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Zandona A, Maraković N, Mišetić P, Madunić J, Miš K, Padovan J, Pirkmajer S, Katalinić M. Activation of (un)regulated cell death as a new perspective for bispyridinium and imidazolium oximes. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2737-2754. [PMID: 34173857 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03098-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oximes, investigated as antidotes against organophosphates (OP) poisoning, are known to display toxic effects on a cellular level, which could be explained beyond action on acetylcholinesterase as their main target. To investigate this further, we performed an in vitro cell-based evaluation of effects of two structurally diverse oxime groups at concentrations of up to 800 μM, on several cell models: skeletal muscle, kidney, liver, and neural cells. As indicated by our results, compounds with an imidazolium core induced necrosis, unregulated cell death characterized by a cell burst, increased formation of reactive oxygen species, and activation of antioxidant scavenging. On the other hand, oximes with a pyridinium core activated apoptosis through specific caspases 3, 8, and/or 9. Interestingly, some of the compounds exhibited a synergistic effect. Moreover, we generated a pharmacophore model for each oxime series and identified ligands from public databases that map to generated pharmacophores. Several interesting hits were obtained including chemotherapeutics and specific inhibitors. We were able to define the possible structural features of tested oximes triggering toxic effects: chlorine atoms in combination with but-2(E)-en-1,4-diyl linker and adding a second benzene ring with substituents such as chlorine and/or methyl on the imidazolium core. Such oximes could not be used in further OP antidote development research, but could be introduced in other research studies on new specific targets. This could undoubtedly result in an overall improved wider use of unexplored oxime database created so far in OP antidotes field of research in a completely new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Zandona
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Josip Madunić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katarina Miš
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Sergej Pirkmajer
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Figueroa-Villar JD, Petronilho EC, Kuca K, Franca TCC. Review about Structure and Evaluation of Reactivators of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited with Neurotoxic Organophosphorus Compounds. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1422-1442. [PMID: 32334495 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200425213215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotoxic chemical warfare agents can be classified as some of the most dangerous chemicals for humanity. The most effective of those agents are the Organophosphates (OPs) capable of restricting the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which in turn, controls the nerve impulse transmission. When AChE is inhibited by OPs, its reactivation can be usually performed through cationic oximes. However, until today, it has not been developed one universal defense agent, with complete effective reactivation activity for AChE inhibited by any of the many types of existing neurotoxic OPs. For this reason, before treating people intoxicated by an OP, it is necessary to determine the neurotoxic compound that was used for contamination, in order to select the most effective oxime. Unfortunately, this task usually requires a relatively long time, raising the possibility of death. Cationic oximes also display a limited capacity of permeating the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). This fact compromises their capacity to reactivating AChE inside the nervous system. METHODS We performed a comprehensive search on the data about OPs available on the scientific literature today in order to cover all the main drawbacks still faced in the research for the development of effective antidotes against those compounds. RESULTS Therefore, this review about neurotoxic OPs and the reactivation of AChE, provides insights for the new agents' development. The most expected defense agent is a molecule without toxicity and effective to reactivate AChE inhibited by all neurotoxic OPs. CONCLUSION To develop these new agents, the application of diverse scientific areas of research, especially theoretical procedures as computational science (computer simulation, docking and dynamics), organic synthesis, spectroscopic methodologies, biology, biochemical and biophysical information, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology, is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Daniel Figueroa-Villar
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering, 22270- 090, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elaine C Petronilho
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering, 22270- 090, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Králové 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Tanos C C Franca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Králové 50003, Czech Republic
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Understanding the Interaction Modes and Reactivity of Trimedoxime toward MmAChE Inhibited by Nerve Agents: Theoretical and Experimental Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186510. [PMID: 32899591 PMCID: PMC7554915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are used as both chemical weapons and pesticides. However, these agents are very dangerous and toxic to humans, animals, and the environment. Thus, investigations with reactivators have been deeply developed in order to design new antidotes with better efficiency, as well as a greater spectrum of action in the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivation process. With that in mind, in this work, we investigated the behavior of trimedoxime toward the Mus musculus acetylcholinesterase (MmAChE) inhibited by a range of nerve agents, such as chemical weapons. From experimental assays, reactivation percentages were obtained for the reactivation of different AChE–OP complexes. On the other hand, theoretical calculations were performed to assess the differences in interaction modes and the reactivity of trimedoxime within the AChE active site. Comparing theoretical and experimental data, it is possible to notice that the oxime, in most cases, showed better reactivation percentages at higher concentrations, with the best result for the reactivation of the AChE–VX adduct. From this work, it was revealed that the mechanistic process contributes most to the oxime efficiency than the interaction in the site. In this way, this study is important to better understand the reactivation process through trimedoxime, contributing to the proposal of novel antidotes.
