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Lindsay C, Crowther R, Middleton K, Clark B, Warmenhoven J, Spratford W. Inter- and intra-athlete technique variability of conventional new ball swing bowling in elite and pre-elite Australian male fast bowlers. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:708-719. [PMID: 38861612 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2361598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate inter- and intra-athlete technique variability in pre-elite and elite Australian fast bowlers delivering new ball conventional swing bowling. Ball grip angle and pelvis, torso, shoulder, elbow, wrist, upper arm, forearm, and hand kinematics were investigated at the point of ball release for inswing and outswing deliveries. Descriptive evaluations of group and individual data and k-means cluster analyses were used to assess inter- and intra-bowler technique variability. Inter-athlete technique and ball grip variability were identified, demonstrating that skilled bowlers use individualised strategies to generate swing. Functional movement variability was demonstrated by intra-athlete variability in successful swing bowling trials. Bowlers demonstrated stable technique parameters in large proximal body segments of the pelvis and torso, providing a level of repeatability to their bowling action. Greater variation was observed in bowling arm kinematics, allowing athletes to manipulate the finger and ball position to achieve the desired seam orientation at the point of ball release. This study demonstrates that skilled bowlers use individualised techniques and grips to generate swing and employ technique variations in successive deliveries. Coaches should employ individualised training strategies and use constraints-led approaches in training environments to encourage bowlers to seek adaptive movement solutions to generate swing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Lindsay
- Exercise Science and Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Rian Crowther
- Cricket Australia, National Cricket Centre, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Sport, Student Services and Wellbeing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kane Middleton
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brad Clark
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - John Warmenhoven
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wayne Spratford
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Ferdinands RED, Doljin B, Fuss FK. Identification, Taxonomy and Performance Assessment of Type 1 and Type 2 Spin Bowling Deliveries with a Smart Cricket Ball. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8012. [PMID: 37766065 PMCID: PMC10536624 DOI: 10.3390/s23188012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Spin bowling deliveries in cricket, finger spin and wrist spin, are usually (Type 1, T1) performed with forearm supination and pronation, respectively, but can also be executed with opposite movements (Type 2, T2), specifically forearm pronation and supination, respectively. The aim of this study is to identify the differences between T1 and T2 using an advanced smart cricket ball, as well as to assess the dynamics of T1 and T2. With the hand aligned to the ball's coordinate system, the angular velocity vector, specifically the x-, y- and z-components of its unit vector and its yaw and pitch angles, were used to identify time windows where T1 and T2 deliveries were clearly separated. Such a window was found 0.44 s before the peak torque, and maximum separation was achieved when plotting the y-component against the z-component of the unit vector, or the yaw angle against the pitch angle. In terms of physical performance, T1 deliveries are easier to bowl than T2; in terms of skill performance, wrist spin deliveries are easier to bowl than finger spin. Because the smart ball allows differentiation between T1 and T2 deliveries, it is an ideal tool for talent identification and improving performance through more efficient training.
