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Scott M, Elsworthy N, Brackley V, Elipot M, Kean CO. Agreement between an automated video-based system and tethered system to measure instantaneous swimming velocity. Sports Biomech 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39145738 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2024.2388572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Successful performance in competitive swimming requires a swimmer to maximise propulsion and minimise drag, which can be assessed using instantaneous swimming velocity. Many systems exist to quantify velocity, and therefore, it is important to understand the agreement between systems. This study examined the agreement between an automated video-based system and a tethered system to measure instantaneous velocity. Twenty-two competitive swimmers (state level or higher) completed 25 m of each stroke at maximal intensity. The tethered speedometer was attached to the swimmer's waist, while videos of each trial were recorded. The swimmer's head was then automatically tracked using proprietary software, and instantaneous velocity was determined from each system. Bland-Altman plots showed good agreement between the two systems in backstroke (95% Limits of Agreement (LOA): -0.24-0.26 m.s-1) and freestyle (95% LOA: -0.36-0.38 m.s-1) but poorer agreement in butterfly (95% LOA: -0.51-0.53 m.s-1) and breaststroke (95% LOA: -0.88-0.92 m.s-1). The root mean square error was higher in butterfly (0.27 m.s-1) and breaststroke (0.46 m.s-1) compared to backstroke (0.13 m.s-1) and freestyle (0.19 m.s-1). Results demonstrated that the two systems are comparable for measuring instantaneous swimming velocity; however, larger discrepancies are evident for butterfly and breaststroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Scott
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Mackay, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan Elsworthy
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Mackay, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Marc Elipot
- Swimming Insight, Swimming Australia, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Crystal O Kean
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Mackay, Queensland, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Morais JE, Barbosa TM, Arellano R, Silva AJ, Sampaio T, Oliveira JP, Marinho DA. Race analysis in swimming: understanding the evolution of publications, citations and networks through a bibliometric review. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1413182. [PMID: 38939752 PMCID: PMC11208481 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1413182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a scoping and bibliometric review of swimming articles related to race analysis. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to identify relevant studies. Articles on race analysis in swimming published between 1984 and December 31, 2023 were retrieved from the Web of Science database. 366 records were screened and a total of 74 articles were retained for analysis. Until 2012, there were some time intervals with no or few publications. From 2012, there was a clear upward trend in publications and citations. This theme was led by the United States of America, Australia, and Spain. Australia and Spain maintain their status as the countries with the most publications. The analysis of author collaborations revealed two clusters with Spanish authors, and the remaining clusters are composed of Portuguese, Swiss, and Australian authors. With this bibliometric review, it has been possible to understand the evolution of the articles published on race analysis in swimming, the countries and the authors that have contributed most to this topic over the years. The prediction model shows that the number of articles and citations on this topic will continue to increase over the next 10 years (until 2034).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E. Morais
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing (LiveWell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing (LiveWell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Raul Arellano
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - António J. Silva
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Sampaio
- Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing (LiveWell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - João P. Oliveira
- Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing (LiveWell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel A. Marinho
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Morais JE, Barbosa TM, Gomeñuka NA, Marinho DA. Effects of anthropometrics, thrust, and drag on stroke kinematics and 100 m performance of young swimmers using path-analysis modeling. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14578. [PMID: 38389142 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to understand the interactions between anthropometric, kinetic, and kinematic variables and how they determine the 100 m freestyle performance in young swimmers. Twenty-five adolescent swimmers (15 male and 10 female, aged 15.75 ± 1.01 years) who regularly participated in regional and national competitions were recruited. The 100 m freestyle performance was chosen as the variable to be predicted. A series of anthropometric (hand surface area-HSA), kinetic (thrust and active drag coefficient (CDA )), and kinematic (stroke length (SL); stroke frequency (SF), and swimming speed) variables were measured. Structural equation modeling (via path analysis) was used to develop and test the model. The initial model predicted performance with 90.1% accuracy. All paths were significant (p < 0.05) except the thrust-SL. After deleting this non-significant path (thrust-SL) and recalculating, the model goodness-of-fit improved and all paths were significant (p < 0.05). The predicted performance was 90.2%. Anthropometrics had significant effects on kinetics, which had significant effects on kinematics, and consequently on the 100 m freestyle performance. The cascade of interactions based on this path-flow model allowed for a meaningful prediction of the 100 m freestyle performance. Based on these results, coaches and swimmers should be aware that the swimming predictors can first meaningfully interact with each other to ultimately predict the 100 m freestyle performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Morais