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de Castro AA, Assis LC, Soares FV, Kuca K, Polisel DA, da Cunha EFF, Ramalho TC. Trends in the Recent Patent Literature on Cholinesterase Reactivators (2016-2019). Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030436. [PMID: 32178264 PMCID: PMC7175240 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the key enzyme responsible for deactivating the ACh neurotransmitter. Irreversible or prolonged inhibition of AChE, therefore, elevates synaptic ACh leading to serious central and peripheral adverse effects which fall under the cholinergic syndrome spectra. To combat the toxic effects of some AChEI, such as organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents, many compounds with reactivator effects have been developed. Within the most outstanding reactivators, the substances denominated oximes stand out, showing good performance for reactivating AChE and restoring the normal synaptic acetylcholine (ACh) levels. This review was developed with the purpose of covering the new advances in AChE reactivation. Over the past years, researchers worldwide have made efforts to identify and develop novel active molecules. These researches have been moving farther into the search for novel agents that possess better effectiveness of reactivation and broad-spectrum reactivation against diverse OP agents. In addition, the discovery of ways to restore AChE in the aged form is also of great importance. This review will allow us to evaluate the major advances made in the discovery of new acetylcholinesterase reactivators by reviewing all patents published between 2016 and 2019. This is an important step in continuing this remarkable research so that new studies can begin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A. de Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Letícia C. Assis
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Flávia V. Soares
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (T.C.R.)
| | - Daniel A. Polisel
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Elaine F. F. da Cunha
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Teodorico C. Ramalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (T.C.R.)
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Bharate SB, Chao CK, Thompson CM. Comparison of the reactivation rates of acetylcholinesterase modified by structurally different organophosphates using novel pyridinium oximes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 71:103218. [PMID: 31302432 PMCID: PMC6736693 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel panel of oximes were synthesized, which have displayed varying degree of reactivation ability towards different organophosphorus (OP) modified cholinesterases. In the present article, we report a comparative reactivation profile of a series of quaternary pyridinium-oximes for electric eel acetylcholinesterase (EEAChE) inhibited by the organophosphorus (OP) inhibitors methyl paraoxon (MePOX), ethyl paraoxon (POX; paraoxon) and diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) that are distinguishable as dimethoxyphosphoryl, diethoxyphosphoryl and diisopropoxyphosphoryl AChE-OP-adducts. Most of the 59-oximes tested led to faster and more extensive reactivation of MePOX- and POX-inhibited EEAChE as compared to DFP-modified EEAChE. All were effective reactivators of three OP-modified EEAChE conjugates showing 18-21% reactivation for DFP-inhibited AChE and ≥45% reactivation for MePOX- and POX-inhibited EEAChE. Oximes 7 and 8 showed kr values better than pralidoxime (1) for DFP-inhibited EEAChE. Reactivation rates determined at different inhibition times showed no significant change in kr values during 0-90 min incubation with three OPs. However, a 34-72% decrease in kr for MePOX and POX and > 95% decrease in kr for DFP-inhibited EEAChE was observed after 24 h of OP-exposure (aging).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip B Bharate
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA; Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India.
| | - Chih-Kai Chao
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Charles M Thompson
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.
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Antonijevic E, Musilek K, Kuca K, Djukic-Cosic D, Andjelkovic M, Djordjevic AB, Antonijevic B. Comparison of oximes K203 and K027 based on Benchmark dose analysis of rat diaphragmal acetylcholinesterase reactivation. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 308:385-391. [PMID: 31141677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evica Antonijevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Kamil Musilek
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Danijela Djukic-Cosic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Milena Andjelkovic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Aleksandra Buha Djordjevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Biljana Antonijevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
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7
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Polisel DA, de Castro AA, Mancini DT, da Cunha EFF, França TCC, Ramalho TC, Kuca K. Slight difference in the isomeric oximes K206 and K203 makes huge difference for the reactivation of organophosphorus-inhibited AChE: Theoretical and experimental aspects. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 309:108671. [PMID: 31207225 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Studies with oximes have been extensively developed to design new reactivators with better efficiency, and greater spectrum of action. In this study, we aimed to analyze the influence of the Carbamoyl group position change in two isomeric oximes, K203 and K206, on the reactivation percentage of Mus musculus Acetylcholinesterase (MmAChE), inhibited by different nerve agents. Theoretical calculations were performed to assess the difference for the oxime activity with inhibited AChE-complexes and the factors that govern this difference. Comparing theoretical and experimental data, it is possible to observe that this change between the oximes results in different reactivation percentage for the same nerve agent, due to the different interaction modes and activation energy for the studied systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Polisel
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | | | - Daiana T Mancini
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Elaine F F da Cunha
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil; Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tanos C C França