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Affiliation(s)
- René E D Ferdinands
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2141, Australia
| | - Batdelger Doljin
- Smart Products Engineering Program, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Franz Konstantin Fuss
- Chair of Biomechanics, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Division of Biomechatronics, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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Jamil M, Harkness A, Mehta S, Phatak A, Memmert D, Beato M. Investigating the impact age has on within-over and death bowling performances in international level 50-over cricket. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:171-180. [PMID: 34323625 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1954515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this investigation were to determine if ageing effects were present in elite international level cricket. Ball-by-ball data were analysed for 96 bowlers in the 50-Over World Cup 2019. Bowlers were categorized into 1 of 3 age groups GROUP 1 (18-24), GROUP 2 (25-31) and GROUP 3 (32+). Ordinal Logistic Regressions (OLR) and Multinomial Logistic Regressions (MLR) were conducted to estimate the relationship between age and bowling performances. OLR Results revealed that younger bowlers were significantly more likely to concede a greater number of runs on the last ball of their overs than their older counterparts (p = 0.001). A separate MLR analysis was conducted for those bowlers entrusted to bowl during the "death" phase of an innings, and results revealed that GROUP 2 bowlers were significantly more likely to take wickets than either GROUP 1 (p = 0.021) or GROUP 3 (p = 0.022) bowlers. The evidence indicates that wicket taking "death bowlers" will likely perform at their peak between the ages of 25-31, which could inform the bowling strategy of team captains. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that younger bowlers are not as skilled as their older counterparts at restricting runs conceded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Jamil
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Abigail Harkness
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Saumya Mehta
- Institute of Training and Computer Science in Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ashwin Phatak
- Institute of Training and Computer Science in Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Training and Computer Science in Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
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Mehta S, Phatak A, Memmert D, Kerruish S, Jamil M. Seam or swing? Identifying the most effective type of bowling variation for fast bowlers in men's international 50-over cricket. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1587-1591. [PMID: 35759534 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2094140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 13,176 balls bowled by international level fast bowlers were analysed in order to investigate the relationship between the types of delivery and their effectiveness. The results of Chi-Squared analyses revealed significant associations between the type of delivery and runs conceded (p < 0.001) as well as wickets taken (p < 0.001). Seam movement was revealed to be more effective than swing bowling at both producing dot balls and taking wickets. Specifically, balls that 'seam-away" were revealed to be the most effective for bowling dots and "seam-in" for taking wickets. The "away-swinger" resulted in significantly greater than expected dot balls as did the "in-swinger" but only the in-swinger resulted in significantly greater than expected wickets. Both the "off-cutter" and "slower-balls" were revealed to result in significantly fewer than expected dot balls but significantly greater than expected wickets, implying bowlers must assess for themselves the risk versus reward of these two types of variation. Balls with no-movement were revealed to have no significant relationship with runs conceded, but did result in significantly fewer than expected wickets. Evidence suggests that lateral movement is crucial to bowling success with seam movement revealed to be more effective than swing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Mehta
- Institute of Training and Computer Science in Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ashwin Phatak
- Institute of Training and Computer Science in Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Training and Computer Science in Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Samuel Kerruish
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Mikael Jamil
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
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Nicholson G, Jongerius N, Tucker CB, Thomas A, Merlino S, Bissas A. The Association Between Hip-Shoulder Separation Angles and Technique Characteristics in World-Class High Jumpers. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:873526. [PMID: 35694322 PMCID: PMC9174587 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.873526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hip-shoulder separation (H-Ssep) has been widely researched in many sporting activities (e.g., golf) to provide information on the contribution of torso rotation to performance and injury. Although it is necessary for high jumpers to generate significant long-axis rotation to successfully clear the bar, limited information exists on H-Ssep for high jump athletes. As such, this study aimed to (a) characterize the H-Ssep of world-class high jump athletes during competition, (b) determine if differences exist between male and female athletes and (c) to examine the relationship between H-Ssep and the biomechanical parameters used to describe high jump technique. Twenty-nine world-class high jumpers (17 males, 12 females) were video recorded (frame rate: 120–200 Hz) during the 2017 and 2018 World Athletics Championship finals. H-Ssep was quantified at touchdown (TD) and take-off (TO) following manual digitizing (SIMI motion) and a number of other common biomechanical parameters were computed. The observed levels of H-Ssep at TD (−46±12°) and TO (16 ±11°) were in line with those reported previously for other sports. The magnitude of H-Ssep varied between individuals and showed significant associations with other approach and take-off characteristics. Significant differences in H-Ssep were not evident between male and female athletes despite significant differences in other performance- and technique-related parameters. These findings highlight the divergent take-off characteristics of world-class performers and their reliance on hip-shoulder interactions when generating long axis rotation. Coaches should be mindful of the mechanical and physical consequences of H-Ssep when developing technical models, conditioning interventions and coaching strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Nicholson
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Gareth Nicholson
| | - Nils Jongerius
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- European School of Physiotherapy, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Aaron Thomas
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Merlino
- International Relations & Development Department, World Athletics, Monte Carlo, Monaco
| | - Athanassios Bissas