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing (LiveWell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Tiago M Barbosa
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing (LiveWell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Natalia A Gomeñuka
- Research Department of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica de las Misiones (UCAMI), Posadas, Argentina
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
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Raineteau Y, Nicolas G, Bideau B, Bideau N, Pla R. Associations between load-velocity profiling and race parameters of elite swimmers in the 100 and 200m freestyle events. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1326106. [PMID: 38162699 PMCID: PMC10757606 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1326106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Improving swimming performance involves assessments of biomechanical variables of the stroke, and it can be achieved using semi-tethered swimming tests. The aim of this study was thus to investigate the associations between load-velocity (L-V) profiles, from a semi-tethered swimming protocol and race variables in the 100 m and 200 m freestyle events. Methods Eight swimmers completed a L-V profiling protocol consisting of four sprints (25 m, 25 m, 20 m, 15 m) against increasing loads (0.1, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 kg respectively) with complete recovery between repetitions (>5 min). The L-V linear regression was used to estimate maximal velocity (V0) and body mass normalized load (rL0). Race variables such as clean swimming speed (V), stroke rate (SR), distance per cycle (SL) and stroke index (SI) were assessed from video analysis of 100 m and 200 m freestyle events taking place 3-4 days after the L-V protocol. Results L-V results showed high levels of speed (mean ± SD: 1.87 ± 0.04 m/s) and heavy maximal relative loads (mean ± SD: 38.5 ± 6.51 as % of body mass). Swimmers also achieved high-level performances in the 100 m (mean ± SD time: 51.95 ± 0.75 s) and the 200 m (mean ± SD time: 113.85 ± 2.67 s). For the 100 m events, the maximal relative load showed strong correlation with performance (r = 0.63) whereas trivial correlation was observed for the 200 m events (r = 0.12). SR on the 100 m and the 200 m also showed very strong association with rL0 (r = 0.83) and a strong association with V0 (r = 0.68) respectively. Conclusion The relationships between L-V variables and race variables depend on the distance of the event. However, L-V variables seem to be less related to SR and SL evolutions for the 100 m than in the 200 m event. Moreover, L-V profiles tend to be more related to the 100 m than 200 m freestyle performance. L-V profile should be interpreted taking into consideration the specific physiological and biomechanical constraints of the main events of the swimmer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis Raineteau
- M2S Laboratory—Laboratoire Mouvement Sport Santé, Université Rennes 2, Rennes, France
- Optimization service, Fédération Française de Natation, Clichy, France
| | - Guillaume Nicolas
- M2S Laboratory—Laboratoire Mouvement Sport Santé, Université Rennes 2, Rennes, France
- MIMETIC-Team, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
| | - Benoit Bideau
- M2S Laboratory—Laboratoire Mouvement Sport Santé, Université Rennes 2, Rennes, France
- MIMETIC-Team, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Bideau
- M2S Laboratory—Laboratoire Mouvement Sport Santé, Université Rennes 2, Rennes, France
- MIMETIC-Team, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
| | - Robin Pla
- Optimization service, Fédération Française de Natation, Clichy, France
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Mujika I, Pyne DB, Wu PPY, Ng K, Crowley E, Powell C. Next-Generation Models for Predicting Winning Times in Elite Swimming Events: Updated Predictions for the Paris 2024 Olympic Games. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1269-1274. [PMID: 37487585 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate statistical models developed for predicting medal-winning performances for international swimming events and generate updated performance predictions for the Paris 2024 Olympic Games. METHODS The performance of 2 statistical models developed for predicting international swimming performances was evaluated. The first model employed linear regression and forecasting to examine performance trends among medal winners, finalists, and semifinalists over an 8-year period. A machine-learning algorithm was used to generate time predictions for each individual event for the Paris 2024 Olympic Games. The second model was a Bayesian framework and comprised an autoregressive term (the previous winning time), moving average (past 3 events), and covariates for stroke, gender, distance, and type of event (World Championships vs Olympic Games). To examine the accuracy of the predictions from both models, the mean absolute error was determined between the predicted times for the Budapest 2022 World Championships and the actual results from said championships. RESULTS The mean absolute error for prediction of swimming performances was 0.80% for the linear-regression machine-learning model and 0.85% for the Bayesian model. The predicted times and actual times from the Budapest 2022 World Championships were highly correlated (r = .99 for both approaches). CONCLUSIONS These models, and associated predictions for swimming events at the Paris 2024 Olympic Games, provide an evidence-based performance framework for coaches, sport-science support staff, and athletes to develop and evaluate training plans, strategies, and tactics, as well as informing resource allocation to athletes, based on their potential for the Paris 2024 Olympic Games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Mujika