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Teodorico C Ramalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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8
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Zorbaz T, Malinak D, Maraković N, Maček Hrvat N, Zandona A, Novotny M, Skarka A, Andrys R, Benkova M, Soukup O, Katalinić M, Kuca K, Kovarik Z, Musilek K. Pyridinium Oximes with Ortho-Positioned Chlorine Moiety Exhibit Improved Physicochemical Properties and Efficient Reactivation of Human Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited by Several Nerve Agents. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10753-10766. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zorbaz
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - David Malinak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Maček Hrvat
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Zandona
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Michal Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Skarka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Andrys
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Benkova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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9
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Antonijevic E, Musilek K, Kuca K, Djukic-Cosic D, Curcic M, Miladinovic DC, Bulat Z, Antonijevic B. Dose-response modeling of reactivating potency of oximes K027 and K203 against a direct acetylcholinesterase inhibitor in rat erythrocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:224-230. [PMID: 30176309 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of acethylcholinesterase (AChE) as a key molecular event induced by organophosphate (OP) pesticides and nerve agents presents a human health concern. In efficacy testing of experimental oximes, potential antidotes in OP poisoning, reactivation of OP-inhibited AChE is used as specific endpoint. However, according to our best knowledge, so far oximes have not been quantitatively evaluated by comprehensive benchmark dose (BMD) approach, that would improve both identification and quantification of the effect and allow more rigorous comparison of efficacies. Thus, we have examined in vivo dose-response relationship for two promising experimental oximes, K203 and K027, concerning reactivation of erythrocyte AChE inhibited by dichlorvos (DDVP). Groups of Wistar rats were treated with six different doses of oximes (i.m) immediately after DDVP challenge (s.c) and AChE was measured 60 min later. Dose-response modeling was done by PROAST software 65.5 (RIVM, The Nederlands). BMD-covariate method resulted in four-parameter model from both exponential and Hill model families as the best estimate of relationship between AChE activity and oxime dose, with potency parameter being oxime-dependent. Oxime K027 was shown to be 1.929-fold more potent considering that 58% increase in AChE activity was achived with the dose BMD58-K027 = 52 μmol/kg in contrast to BMD58-K203 = 100 μmol/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evica Antonijevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Kamil Musilek
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Danijela Djukic-Cosic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marijana Curcic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dejana Cupic Miladinovic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Zorica Bulat
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Biljana Antonijevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
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10
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Kassa J, Žďárová Karasová J, Tesařová S, Kuča K, Musílek K. A Comparison of the Neuroprotective Efficacy of Newly Developed Oximes (K156, K203) and Currently Available Oximes (Obidoxime, HI-6) in Cyclosarin-poisoned Rats. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2017. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2017.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effects of newly developed oximes (K156, K203) and currently available oximes (obidoxime, HI-6) in combination with atropine in rats poisoned with cyclosarin were studied. The cyclosarin-induced neurotoxicity was monitored using a functional observational battery 24 hours after cyclosarin challenge. The results indicate that a newly developed oxime K156 is able to counteract slightly cyclosarin-induced neurotoxicity while another newly developed oxime K203 is completely ineffective in reducing cyclosarin-induced neurotoxic signs and symptoms. The neuroprotective efficacy of K156 is comparable with commonly used obidoxime and oxime HI-6. Thus, none of the newly developed oximes achieves better neuroprotective efficacy than both commonly used oximes. They are therefore not suitable replacements for antidotal treatment of acute poisonings with cyclosarin.
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Antonijevic E, Musilek K, Kuca K, Djukic-Cosic D, Vucinic S, Antonijevic B. Therapeutic and reactivating efficacy of oximes K027 and K203 against a direct acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Neurotoxicology 2016; 55:33-39. [PMID: 27177985 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As oxime-based structures are the only causal antidotes to organophosphate (OP)-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the majority of studies on these have been directed towards their synthesis and testing. In this study, experimental bispyridinium oximes K027 and K203, which have shown promising results in the last decade of research, were examined in vivo for their therapeutic and reactivating ability in acute poisoning by the direct AChE-inhibitor dichlorvos (DDVP), used as a dimethyl OP structural model. Additionally, the efficacy of oximes K027 and K203 was compared with the efficacy of four oximes (pralidoxime, trimedoxime, obidoxime and HI-6), already used in efficacy experiments and human medicine. To evaluate therapeutic efficacy, groups of Wistar rats were treated with equitoxic doses of oximes (5% LD50, i.m.) and/or atropine (10mg/kg, i.m.) immediately after s.c. DDVP challenge (4-6 doses). Using the same antidotal protocol, AChE activity was measured in erythrocytes, diaphragm and brain 60min after s.c. DDVP exposure (75% LD50). The oxime K027 was the most efficacious in reducing the DDVP induced lethal effect in rats, while the oxime K203 was more efficacious than trimedoxime, pralidoxime and HI-6. Significant reactivation of DDVP inhibited AChE was achieved only with oxime K027 or its combination with atropine in erythocytes and the diaphragm. Moreover, the acute i.m. toxicity of oxime K027 in rats was lower than all other tested oximes. The results of this study support previous studies considering the oxime K027 as a promising experimental oxime structure for further testing against structurally-different OP compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evica Antonijevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Kamil Musilek