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Athletics Biomechanics, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
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Fuss FK, Doljin B, Ferdinands RED. Mobile Computing with a Smart Cricket Ball: Discovery of Novel Performance Parameters and Their Practical Application to Performance Analysis, Advanced Profiling, Talent Identification and Training Interventions of Spin Bowlers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6942. [PMID: 34696156 PMCID: PMC8539324 DOI: 10.3390/s21206942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Profiling of cricket bowlers is performed with motion analyses systems that require the placement of markers on the bowler's body and on the ball. Conventional smart balls such as cricket and baseballs provide only one speed and one spin rate datum at the release point, which is insufficient for biomechanical profiling. METHOD In this study, we used an advanced smart cricket ball that measures the angular velocity at 815 Hz and calculates four further physical performance parameters (resultant torque, spin torque, power and angular acceleration) and five new skill parameters (precession, normalised precession, precession torque, efficiency and ratio of angular acceleration to spin rate), which we used for profiling and talent identification of spin bowlers. RESULTS The results showed that the spin rate is a function of physical (torque) and skill proficiency, namely how efficiently the torque is converted to angular velocity rather than being wasted for precession. The kind of delivery also influences the efficiency, as finger-spin deliveries were less efficient than wrist-spin ones by 6.8% on average; and topspin deliveries were generally more efficient than backspin ones by 15% on average. We tested three bowlers in terms of physical and skill performance during a 10-over spell, revealing that some parameters can improve or decline. When profiling a topspinner, we detected from the performance parameters a lower skill performance than expected, because there was an initial arm motion for backspin delivery before releasing the ball with a topspin. After training intervention, the skill parameters improved significantly (the efficiency increased from 39% to 59%). CONCLUSIONS The advanced smart cricket ball is a classic example of mobile computing for sport performance analysis that can conducted indoors as well as outdoors, generating instant data from 10 performance parameters that provide critical feedback to the coach and bowler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Konstantin Fuss
- Chair of Biomechanics, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Batdelger Doljin
- Smart Products Engineering Program, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
| | - René E. D. Ferdinands
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2141, Australia;
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Lindsay C, Spratford W. Bowling action and ball flight kinematics of conventional swing bowling in pathway and high-performance bowlers. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1650-1659. [PMID: 32310013 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1754717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
When executed correctly, swing bowling has the potential to influence the outcome of a cricket match, yet little is known about the required bowling action and ball flight characteristics. This study aimed to describe the bowling action and initial ball flight characteristics as well as to identify variables that may be associated with increased swing in pathway and high-performance medium and fast pace bowlers. A 17-camera Vicon motion analysis system captured retro-reflective markers placed on the upper-body of participants and new cricket balls to quantify bowling action and initial ball flight kinematics. Bowlers delivered the ball with their forearm and hand angled in the direction of intended swing with an extended wrist flexing through the point of ball release. Bowlers who produced more swing had increased seam stability, possibly linked to a lower wrist and ball angular velocity. It is believed that swing increases with seam stability, however, optimal ranges may exist for seam azimuth angle, ball angular velocity and release speed. These findings may assist coaches to optimise the performance of bowlers, however, future research should use bowlers who play at higher levels to investigate swing bowling at greater speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Lindsay
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra , Australia.,Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra , Australia
| | - Wayne Spratford
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra , Australia.,Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra , Australia
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Spratford W, Elliott B, Portus M, Brown N, Alderson J. The influence of upper-body mechanics, anthropometry and isokinetic strength on performance in wrist-spin cricket bowling. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:280-287. [PMID: 31766951 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1696265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Delivering a cricket ball with a wrist-spin (WS) bowling technique is considered one of the game's most difficult skills. Limited biomechanical information exists for WS bowlers across skill levels. The purpose of this study was to compare biomechanical, isokinetic strength and anthropometric measures between elite (12) and pathway bowlers (eight). Data were collected using a motion analysis system, dynamometer and a level-two anthropometrist. A regression analysis identified that performance was best explained by increased wrist radial deviation torque and longitudinal axis rotational moments at the shoulder and wrist. From back foot impact (BFI) to ball release (BR), elite bowlers rotated their trunks less, experienced less trunk deceleration resulting in a more front-on position and increased pelvis rotation angular velocity. They also displayed an increased shoulder internal rotation moment as the upper arm moved from external into internal rotation and was a major contributor in the subsequent differences observed in the distal segments of the bowling limb. Anthropometric differences were observed at the wrist and finger joints and may be used to form the basis for talent identification programmes. This study highlights the important contribution to bowling performance of the musculature responsible for producing long axis rotations of the bowling limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Spratford
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, ACT, Canberra, Australia.,Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, ACT, Canberra, Australia
| | - Bruce Elliott
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Marc Portus
- Praxis Performance Group, Canberra, Australia
| | - Nicholas Brown
- Australian Institute of Sport, University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE) Movement Science, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Alderson
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Feros SA, Spratford W, Platt N, Twomey DM. Cricket spin bowling remains in its biomechanical infancy. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:1040. [PMID: 28756178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Feros
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia.
