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Kuca K, Valle da Silva JA, Nepovimova E, Pham NL, Wu W, Valis M, Wu Q, França TCC. Pralidoxime-like reactivator with increased lipophilicity - Molecular modeling and in vitro study. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 385:110734. [PMID: 37788753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) reactivators (2-PAM, trimedoxime, obidoxime, asoxime) have become an integral part of antidotal treatment in cases of nerve agent and organophosphorus (OP) pesticide poisonings. They are often referred to as specific antidotes due to their ability to restore AChE function when it has been covalently inhibited by an OP compound. Currently available commercial reactivators exhibit limited ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, where reactivation of inhibited AChE is crucial. Consequently, there have been numerous efforts to discover more brain-penetrating AChE reactivators. In this study, we examined a derivative of 2-PAM designed to possess increased lipophilicity. This enhanced lipophilicity was achieved through the incorporation of a benzyl group into its molecular structure. Initially, a molecular modeling study was conducted, followed by a comparison of its reactivation efficacy with that of 2-PAM against 10 different AChE inhibitors in vitro. Unfortunately, this relatively significant structural modification of 2-PAM resulted in a decrease in its reactivation potency. Consequently, this derivative cannot be considered as a broad-spectrum AChE reactivator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jorge Alberto Valle da Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ngoc Lam Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Wenda Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Martin Valis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Tanos Celmar Costa França
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Figueroa-Villar JD, Petronilho EC, Kuca K, Franca TCC. Review about Structure and Evaluation of Reactivators of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited with Neurotoxic Organophosphorus Compounds. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1422-1442. [PMID: 32334495 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200425213215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotoxic chemical warfare agents can be classified as some of the most dangerous chemicals for humanity. The most effective of those agents are the Organophosphates (OPs) capable of restricting the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which in turn, controls the nerve impulse transmission. When AChE is inhibited by OPs, its reactivation can be usually performed through cationic oximes. However, until today, it has not been developed one universal defense agent, with complete effective reactivation activity for AChE inhibited by any of the many types of existing neurotoxic OPs. For this reason, before treating people intoxicated by an OP, it is necessary to determine the neurotoxic compound that was used for contamination, in order to select the most effective oxime. Unfortunately, this task usually requires a relatively long time, raising the possibility of death. Cationic oximes also display a limited capacity of permeating the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). This fact compromises their capacity to reactivating AChE inside the nervous system. METHODS We performed a comprehensive search on the data about OPs available on the scientific literature today in order to cover all the main drawbacks still faced in the research for the development of effective antidotes against those compounds. RESULTS Therefore, this review about neurotoxic OPs and the reactivation of AChE, provides insights for the new agents' development. The most expected defense agent is a molecule without toxicity and effective to reactivate AChE inhibited by all neurotoxic OPs. CONCLUSION To develop these new agents, the application of diverse scientific areas of research, especially theoretical procedures as computational science (computer simulation, docking and dynamics), organic synthesis, spectroscopic methodologies, biology, biochemical and biophysical information, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology, is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Daniel Figueroa-Villar
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering, 22270- 090, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elaine C Petronilho
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering, 22270- 090, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Králové 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Tanos C C Franca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Králové 50003, Czech Republic
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Kassa J, Misik J, Hatlapatkova J, Zdarova Karasova J. A comparison of neuroprotective efficacy of two novel reactivators of acetylcholinesterase called K920 and K923 with the oxime K203 and trimedoxime in tabun-poisoned rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:236-243. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1275907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Misik
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hatlapatkova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Kassa J, Sepsova V, Horova A, Musilek K. A comparison of the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of two novel bispyridinium oximes (K920, K923) with the oxime K203 and trimedoxime in tabun-poisoned rats and mice. J Appl Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Kassa J, Hatlapatková J, Žďárová Karasová J. The Evaluation of the Potency of Newly Developed Oximes (K727, K733) and Trimedoxime to Counteract Acute Neurotoxic Effects of Tabun in Rats. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2015; 58:135-43. [PMID: 26960827 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2016.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM The ability of two newly developed oximes (K727, K733) to reduce tabun-induced acute neurotoxic signs and symptoms was evaluated and compared with currently available trimedoxime in rats. METHODS The neuroprotective effects of the oximes studied combined with atropine on Wistar rats poisoned with tabun at a lethal dose (380 µg/kg i.m.; 90% of LD50 value) were evaluated. Tabun-induced neurotoxicity was monitored by the functional observational battery consisting of 38 measurements of sensory, motor and autonomic nervous functions at 2 hours following tabun challenge. RESULTS All tested oximes combined with atropine enable tabun-poisoned rats to survive till the end of experiment. Both newly developed oximes (K727, K733) combined with atropine were able to decrease tabun-induced neurotoxicity in the case of lethal poisoning although they did not eliminate all tabun-induced acute neurotoxic signs and symptoms. CONCLUSION The ability of both novel bispyridinium oximes to decrease tabun-induced acute neurotoxicity was slightly lower than that of trimedoxime. Therefore, the newly developed oximes are not suitable for the replacement of commonly used oximes such as trimedoxime in the treatment of acute tabun poisonings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Hatlapatková