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Danijela Djukic-Cosic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Slavica Vucinic
- National Poison Control Center, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Biljana Antonijevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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12
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Sahu AK, Sharma R, Gupta B, Musilek K, Kuca K, Acharya J, Ghosh KK. Oxime-mediated in vitro reactivation kinetic analysis of organophosphates-inhibited human and electric eel acetylcholinesterase. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:319-26. [PMID: 27101948 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2016.1143070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP)-based pesticides and nerve agents are highly toxic compounds which interrupt the catalytic mechanism of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by phosphorylating the hydroxyl moiety of serine residue. The inhibited enzyme can be reactivated by the nucleophilic action of oxime reactivators. To analyze the effect of different AChE sources on reactivation efficacy of reactivators, several in vivo studies have carried out using variety of AChE sources like pig, rat and monkey. Investigations on species differences provide a better insight for the development of new reactivators. Hence, present study was mainly targeted on comparative analysis of the reactivation of electric eel and human AChE inhibited by different OP. A series of butene-linked bis-pyridinium mono oximes which vary in functional groups present at the second pyridinium ring have been examined against sarin, VX, tabun and ethyl-paraoxon-poisoned AChE. In case of tabun-inhibited AChEs, tested oximes were better than reference oximes. For VX-poisoned human AChE, reactivator K251 (kr2;1.51 mM (-) (1 )min (-) (1)) showed good reactivation efficacy with standard oximes. Studies stipulated that butene-linked oximes consisting of different functional moieties are good reactivators and found to have better efficacy to reactivate nerve agent-inhibited human AChE in comparison to eel AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Kumar Sahu
- a School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University , Raipur , India
| | - Rahul Sharma
- a School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University , Raipur , India
| | - Bhanushree Gupta
- a School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University , Raipur , India
| | - Kamil Musilek
- b Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- c Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic , and
| | - Jyotiranjan Acharya
- d Process Technology Development Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment , Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Kallol K Ghosh
- a School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University , Raipur , India
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13
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Kassa J, Karasová JZ, Pavlíková R, Caisberger F, Bajgar J. The Ability of Oxime Mixtures to Increase the Reactivating and Therapeutic Efficacy of Antidotal Treatment of Cyclosarin Poisoning in Rats and Mice. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2015; 55:27-31. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2015.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of two combinations of oximes (HI‑6 + trimedoxime and HI‑6 + K203) was compared with the effectiveness of antidotal treatment involving single oxime (HI‑6, trimedoxime, K203) using in vivo methods. In vivo determined percentage of reactivation of cyclosarin‑inhibited blood and tissue acetylcholinesterase in poisoned rats showed that the reactivating efficacy of both combinations of oximes is slightly higher than the reactivating efficacy of the most effective individual oxime in blood, diaphragm as well as in brain. Moreover, both combinations of oximes were found to be slightly more efficacious in the reduction of acute lethal toxic effects in cyclosarin‑poisoned mice than the antidotal treatment involving single oxime. Based on the obtained data, we can conclude that the antidotal treatment involving chosen combinations of oximes brings a beneficial effect for its ability to counteract the acute poisoning with cyclosarin.
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14
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Winter M, Wille T, Musilek K, Kuca K, Thiermann H, Worek F. Investigation of the reactivation kinetics of a large series of bispyridinium oximes with organophosphate-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase. Toxicol Lett 2015. [PMID: 26210933 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The limited effectiveness of the established oximes obidoxime and pralidoxime resulted in ongoing research on novel oximes for the reactivation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by organophosphorus compounds (OP). In order to get more insight into the ability of bispyridinium oximes to reactivate human AChE inhibited by structurally different OP the reactivation kinetics of 31 compounds was determined with tabun-, cyclosarin- and paraoxon-inhibited AChE under identical experimental conditions. The determined affinity (KD), reactivity (kr) and hybrid reactivation rate constants (kr2) enabled theoretical calculations and gave insight into distinct structural features which are important for the reactivation of AChE inhibited by different OP. Several oximes with superior reactivating potency towards selective OP-AChE conjugates were identified but none of the tested oximes can be considered as a broad spectrum reactivator. In the end, the data of this and previous studies gives rise to the question whether further modifications of the bispyridinium structure could ever result in a universal reactivator or whether future research should be directed to different templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Winter
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Kamil Musilek
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany.
