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Thng S, Pearson S, Mitchell LJG, Meulenbroek C, Keogh JWL. On-block mechanistic determinants of start performance in high performance swimmers. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:682-694. [PMID: 33666145 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1887342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to 1) identify what starting block outcome kinetics have the greatest relationship to 15 m start time; 2) investigate key mechanistic determinants of the block phase and how these forces are sequenced. One hundred and fifty-two high-level competitive swimmers were included in the study. Linear mixed modelling identified four on-block outcome kinetic variables (work, average power, horizontal take-off velocity (HTOV), and average acceleration) as having a very large relationship (R2 = 0.79-0.83) to 15 m start time, with average power having the most substantial impact. On-block force sequencing started with the rear leg, followed by upper limb grab forces and the front leg. Further exploration of underlying determinants was performed for average power and HTOV of the centre of mass. Multiple linear regression identified grab resultant peak force, rear resultant average force, front horizontal peak force, and resultant peak force as significant predictors of average power (R2 = 0.88). HTOV was predicted using the same variables, apart from the inclusion of rear horizontal peak force instead of rear resultant average force (R2 = 0.73). These findings may influence how strength and conditioning and skill acquisition interventions are designed to improve swim start performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Thng
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence, Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Australia
| | - Simon Pearson
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence, Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Australia
| | - Lachlan J G Mitchell
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence, Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Australia
| | - Clare Meulenbroek
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence, Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Australia
- Elite Athlete and Performer Program, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Justin W L Keogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
- Sports Performance Research Centre New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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2
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de Jesus K, de Jesus K, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP. Back plate and wedge use and individual ventral and dorsal swimming start performance: a systematic review. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:1634-1658. [PMID: 35019825 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.2016924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Individual starts for ventral and dorsal swimming events have changed. After the introduction of back plate and wedge, some studies (mainly on ventral starts) have aimed to clarify their benefits and optimal application. This systematic review is aimed at a critical appraise of the literature on the main findings for back plate and wedge usage. We explored the databases of PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science and conducted a manual search on the reference list of papers. We based our search on the quality scale of the National Health Institutes and found 25 studies that met the eligibility criteria and that scored 7.75 ± 1.18 and 8.0 ± 0.71 on fair-quality studies addressing kick and backstroke starts. Kick start has shown faster start time comparing with grab and track starts by reducing block time and increasing horizontal take-off velocity. Backstroke start using the wedge improved performance through a greater centre of mass vertical position at take-off, horizontal and vertical position at entry and underwater velocity. Swimmers have adopted technical variants of kick and backstroke start by changing block set-up and stance, which should be monitored considering anthropometrics and strength abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla de Jesus
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Human Motor Behaviour Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Kelly de Jesus
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Human Motor Behaviour Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Rudnik D, Rejman M, Machado L, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP. Does the Back Plate Position Influence Swimming Start Temporal Characteristics? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052722. [PMID: 35270414 PMCID: PMC8910538 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the back plate position impact on the block phase movement pattern and total starting performance with a distinction for sex. Thirty-eight swimmers performed starts changing the back plate position (preferred position, one position forward and one position backward), with the data being assessed using a 3D dynamometric central and a video camera. In males, the 15 m start time was 0.1 s shorter for the preferred position compared with the backward position (p < 0.05). Regardless of the back plate positioning, the swimmers spent a similar time on the block. A more forward position of the back plate postponed the rear foot take-off and consequently reduced the front foot stand duration. A back plate position effect was revealed for those variables with a larger effect size in males whereas in females, a change of about two positions was needed to reach a significance level. Probably due to the specification of physical domains, a greater impact on the changes introduced was noted for males. Therefore, whilst searching for the optimal starting position, adjustments to the back plate placement might affect a greater number of males than females. To reinforce the starting optimization during the training process and its monitoring, the effect of personal preference toward the starting block setting was also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Rudnik
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland;
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) and Porto Biomechanics, Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; (L.M.); (R.J.F.); (J.P.V.-B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marek Rejman
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Leandro Machado
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) and Porto Biomechanics, Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; (L.M.); (R.J.F.); (J.P.V.-B.)
| | - Ricardo J. Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) and Porto Biomechanics, Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; (L.M.); (R.J.F.); (J.P.V.-B.)