| | - Wayne Spratford
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Nicholas Platt
- Faculty of Health, Federation University Australia, Australia
| | - Dara M Twomey
- Faculty of Health, Federation University Australia, Australia
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Beach AJ, Ferdinands RED, Sinclair PJ. The relationship between segmental kinematics and ball spin in Type-2 cricket spin bowling. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1127-1134. [PMID: 28749751 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1358460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The techniques of spin bowling in cricket have been largely formulated from the collective intuitions of past players. A standard model of bowling technique has been generally prescribed for both off-spin and leg-spin bowlers, but there has been no biomechanics research to validate this approach. This study measured 20 Type-2 off-spin and 15 Type-2 leg-spin bowlers using a 3D Cortex motion analysis system. Correlation coefficients between segmental kinematic variables and spin rate in the off-spin and leg-spin bowlers revealed that off-spin bowling was associated with an earlier movement time of the thorax, whereas leg-spin bowling was associated with a greater magnitude and earlier movement time of pelvis rotation, as well as a greater magnitude of pelvis-shoulder separation movement. The maximum velocity of rear hip flexion differentiated between both groups of bowlers. The GLM suggested that for off-spinners, rear hip flexion velocity significantly explained the variance in spin rate (subject to sequential timing constraints), while for leg-spinners, the time of maximum rear hip flexion and maximum arm circumduction velocity significantly explained variance in spin rate. This study supports the notion that off-spinners and leg-spinners have significant differences in their joint kinematics, and should not be coached under a one-size-fits-all technical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Beach
- a Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - René E D Ferdinands
- a Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Peter J Sinclair
- a Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
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Spratford W, Whiteside D, Elliott B, Portus M, Brown N, Alderson J. Does performance level affect initial ball flight kinematics in finger and wrist-spin cricket bowlers? J Sports Sci 2017; 36:651-659. [PMID: 28532284 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1329547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Spin bowling plays a fundamental role within the game of cricket yet little is known about the initial ball kinematics in elite and pathway spin bowlers or their relationship to performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to record three-dimensional ball kinematics in a large and truly high level cohort of elite and pathway finger-spin (FS) and wrist-spin (WS) bowlers, identifying potential performance measures that can be subsequently used in future research. A 22-camera Vicon motion analysis system captured retro-reflective markers placed on the seam (static) and ball (dynamic) to quantify ball kinematics in 36 FS (12 elite and 24 pathway) and 20 WS (eight elite and 12 pathway) bowlers. Results indicated that FS bowlers delivered the ball with an increased axis of rotation elevation, while wrist-spin bowlers placed greater amounts of revolutions on the ball. It also highlighted that ball release (BR) velocity, revolutions and velocity/revolution index scores for both groups and seam stability for FS bowlers, and seam azimuth angle and spin axis elevation angle for WS bowlers, were discriminators of playing level. As such these variables could be used as indicators of performance (i.e. performance measures) in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Spratford
- a University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra , ACT , Canberra , Australia.,b Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health , University of Canberra , ACT , Canberra , Australia
| | - David Whiteside
- c Game Insight Group , Tennis Australia , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Bruce Elliott
- d School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health , The University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - Marc Portus
- e Movement Science , Australian Institute of Sport , Canberra , Australia
| | - Nicholas Brown
- e Movement Science , Australian Institute of Sport , Canberra , Australia
| | - Jacqueline Alderson
- d School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health , The University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
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