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15
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Giacoppo JOS, C C França T, Kuča K, da Cunha EFF, Abagyan R, Mancini DT, Ramalho TC. Molecular modeling and in vitro reactivation study between the oxime BI-6 and acetylcholinesterase inhibited by different nerve agents. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2014; 33:2048-58. [PMID: 25407587 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.989408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nerve agents are organophosphates acting as potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine and, consequently, the termination of the transmission of nerve impulses. The inhibition of AChE by an organophosphate can be reversed by a nucleophilic agent able to dephosphorylate a serine residue in the active site of AChE. In this sense, the oximes are compounds capable of removing the nerve agent and reactivate the enzyme. Here, we have applied a methodology involving theoretical docking and Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics, using the softwares Molegro(®) and Spartan(®), to evaluate the kinetic constants of reactivation and the interactions of the oxime BI-6 with AChE inhibited by different organophosphorus compounds in comparison to in vitro data. Results confirm that this method is suitable for the prediction of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of oximes, which may be useful in the design and selection of new and more effective oximes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana O S Giacoppo
- a Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Chemistry Department , Federal University of Lavras , Lavras , MG , Brazil
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16
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Radulescu M, Kuca K, Musilek K, David V. Structural modifications of dicationic acetylcholinesterase reactivators studied under ion-pairing mechanism in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3024-32. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Medeea Radulescu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Bucharest; Bucharest Romania
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Center; University Hospital; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Hradec Kralove; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Victor David
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Bucharest; Bucharest Romania
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17
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Reactivation kinetics of 31 structurally different bispyridinium oximes with organophosphate-inhibited human butyrylcholinesterase. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:405-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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18
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Janockova J, Gulasova Z, Musilek K, Kuca K, Kozurkova M. Novel cholinesterase modulators and their ability to interact with DNA. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 115:364-369. [PMID: 23851179 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, an interaction of four cholinesterase modulators (1-4) with calf thymus DNA was studied via spectroscopic techniques (UV-Vis, fluorescent spectroscopy and circular dichroism). From UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis, the binding constants for DNA-pyridinium oximes complexes were calculated (K=3.5×10(4) to 1.4×10(5)M(-1)). All these measurements indicated that the compounds behave as effective DNA-interacting agents. Electrophoretic techniques proved that ligand 2 inhibited topoisomerase I at a concentration 5μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Janockova
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, P.J. Šafárik University, Faculty of Science, Moyzesova 11, 04001 Kosice, Slovak Republic
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Therapeutic efficacy of a novel bispyridinium oxime K203 and commonly used oximes (HI-6, obidoxime, trimedoxime, methoxime) in soman-poisoned male rats and mice. J Appl Biomed 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/v10136-012-0015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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20
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Kassa J, Zdarova Karasova J, Sepsova V. A comparison of the reactivating efficacy of a novel bispyridinium oxime K203 with currently available oximes in VX agent-poisoned rats. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:753-7. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.681652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences,
Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Military Health Sciences,
Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Sepsova
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences,
Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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21
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ, Sepsova V, Caisberger F, Bajgar J. A comparison of the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of chosen combinations of oximes with individual oximes against VX in rats and mice. Int J Toxicol 2012; 30:562-7. [PMID: 22013137 DOI: 10.1177/1091581811415294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability of 2 combinations of oximes (HI-6 + trimedoxime and HI-6 + K203) to reactivate VX-inhibited acetylcholinesterase and reduce acute toxicity of VX was compared with the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of antidotal treatment involving a single oxime (HI-6, trimedoxime, K203) in rats and mice. Our results showed that the reactivating efficacy of both combinations of oximes studied in rats is significantly higher than the reactivating efficacy of all individual oximes in diaphragm and roughly corresponds to the most effective individual oxime in blood and brain. Both combinations of oximes were found to be more effective in the reduction of acute lethal toxicity of VX in mice than the antidotal treatment involving the most efficacious individual oxime although the difference is not significant. Based on the obtained data, we can conclude that the antidotal treatment involving the chosen combinations of oximes brings benefit for the reactivation of VX-inhibited acetylcholinesterase in rats and for the antidotal treatment of VX-induced acute poisoning in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Dou J, Fan F, Ding A, Cheng L, Sekar R, Wang H, Li S. A screen-printed, amperometric biosensor for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water samples. J Environ Sci (China) 2012; 24:956-962. [PMID: 22893976 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)60864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An amperometric biosensor based on screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) was developed for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water samples. The extent of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) deactivation was determined and quantified for pesticide concentrations in water samples. An enzyme immobilization adsorption procedure and polyacrylamide gel matrix polymerization were used for fabrication of the biosensor, with minimal losses in enzyme activity. The optimal conditions for enzyme catalytic reaction on the SPEs surfaces were acetylthiocholine chloride (ATChCl) concentration of 5 mmol/L, pH 7 and reaction time of 4 min. The detection limits for three organophosphorus pesticides (dichlorvos, monocrotophs and parathion) were in the range of 4 to 7 microg/L when an AChE amount of 0.1 U was used for immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Dou