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) and Porto Biomechanics, Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; (L.M.); (R.J.F.); (J.P.V.-B.)
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Sakai S, Koike S, Takeda T, Sengoku Y, Homma M, Takagi H. Kinetics of four limb joints during kick-start motion in competitive swimming. Sports Biomech 2021:1-19. [PMID: 34425736 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1963465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The kick-start technique in competitive swimming generates a force acting on the starting platform owing to gravity, muscle contraction and resulting joint torque. To understand optimal body movement on the starting platform for maximising take-off velocity, it is necessary to investigate the joint torque in relation to the joint's rotation effects. Joint torques were calculated by inverse dynamics using kinetic and kinematic data. A one-way ANOVA showed significantly greater extensional torque for shoulders than for elbows or wrists, and for hips than for knees or ankles. The results indicated that the force of the hands was mainly influenced by extension torque at the shoulder joint. Hip joint extension torque on the front side lower limb (FSLL) was mainly used for supporting the body weight until hands off. After hands off, the front-foot force originated mainly by increases in ankle joint plantar flexion and knee joint extension torque on the FSLL. Rear side lower limb torque increases in the hip, knee and ankle joints provided the rear-foot force. This investigation clarified the magnitudes and functions of each joint torque acting on the extremities during the kick-start, providing practical information for improving starting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Sakai
- Faculty of Physical Education, Tokyo Women's College of Physical Education, Kunitachi, Japan
| | - Sekiya Koike
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takeda
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan
| | - Yasuo Sengoku
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Miwako Homma
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hideki Takagi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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ÖDEK U, KORKUSUZ F, KİRAZCI S. BLOCK SLOPE IS THE MAIN DETERMINANT OF BLOCK PHASE PERFORMANCE IN SWIMMING. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202127012020_0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Swimming starts are an important component for decreasing the total race time, especially in short events. In this phase of swimming, the aim is to increase performance using many different techniques and starting platforms. Objectives The effects of height and slope of the starting block on kick-start performance were assessed in this study. Methods Six male competitive swimmers performed 24 kick-starts using four block settings: 65 cm & 75 cm flat and 65 cm & 75 cm sloped. Two-dimensional kinetic and three-dimensional kinematic data were analyzed, including average and maximum horizontal/vertical forces and impulses; reaction times; movement and block times; and take-off vertical/horizontal velocities. Two-way within-subject design ANOVAs were implemented to test the effects of block height and slope on the kinetic and kinematic variables. Results Block slope was the main factor affecting most of the dependent variables. Shorter block and movement times, greater average and maximum vertical forces, vertical impulse, and maximum horizontal force were found for the sloped settings. An inverse relationship was found between block height and 0-5 m times. Conclusion Based on the results, blocks with height of 75 cm and slope of 10° provided better results in swimmers’ performance in the block phase. Level of evidence II, Therapeutic Studies -Investigating the Results of Treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Uğur ÖDEK
- Nevsehir Hacı Bektas Veli University, Turkey
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van Dijk MP, Beek PJ, van Soest AJK. Predicting dive start performance from kinematic variables at water entry in (sub-)elite swimmers. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241345. [PMID: 33125412 PMCID: PMC7598512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The dive start is an important component of competitive swimming, especially at shorter race distances. Previous research has suggested that start performance depends on kinematic variables pertaining to the swimmer at water entry, notably the distance from the block, the horizontal velocity of the centre of mass and the angle between body and water surface. However, the combined and relative contributions of these variables to start performance remain to be determined. The aim of the present study was therefore to develop a model to predict start performance (time from take-off to reaching the 15-m line) from a set of kinematic variables that collectively define the swimmer’s entry state. To obtain an appropriate database for this purpose, fifteen well-trained, (sub-)elite swimmers performed dive starts under different instructions intended to induce substantial variation in entry state. Kinematic data were extracted from video recordings of these starts, optimised and analysed statistically. A mixed effects analysis of the relation between entry state and start performance was conducted, which revealed a significant and robust dependence of start performance on entry state (χ2(3) = 88, p < .001), explaining 86.1% of the variance. Start time was reduced by 0.6 s (p < .001) when the horizontal displacement at water entry was 1 m further, by 0.3 s (p < .001) when the horizontal velocity of the centre of mass was 1 m/s higher, and by 0.5 s (p < .01) when the entry angle was 1 radian flatter. The robustness of the analysis was confirmed by a similar mixed effects analysis of the relation between entry state and time to the 5-m line. In conclusion, dive start performance can be predicted to a considerable extent from the swimmer’s state at water entry. The implications of those findings for studying and improving block phase kinetics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit P. van Dijk