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Žďárová Karasová
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Kassa J, Sepsova V, Tumova M, Horova A, Musilek K. A Comparison of the Reactivating and Therapeutic Efficacy of Two Newly Developed Oximes (K727 and K733) with Oxime K203 and Trimedoxime in Tabun-Poisoned Rats and Mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 116:367-71. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Sepsova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Martina Tumova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Anna Horova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
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Mercey G, Verdelet T, Saint-André G, Gillon E, Wagner A, Baati R, Jean L, Nachon F, Renard PY. First efficient uncharged reactivators for the dephosphylation of poisoned human acetylcholinesterase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:5295-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc10787a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kuca K, Musilek K, Jun D, Pohanka M, Ghosh KK, Hrabinova M. Oxime K027: novel low-toxic candidate for the universal reactivator of nerve agent- and pesticide-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 25:509-12. [PMID: 20192902 DOI: 10.3109/14756360903357569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxime K027 is a low-toxic bisquaternary compound originally developed as a reactivator of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by nerve agents. The reactivation potency of K027 has been tested as a potential reactivator of AChE inhibited by tabun, sarin, cyclosarin, soman, VX, Russian VX, paraoxon, methylchlorpyrifos, and DDVP. The results show that oxime K027 reactivated AChE inhibited by almost all tested inhibitors to more than 10%, which is believed to be enough for saving the lives of intoxicated organisms. In the case of cyclosarin- and soman-inhibited AChE, oxime K027 did not reach sufficient reactivation potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kuca
- Center of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Tabun-inhibited rat tissue and blood cholinesterases and their reactivation with the combination of trimedoxime and HI-6 in vivo. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 187:287-90. [PMID: 20167212 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Up to now, intensive attempts to synthesize a universal reactivator able to reactivate cholinesterases inhibited by all types of nerve agents/organophosphates were not successful. Therefore, another approach using a combination of two reactivators differently reactivating enzyme was used: in rats poisoned with tabun and treated with combination of atropine (fixed dose) and different doses of trimedoxime and HI-6, changes of acetylcholinesterase activities (blood, diaphragm and different parts of the brain) were studied. An increase of AChE activity was observed following trimedoxime treatment depending on its dose; HI-6 had very low effect. Combination of both oximes showed potentiation of their reactivation efficacy; this potentiation was expressed for peripheral AChE (blood, diaphragm) and some parts of the brain (pontomedullar area, frontal cortex); AChE in the basal ganglia was relatively resistant. These observations suggest that the action of combination of oximes in vivo is different from that observed in vitro.
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Musilek K, Dolezal M, Gunn-Moore F, Kuca K. Design, evaluation and structure-activity relationship studies of the AChE reactivators against organophosphorus pesticides. Med Res Rev 2009; 31:548-75. [PMID: 20027669 DOI: 10.1002/med.20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs; e.g. chlorpyrifos, diazinon, paraoxon) are a wide and heterogeneous group of organophosphorus compounds. Their biological activity of inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) ranks them as life endangering agents. The necessary treatment after OPP exposure involves the use of parasympatolytics (e.g. atropine), oxime reactivators (e.g. obidoxime), and anticonvulsive drugs (e.g. diazepam). Therefore, the reactivators of AChE are essential compounds in the treatment of OPP intoxications. Commercial AChE reactivators (e.g. pralidoxime, HI-6, obidoxime, trimedoxime, methoxime) were originally developed for other members of the organophosphate family, such as nerve agents (e.g. sarin, soman, tabun, VX). Pralidoxime, HI-6, and methoxime were found to be weak reactivators of OPP-inhibited AChE. Obidoxime and trimedoxime showed satisfactory reactivation against various OPPs with minor toxicity issues. During the last two decades, the treatment of OPP exposure has become more widely discussed because of growing agricultural production, industrialization, and harmful social issues (e.g. suicides). In this review is the summarized design, evaluation, and structure-activity relationship studies of recently produced AChE reactivators. Since pralidoxime, over 300 oximes have been produced or tested against OPP poisoning, and several novel compounds show very promising abilities as comparable (or higher) to commercial oximes. Some of these are highlighted for their further testing of OPP exposure and, additionally, the main structure-activity relationship of AChE reactivators against OPP is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Musilek
- Department of Toxicology, Trebesska, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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