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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A comparison of the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of the newly developed bispyridinium oxime K203 with currently available oximes, in sarin poisoned rats and mice. J Appl Biomed 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/v10136-011-0011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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25
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ, Tesarova S. A comparison of the neuroprotective efficacy of individual oxime (HI-6) and combinations of oximes (HI-6+trimedoxime, HI-6+K203) in soman-poisoned rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2011; 34:233-9. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2010.510525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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26
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Bajgar J, Hajek P, Zdarova JK, Kassa J, Paseka A, Slizova D, Krs O, Kuca K, Jun D, Fusek J, Capek L. A comparison of tabun-inhibited rat brain acetylcholinesterase reactivation by three oximes (HI-6, obidoxime, and K048) in vivo detected by biochemical and histochemical techniques. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 25:790-7. [PMID: 21054236 DOI: 10.3109/14756360903433373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tabun belongs to the most toxic nerve agents. Its mechanism of action is based on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition at the peripheral and central nervous systems. Therapeutic countermeasures comprise administration of atropine with cholinesterase reactivators able to reactivate the inhibited enzyme. Reactivation of AChE is determined mostly biochemically without specification of different brain structures. Histochemical determination allows a fine search for different structures but is performed mostly without quantitative evaluation. In rats intoxicated with tabun and treated with a combination of atropine and HI-6, obidoxime, or new oxime K048, AChE activities in different brain structures were determined using biochemical and quantitative histochemical methods. Inhibition of AChE following untreated tabun intoxication was different in the various brain structures, having the highest degree in the frontal cortex and reticular formation and lowest in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra. Treatment resulted in an increase of AChE activity detected by both methods. The highest increase was observed in the frontal cortex. This reactivation was increased in the order HI-6 < K048 < obidoxime; however, this order was not uniform for all brain parts studied. A correlation between AChE activity detected by histochemical and biochemical methods was demonstrated. The results suggest that for the mechanism of action of the nerve agent tabun, reactivation in various parts of the brain is not of the same physiological importance. AChE activity in the pontomedullar area and frontal cortex seems to be the most important for the therapeutic effect of the reactivators. HI-6 was not a good reactivator for the treatment of tabun intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Bajgar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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27
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Musilek K, Pavlikova R, Marek J, Komloova M, Holas O, Hrabinova M, Pohanka M, Dohnal V, Dolezal M, Gunn-Moore F, Kuca K. The preparation, in vitro screening and molecular docking of symmetrical bisquaternary cholinesterase inhibitors containing a but-(2E)-en-1,4-diyl connecting linkage. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 26:245-53. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2010.496362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Musilek
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- University of Jan Evangelista Purkynje, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ceske mladeze 8, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Ruzena Pavlikova
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Marek
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Komloova
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Holas
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Centre of Advanced Studies, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Pohanka
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Centre of Advanced Studies, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Dohnal
- University of Jan Evangelista Purkynje, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ceske mladeze 8, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dolezal
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Frank Gunn-Moore
- University of St. Andrews, School of Biology, Bute Building, St. Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Kamil Kuca
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Centre of Advanced Studies, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- University of Jan Evangelista Purkynje, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ceske mladeze 8, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
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Musilek K, Komloova M, Holas O, Horova A, Pohanka M, Gunn-Moore F, Dohnal V, Dolezal M, Kuca K. Mono-oxime bisquaternary acetylcholinesterase reactivators with prop-1,3-diyl linkage—Preparation, in vitro screening and molecular docking. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:754-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ, Pavlikova R, Musilek K, Kuca K, Bajgar J, Jung YS. A comparison of reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of bispyridinium acetylcholinesterase reactivator KR-22934 with the oxime K203 and commonly used oximes (obidoxime, trimedoxime, HI-6) in tabun-poisoned rats and mice. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 21:241-5. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2010.538750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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30
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Kuca K, Musilek K, Jun D, Pohanka M, Ghosh KK, Hrabinova M. Oxime K027: novel low-toxic candidate for the universal reactivator of nerve agent- and pesticide-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 25:509-12. [PMID: 20192902 DOI: 10.3109/14756360903357569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxime K027 is a low-toxic bisquaternary compound originally developed as a reactivator of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by nerve agents. The reactivation potency of K027 has been tested as a potential reactivator of AChE inhibited by tabun, sarin, cyclosarin, soman, VX, Russian VX, paraoxon, methylchlorpyrifos, and DDVP. The results show that oxime K027 reactivated AChE inhibited by almost all tested inhibitors to more than 10%, which is believed to be enough for saving the lives of intoxicated organisms. In the case of cyclosarin- and soman-inhibited AChE, oxime K027 did not reach sufficient reactivation potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kuca