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter J. Beek
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. J. Knoek van Soest
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Karpiński J, Rejdych W, Brzozowska D, Gołaś A, Sadowski W, Swinarew AS, Stachura A, Gupta S, Stanula A. The effects of a 6-week core exercises on swimming performance of national level swimmers. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227394. [PMID: 32866148 PMCID: PMC7458297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a 6-week specialized training program aimed at strengthening core muscles to improve the effectiveness of selected elements of a swimming race on a group of Polish swimmers. Sixteen male national level swimmers (21.6 ± 2.2 years) participated in the research. The competitors were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups before the data collection process: an experimental (EG, n = 8) and a control (CG, n = 8) group. Both groups of swimmers underwent the same training program in the water environment (volume and intensity), while swimmers from the EG additionally performed specific core muscle training. The task of the swimmers was an individual front crawl swim of 50 m, during which the kinematic parameters of the start jump, turn and swimming techniques were recorded using a video camera system. In both groups, a minor increase in the flight phase was observed at the start (EG = 0.06 m, 1.8%; p = 0.088; CG = 0.08 m, 2.7%; p = 0.013). The time to cover a distance of 5 m after the turn and the recorded average speed in swimming this distance for the EG statistically significantly improved by 0.1 s (-28.6%; p < 0.001) and 3.56 m∙s-1 (23.2%; p = 0.001), respectively. In the EG, a statistically significant improvement in 50 m front crawl swimming performance of 0.3 s (-1.2%, p = 0.001) was observed. The results of the research show that the implementation of isolated strengthening of the stabilizing muscles seems to be a valuable addition to the standard training of swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Karpiński
- Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Rejdych
- Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dominika Brzozowska
- Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Artur Gołaś
- Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Sadowski
- Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Alicja Stachura
- Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Subir Gupta
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of West Indies, Cave Hill, Wanstead, Barbados
| | - Arkadiusz Stanula
- Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
- * E-mail:
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8
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Relationships Between Dry-land Resistance Training and Swim Start Performance and Effects of Such Training on the Swim Start: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2019; 49:1957-1973. [PMID: 31493205 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The swim start requires an explosive muscular response of the lower body musculature to effectively initiate movement off the starting blocks. There are currently key gaps in the literature evaluating the relationship between dry-land resistance training and swim start performance and the effects of this training on swim start performance, as assessed by the time to 5, 10 or 15 m. OBJECTIVES The aims of this systematic review were to critically appraise the current literature on (1) the acute relationship between dry-land resistance training and swim start performance and (2) the acute and chronic effects of dry-land resistance training on swim start performance. METHODS An electronic search using AusportMed, Embase, Medline (Ovid), SPORTDiscus and Web of Science was performed. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale (NOS) (cross-sectional studies) and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale (intervention studies). RESULTS Sixteen studies met the eligibility criteria, although the majority did not utilise the starting blocks or technique currently used in elite swimming. Swim start performance was near perfectly related (r > 0.90) to vertical bodyweight jumps and jump height. Post-activation potentiation and plyometrics were found to produce significant improvements in acute and chronic swim start performance, respectively. CONCLUSION While there appears to be strong evidence supporting the use of plyometric exercises such as vertical jumps for monitoring and improving swim start performance, future studies need to replicate these findings using current starting blocks and techniques and compare the chronic effects of a variety of resistance training programmes.
