insight into the physiological functions of ROR receptors in liver, we analyzed the gene expression profiles of livers from WT, ROR alpha-deficient staggerer (sg) mice (ROR alpha(sg/sg)), ROR gamma(-/-), and ROR alpha(sg/sg)ROR gamma(-/-) double knockout (DKO) mice by microarray analysis. DKO mice were generated to study functional redundancy between ROR alpha and ROR gamma. These analyses demonstrated that ROR alpha and ROR gamma affect the expression of a number of genes. ROR alpha and ROR gamma are particularly important in the regulation of genes encoding several phase I and phase II metabolic enzymes, including several 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, cytochrome P450 enzymes, and sulfotransferases. In addition, our results indicate that ROR alpha and ROR gamma each affect the expression of a specific set of genes but also exhibit functional redundancy. Our study shows that ROR alpha and ROR gamma receptors influence the regulation of several metabolic pathways, including those involved in the metabolism of steroids, bile acids, and xenobiotics, suggesting that RORs are important in the control of metabolic homeostasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Circadian Rhythm/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism/genetics
- Liver/metabolism
- Metabolic Networks and Pathways/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Neurologic Mutants
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/deficiency
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/deficiency
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/physiology
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/deficiency
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Steroids/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/deficiency
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Transfection
- Xenobiotics/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Soon Kang
- Cell Biology Section, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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41
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Lechtken A, Hörnig M, Werz O, Corvey N, Zündorf I, Dingermann T, Brandes R, Steinhilber D. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase-2 phosphorylates RORalpha4 in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 358:890-6. [PMID: 17512500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The retinoic acid related orphan receptor RORalpha activates transcription of genes that play an important role in cerebellar development, the protection against age-related degenerative processes, the regulation of inflammatory responses, and is one of the pivotal participants that control the circadian rhythmicity in the core-clock of mammals. We identified the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK-2) as RORalpha4 phosphorylating kinase in vitro. The primary sequence of RORalpha4 contains an ERK-2 recognition motif (P-L-T(128)-P) within the hinge domain, and mutation of Thr-128 to Ala prevents RORalpha4 phosphorylation by ERK. The RORalpha4-T128A mutant exhibits an increased DNA-binding affinity, an increased transcriptional activity and, in the interplay with the opponent RevErbalpha, acts as a stronger competitor at ROR response elements than RORalpha4-WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane Lechtken
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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42
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Flores MV, Hall C, Jury A, Crosier K, Crosier P. The zebrafish retinoid-related orphan receptor (ror) gene family. Gene Expr Patterns 2007; 7:535-43. [PMID: 17374568 DOI: 10.1016/j.modgep.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 02/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The retinoid-related orphan receptors Rora, b and c are highly conserved transcription factors belonging to the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. Mammalian ROR proteins perform key regulatory roles in a number of processes during embryonic development and in the adult including neurogenesis, bone metabolism and modulation of circadian rhythms. A more recent area of interest has been their roles in the development and function of the immune system. In particular, RORA has been implicated in the regulation of inflammatory cytokine production, and RORC has been shown to be essential in the development of the T lymphocyte repertoire and of secondary lymphoid organs. We cloned the zebrafish orthologs for the Ror gene family. Assignment of orthologies was supported by analysis of the phylogenetic relationships between zebrafish and other vertebrate Ror genes based on sequence similarities, and conserved syntenies with the human Ror gene loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vega Flores
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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Serinagaoglu Y, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Hartt G, Young AP, Oberdick J. A promoter element with enhancer properties, and the orphan nuclear receptor RORalpha, are required for Purkinje cell-specific expression of a Gi/o modulator. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 34:324-42. [PMID: 17215137 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The promoter and structural portion of the gene, Pcp-2(L7), has frequently been used to target expression of proteins to cerebellar Purkinje cells. In our continuing analysis of the transcription of this gene and how it relates to the G-protein and Ca2+ channel modulatory functions of the encoded protein, we have dissociated the promoter and structural gene and identified cooperative functions. A 0.9 kb fragment of the proximal promoter has positional properties of a classical enhancer, yet its function requires the presence of the structural gene. We demonstrate that RORalpha, the gene product of the mutant mouse locus called staggerer (Rora(sg)), binds to and activates expression through this promoter element using functional assays in vitro and in vivo. The structural gene has a repressive effect on gene expression outside Purkinje cells, and likely participates in the suppression of Pcp-2(L7) gene expression in the many other brain and non-neuronal cell types, besides Purkinje cells, known to express RORalpha. Additional studies in vivo show that while Pcp-2(L7) expression is dependent on RORalpha throughout the cerebellum, this dependence is greatest in the intermediate region between the vermis and far lateral hemispheres. Thus, in addition to its recently indicated role in Ca2+-mediated reciprocal cell-cell signaling in Purkinje cells, RORalpha may also contribute to functional differences in cerebellar subregions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cerebellum/cytology
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation/methods
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay/methods
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic/physiology
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/physiology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Neurologic Mutants
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neuropeptides/physiology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/physiology
- Purkinje Cells/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Transfection/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelda Serinagaoglu
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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44
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Jetten AM, Joo JH. Retinoid-related Orphan Receptors (RORs): Roles in Cellular Differentiation and Development. ADVANCES IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2006; 16:313-355. [PMID: 18418469 DOI: 10.1016/s1574-3349(06)16010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid-related orphan receptors RORalpha, -beta, and -gamma are transcription factors belonging to the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. During embryonic development RORs are expressed in a spatial and temporal manner and are critical in the regulation of cellular differentiation and the development of several tissues. RORalpha plays a key role in the development of the cerebellum particularly in the regulation of the maturation and survival of Purkinje cells. In RORalpha-deficient mice, the reduced production of sonic hedgehog by these cells appears to be the major cause of the decreased proliferation of granule cell precursors and the observed cerebellar atrophy. RORalpha has been implicated in the regulation of a number of other physiological processes, including bone formation. RORbeta expression is largely restricted to several regions of the brain, the retina, and pineal gland. Mice deficient in RORbeta develop retinal degeneration that results in blindness. RORgamma is essential for lymph node organogenesis. In the intestine RORgamma is required for the formation of several other lymphoid tissues: Peyer's patches, cryptopatches, and isolated lymphoid follicles. RORgamma plays a key role in the generation of lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells that are essential for the development of these lymphoid tissues. In addition, RORgamma is a critical regulator of thymopoiesis. It controls the differentiation of immature single-positive thymocytes into double-positive thymocytes and promotes the survival of double-positive thymocytes by inducing the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-X(L). Interestingly, all three ROR receptors appear to play a role in the control of circadian rhythms. RORalpha positively regulates the expression of Bmal1, a transcription factor that is critical in the control of the circadian clock. This review intends to provide an overview of the current status of the functions RORs have in these biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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