- Center of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ, Kuca K, Musilek K. A comparison of the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of newly developed oximes (K347, K628) with commonly used oximes (obidoxime, HI-6) against tabun in rats and mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 2010; 33:227-32. [PMID: 20429807 DOI: 10.3109/01480540903483409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The potency of newly developed reactivators of nerve agent-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (K347, K628) in reactivating tabun-inhibited acetylcholinesterase and reducing tabun-induced lethal toxic effects was compared with currently available oximes (obidoxime, the oxime HI-6), using in vivo methods. Studies that determined the percentage of reactivation of tabun-inhibited blood and tissue acetycholinesterase in poisoned rats showed that the reactivating efficacy of both newly developed oximes is comparable with the oxime HI-6, but it is significantly lower than the reactivating effects of obidoxime. The monopyridinium oxime, K347, was also found to be able to reduce lethal toxic effects in tabun-poisoned mice, while the therapeutic efficacy of another newly developed bispyridinium oxime, K628, was negligible. The therapeutic efficacy of K347 was higher than the potency of the oxime, HI-6, but it was lower than the therapeutic effects of obidoxime. Thus, the reactivating and therapeutic potency of both newly developed oximes (K347, K628) was not more effective then currently available oximes, and therefore, they are not suitable for the replacement of commonly used oximes (especially obidoxime) for the treatment of acute tabun poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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32
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ, Tesarova S, Kuca K, Musilek K. A comparison of the ability of newly-developed bispyridinium oxime K203 and currently available oximes (trimedoxime, obidoxime, HI-6) to counteract the acute neurotoxicity of soman in rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 20:445-51. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2010.497975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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33
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Holas O, Musilek K, Pohanka M, Kuca K, Opletalova V, Jung YS. In vitro Screening of Oxime Reactivators on the Model of Paraoxon-inhibited Acetylcholinesterase-SAR Study. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.6.1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kalász H, Mincsovics E, Ram N, Kuca K. THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF PYRIDINIUM ALDOXIMES USING DISTINCT TECHNIQUES FOR DEVELOPMENT. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826071003766161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huba Kalász
- a Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine , Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Nazila Ram
- a Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine , Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kamil Kuca
- c Center of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences , Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ, Tesarova S, Musilek K, Kuca K, Jung YS. A Comparison of Neuroprotective Efficacy of the Oxime K203 and its Fluorinated Analogue (KR-22836) with Obidoxime in Tabun-Poisoned Rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010; 107:861-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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36
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ, Caisberger F, Musilek K, Kuca K, Jung YS. A comparison of reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of the oxime K203 and its fluorinated analog (KR-22836) with currently available oximes (obidoxime, trimedoxime, HI-6) against tabun in rats and mice. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 25:480-4. [DOI: 10.3109/14756360903257918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | | | - Filip Caisberger
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Toxicology, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Center of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Young-Sik Jung
- Medicinal Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yusong, Daejeon, Korea
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Musilek K, Dolezal M, Gunn-Moore F, Kuca K. Design, evaluation and structure-activity relationship studies of the AChE reactivators against organophosphorus pesticides. Med Res Rev 2009; 31:548-75. [PMID: 20027669 DOI: 10.1002/med.20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs; e.g. chlorpyrifos, diazinon, paraoxon) are a wide and heterogeneous group of organophosphorus compounds. Their biological activity of inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) ranks them as life endangering agents. The necessary treatment after OPP exposure involves the use of parasympatolytics (e.g. atropine), oxime reactivators (e.g. obidoxime), and anticonvulsive drugs (e.g. diazepam). Therefore, the reactivators of AChE are essential compounds in the treatment of OPP intoxications. Commercial AChE reactivators (e.g. pralidoxime, HI-6, obidoxime, trimedoxime, methoxime) were originally developed for other members of the organophosphate family, such as nerve agents (e.g. sarin, soman, tabun, VX). Pralidoxime, HI-6, and methoxime were found to be weak reactivators of OPP-inhibited AChE. Obidoxime and trimedoxime showed satisfactory reactivation against various OPPs with minor toxicity issues. During the last two decades, the treatment of OPP exposure has become more widely discussed because of growing agricultural production, industrialization, and harmful social issues (e.g. suicides). In this review is the summarized design, evaluation, and structure-activity relationship studies of recently produced AChE reactivators. Since pralidoxime, over 300 oximes have been produced or tested against OPP poisoning, and several novel compounds show very promising abilities as comparable (or higher) to commercial oximes. Some of these are highlighted for their further testing of OPP exposure and, additionally, the main structure-activity relationship of AChE reactivators against OPP is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Musilek
- Department of Toxicology, Trebesska, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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REACTIVATION POTENCY OF THE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATOR OBIDOXIME IS LIMITED. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2009; 153:259-62. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2009.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ, Caisberger F, Bajgar J. The influence of combinations of oximes on the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of antidotal treatment of soman poisoning in rats and mice. Toxicol Mech Methods 2009; 19:547-51. [DOI: 10.3109/15376510903350371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kassa J, Žďárová Karasová J, Tesařová S. Evaluation of the neuroprotective efficacy of individual oxime (HI-6) and oxime mixtures (HI-6 + trimedoxime, HI-6 + K203) in tabun-poisoned rats. J Appl Biomed 2009. [DOI: 10.32725/jab.2009.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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41