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Peterson Silveira R, Stergiou P, Figueiredo P, Castro FDS, Katz L, Stefanyshyn DJ. Key determinants of time to 5 m in different ventral swimming start techniques. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:1317-1326. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1486460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Peterson Silveira
- School of Physical Education, Aquatic Sports Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pro Stergiou
- Centre for Video and Performance Analysis, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Flávio de S. Castro
- School of Physical Education, Aquatic Sports Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Larry Katz
- Sport Technology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Kinematics Research Progress of Swim-start on the New Start Block. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.5334/paah.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Higgs AJ, Pease DL, Sanders RH. Relationships between kinematics and undulatory underwater swimming performance. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:995-1003. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1208836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison J. Higgs
- Movement Science, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australia
| | - David L. Pease
- Movement Science, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australia
| | - Ross H. Sanders
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia
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Veiga S, Roig A. Effect of the starting and turning performances on the subsequent swimming parameters of elite swimmers. Sports Biomech 2016; 16:34-44. [PMID: 27241626 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2016.1179782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present research, we examined the effect of the starting and turning performances on the subsequent swimming parameters by (1) comparing the starting and turning velocities with the swimming parameters on the emersion and mid-pool segments and (2) by relating the individual behaviour of swimmers during the start and turns with subsequent behaviour on each swimming lap. One hundred and twelve 100 m performances on the FINA 2013 World Swimming Championships were analysed by an image-processing system (InThePool 2.0®). At the point of the start emersion, the swimming parameters of the 100-m elite swimmers were substantially greater than the mid-pool parameters, except on the breaststroke races. On the other hand, no diminution in the swimming parameters was observed between the turn emersion and the mid-pool swimming, except on the butterfly and backstroke male races. Changes on the surface swimming kinematics were not generally related to the starting or turning parameters, although male swimmers who develop faster starts seem to achieve faster velocities at emersion. Race analysts should be aware of a transfer of momentum when swimmers emerge from underwater with implications on the subsequent swimming kinematics, especially for male swimmers who employ underwater undulatory techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Veiga
- a Madrid Swimming Federation , Madrid , Spain.,b Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Health and Human Performance Department , Technical University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Andreu Roig
- c Biomechanics Department , High Performance Centre , Sant Cugat del Vallés , Spain
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Takeda T, Sakai S, Takagi H, Okuno K, Tsubakimoto S. Contribution of hand and foot force to take-off velocity for the kick-start in competitive swimming. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:565-571. [PMID: 27149652 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1180417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the hand and foot reaction force recorded independently while performing the kick-start technique. Eleven male competitive swimmers performed three trials for the kick-start with maximum effort. Three force platforms (main block, backplate and handgrip) were used to measure reaction forces during starting motion. Force impulses from the hands, front foot and rearfoot were calculated via time integration. During the kick-start, the vertical impulse from the front foot was significantly higher than that from the rearfoot and the horizontal impulse from the rearfoot was significantly higher than that from the front foot. The force impulse from the front foot was dominant for generating vertical take-off velocity and the force impulse from the rearfoot was dominant for horizontal take-off velocity. The kick-start's shorter block time in comparison to prior measurements of the grab start was explained by the development of horizontal reaction force from the hands and the rearfoot at the beginning of the starting motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Takeda
- a School of Health and Sports Science , Juntendo University , Inzai , Japan
| | - Shin Sakai
- b Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences , University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - Hideki Takagi
- c Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences , University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - Keisuke Okuno
- d School of Sport Sciences , Waseda University , Tokorozawa , Japan
| | - Shozo Tsubakimoto
- c Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences , University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Japan
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15
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Formicola D, Rainoldi A. A kinematic analysis to evaluate the start techniques’ efficacy in swimming. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-014-0207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Phases of the swim-start in Paralympic swimmers are influenced by severity and type of disability. J Appl Biomech 2014; 30:643-8. [PMID: 25010477 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2013-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Disabilities in Paralympic swimming could impact a swimmer's ability to execute an effective swim-start. We examined how swim-start performance differed between severity and type of physical disability. Swim-starts were measured in 55 elite Paralympic swimmers from eight different Paralympic classes; S14, S13, S10-S6, S3 grouped as no- (classes S13 & S14), low- (S9 & S10), mid- (S7 & S8) or high- (≤ S6) severity of physical disability and also by type of physical disability (upper, lower, and palsy) to provide meaningful comparisons. The swimmer's competitive level was determined by the international point score (IPS). Swimmers with no physical disability were significantly faster in most swim-start phases compared with those with physical disabilities, as were swimmers with low-severity disabilities compared with the mid- and high-severity groups. Block velocity was highly negatively correlated (r = -0.57 to -0.86) with 15-m swimming time for all groups except high-severity disabilities. Free-swim velocity is a priority area for improving swim-starts for swimmers regardless of disability, given large correlations between this measure and IPS. Swimmers with lower body or high-severity disabilities spent a smaller percentage of time overall in the underwater phase. Assessment of four specific phases of the swim-start highlight distinctive priorities for coaches working with Paralympic swimmers in an applied biomechanical manner.