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Bharate SB, Guo L, Reeves TE, Cerasoli DM, Thompson CM. New series of monoquaternary pyridinium oximes: Synthesis and reactivation potency for paraoxon-inhibited electric eel and recombinant human acetylcholinesterase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5101-4. [PMID: 19640713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of a series of monoquaternary pyridinium oximes bearing either a heterocyclic side chain or a functionalized aliphatic side chain and the corresponding in vitro evaluation for reactivation of paraoxon-inhibited electric eel acetylcholinesterase (EeAChE) and recombinant human acetylcholinesterase (rHuAChE) are reported. Several newly synthesized compounds efficiently reactivated inhibited EeAChE, but were poor reactivators of inhibited rHuAChE. Compounds bearing a thiophene ring in the side chain (20, 23, 26 and 29) showed better reactivation (24-37% for EeAChE and 5-9% for rHuAChE) compared to compounds with furan and isoxazole heterocycles (0-8% for EeAChE and 2-3% for rHuAChE) at 10(-5)M. The N-pyridyl-CH(2)COOH analog 8 reactivated EeAChE (36%) and rHuAChE (15%) at 10(-4)M with a k(r) value better than 2-pyridine aldoxime methiodide (2-PAM) for rHuAChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip B Bharate
- NIH COBRE Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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Effect of seven newly synthesized and currently available oxime cholinesterase reactivators on cyclosarin-intoxicated rats. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:3065-3075. [PMID: 19742125 PMCID: PMC2738912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10073065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven new oxime-based acetylcholinesterase reactivators were compared with three currently available ones (obidoxime, trimedoxime, HI-6) for their ability to lessen cholinesterase inhibition in blood and brain of cyclosarin-treated rats. Oximes were given at doses of 5% their LD50 along with 21 mg/kg atropine five min before the LD50 of cyclosarin (120 ug/kg) was administered. Blood and brain samples were collected 30 minutes later. The greatest difference between acetylcholinesterase inhibition in blood of cyclosarin-treated rats was found after administration of HI-6 (40%), compared to 22% for trimedoxime and 6% for obidoxime. Only two of the seven newly synthesized oximes had any effect (K203 at 7%, K156 at 5%). Effective oximes against cyclosarin-inhibited plasma butyrylcholinesterase were HI-6 (42%), trimedoxime (11%), and K156 (4%). The oximes were less effective in brain than in blood, with reactivation values for HI-6 30% against acetylcholinesterase and 10% against butyrylcholinesterase. Values for newly synthesized oximes were less than 10% for K206, K269 and K203.
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Kassa J, Karasova J, Bajgar J, Kuca K, Musilek K, Kopelikova I. A comparison of the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of newly developed bispyridinium oximes (K250, K251) with commonly used oximes against tabun in rats and mice. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2009; 24:1040-4. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360802608419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Karasova
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Bajgar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Center of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Kopelikova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ, Musilek K, Kuca K. A comparison of reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of newly-developed oximes (K156, K203) and commonly used oximes (obidoxime, HI-6) in cyclosarin-poisoned rats and mice. Toxicol Mech Methods 2009; 19:346-50. [DOI: 10.1080/15376510903019307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pohanka M, Jun D, Kuca K. In vitro reactivation of trichlorfon-inhibited butyrylcholinesterase using HI-6, obidoxime, pralidoxime and K048. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2009; 24:680-3. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360802328315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Center of Advanced Studies, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Center of Biological Defence, Central Military Institute of Health, Techonin, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Center of Advanced Studies, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Center of Biological Defence, Central Military Institute of Health, Techonin, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Center of Advanced Studies, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Kassa J, Karasova J, Vasina L, Bajgar J, Kuca K, Musilek K. A Comparison of neuroprotective efficacy of newly developed oximes (K203, K206) and commonly used oximes (obidoxime, HI-6) in tabun-poisoned rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2009; 32:128-38. [DOI: 10.1080/01480540802593873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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47
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ, Bajgar J, Tesarova S, Kuca K, Musilek K. Evaluation of the Neuroprotective Efficacy of Newly Developed Oximes (K206, K269) and Currently Available Oximes (Obidoxime, HI-6) in Cyclosarin-Poisoned Rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 104:228-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Kassa J, Karasova J, Musilek K, Kuca K, Bajgar J. An evaluation of reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of newly developed oximes (K206, K269) and commonly used oximes (obidoxime, HI-6) in cyclosarin-poisoned rats and mice. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 47:72-6. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650802043652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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49
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ, Pavlikova R, Misik J, Caisberger F, Bajgar J. The influence of combinations of oximes on the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of antidotal treatment of tabun poisoning in rats and mice. J Appl Toxicol 2009; 30:120-4. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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50
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Effect of several new and currently available oxime cholinesterase reactivators on tabun-intoxicated rats. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:2243-2252. [PMID: 19330072 PMCID: PMC2635617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9112243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutical efficacies of eleven oxime-based acetylcholinesterase reactivators were compared in an in vivo (rat model) study of treatment of intoxication caused by tabun. In this group there were some currently available oximes (obidoxime, trimedoxime and HI-6) and the rest were newly synthesized compounds. The best reactivation efficacy for acetylcholinesterase in blood (expressed as percent of reactivation) among the currently available oximes was observed after administration of trimedoxime (16%) and of the newly synthesized K127 (22432) (25%). The reactivation of butyrylcholinesterase in plasma was also studied; the best reactivators were trimedoxime, K117 (22435), and K127 (22432), with overall reactivation efficacies of approximately 30%. Partial protection of brain ChE against tabun inhibition was observed after administration of trimedoxime (acetylcholinesterase 20%; butyrylcholinesterase 30%) and obidoxime (acetylcholinesterase 12%; butyrylcholinesterase 16%).
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