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Veiga S, Cala A, G. Frutos P, Navarro E. Comparison of starts and turns of national and regional level swimmers by individualized-distance measurements. Sports Biomech 2014; 13:285-95. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2014.910265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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The effect of different kick start positions on OMEGA OSB11 blocks on free swimming time to 15m in developmental level swimmers. Hum Mov Sci 2014; 34:178-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Takeda T, Itoi O, Takagi H, Tsubakimoto S. Kinematic analysis of the backstroke start: differences between backstroke specialists and non-specialists. J Sports Sci 2013; 32:635-41. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.845678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Slawson SE, Conway PP, Cossor J, Chakravorti N, West AA. The categorisation of swimming start performance with reference to force generation on the main block and footrest components of the Omega OSB11 start blocks. J Sports Sci 2013; 31:468-78. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.736631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Influence of Angles of Attack, Frequency and Kick Amplitude on Swimmer’s Horizontal Velocity During Underwater Phase of a Grab Start. J Appl Biomech 2013; 29:49-54. [DOI: 10.1123/jab.29.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The underwater phase of starts represents an important part of the performance in sprint swimming’s events. Kinematics variables that swimmers have to take into account to improve their underwater phase of starts are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the kinematics variables that improve performance during the underwater phase of grab starts. A three-dimensional analysis of the underwater phase of ten swimmers of national level was conducted. Stepwise multiple linear regressions identified the main kinematics variables that influence the horizontal velocity of the swimmer each 0.5 m in the range of 5 to 7.5 m. The results show that the kinematics parameters change during the range of 5 to 7.5 m of the underwater phase of the starts. For this population of swimmers, the results enable proposals of four principles to improve the underwater phase: i) to be streamlined at the beginning of the underwater gliding phase, ii) to start the dolphin kicking after 6 m, iii) to generate propulsive forces using only feet and legs during underwater undulatory swimming, iv) to improve the frequency of underwater undulatory swimming.
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Slawson S, Conway P, Cossor J, Chakravorti N, Le-Sage T, West A. The effect of start block configuration and swimmer kinematics on starting performance in elite swimmers using the Omega OSB11 block. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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The Influence of Swimming Start Components for Selected Olympic and Paralympic Swimmers. J Appl Biomech 2010; 26:134-41. [DOI: 10.1123/jab.26.2.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the components of the 15-m swimming start for 20 international male Olympic and Paralympic swimmers. The time, distance, and velocity components for freestyle swimming were measured. There were significantly (p < .05) different absolute and relative swim start measures among the swimming groups. Using stepwise regression three variables significantly influenced the start to 15-m time: (i) underwater velocity, (ii) free swim velocity, and (iii) whether the swimmer had cerebral palsy. This new knowledge provides useful information for swimmers and coaches on which components to prioritize, along with the practical applications of improving the streamline position to increase underwater velocity and to ensure that the transition from underwater to surface breakout occurs at the optimal time for maximum free swim velocity.
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