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa,Basque Country
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago,Chile
| | - David B Pyne
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, ACT,Australia
| | - Paul Pao-Yen Wu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD,Australia
- Centre for Data Science, Brisbane, QLD,Australia
| | - Kwok Ng
- Physical Activity for Health Research Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick,Ireland
- Faculty of Education, University of Turku, Rauma,Finland
- School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu,Finland
| | - Emmet Crowley
- Biomechanics Research Unit, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick,Ireland
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick,Ireland
| | - Cormac Powell
- Physical Activity for Health Research Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick,Ireland
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick,Ireland
- High Performance Unit, Sport Ireland, Sport Ireland Campus, Dublin,Ireland
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Santos CC, Costa MJ, Forte P, Marinho DA. A comparison of load cell and pressure sensors to measure in-water force in young competitive swimmers. J Biomech 2023; 160:111815. [PMID: 37783185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the in-water force of young competitive swimmers using tethered swimming and differential pressure sensors. Thirty-one swimmers (16 girls and 15 boys) were randomly assigned to perform two in-water tests. Swimmers completed two maximum bouts of 25 m front crawl with a differential pressure system and a 30 s maximum bout with an attached load cell (tethered-swimming). The peak force (FPEAK, in N) of dominant and non-dominant upper limbs was retrieved for further analysis. Comparison between methods revealed significant differences in all force variables (p ≤ 0.05) and the biases (mean differences) were large in girls (FPEAK dominant, 45.89 N; FPEAK non-dominant, 43.79 N) and boys (FPEAK dominant, 67.26 N; FPEAK non-dominant, 61.78 N). Despite that, simple linear regression models between the two methods showed significant relationships with a moderate effect in all variables for girls, whereas in boys a high and moderate effect was verified for FPEAK of dominant and non-dominant limbs (respectively). It seems that using pressure sensors and tethered swimming leads to different FPEAK values in young competitive, where correction factors are needed to compare data between both methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina C Santos
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Mário J Costa
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Sport Sciences, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal; Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
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Fassone M, Bisio A, Puce L, Biggio M, Tassara F, Faelli E, Ruggeri P, Bove M. The metronome-based methodology to monitor the stroke length changes in trained swimmers. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1268146. [PMID: 37915979 PMCID: PMC10616301 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1268146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to develop a methodology that uses the metronome to constrain the swimmers' stroke rate with the aim to monitor changes in stroke length (SL) during two different periods of the season. Thirteen young trained swimmers (15.7 ± 1.7 y) performed three 50 m front crawl time trials during pre-season (PRE) and after 2 months, during the in-season period (IN). They were asked: (I) to swim at their maximum intensity (NO-MET condition); (II) to synchronize their stroke with a metronome beat set to their preferred intra-stroke-interval (ISI) (100% condition, corresponding to 48 ± 0.7 cycles/min); (III) to synchronize their stroke with a metronome beat set at 5% higher than their preferred ISI (95% condition, corresponding to 51 ± 0.8 cycles/min). The outcome parameters used to evaluate the performance were ISI, SL and total time of 50 m (TT). In NO-MET condition, results showed that TT in IN improved with respect to PRE, but no changes in ISI and SL. In 100% condition, no differences were obtained between the imposed and the performed ISI, whilst in 95% condition, the performed ISI was lower than the metronome ISI, and lower than that in 100% condition. At last, when using the metronome, SL was higher during IN compared to PRE and SL was lower in the 95% condition compared to the 100% condition. Results indicate that the use of the metronome successfully allowed monitoring changes in SL during different periods of the season. This methodology provides valuable information to coaches and athletes to enhance their performance throughout the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fassone
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal Child Health, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ambra Bisio
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Puce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal Child Health, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Monica Biggio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Filippo Tassara
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuela Faelli
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Piero Ruggeri
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Bove
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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Santos CC, Fernandes RJ, Marinho DA, Costa MJ. From Entry to Finals: Progression and Variability of Swimming Performance at the 2022 FINA World Championships. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:417-424. [PMID: 37711703 PMCID: PMC10499126 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was two-fold: (i) to analyze the progression and variability of swimming performance (from entry times to best performances) in the 50, 100, and 200 m at the most recent FINA World Championships and (ii) to compare the performance of the Top16, semifinalists, and finalists between all rounds. Swimmers who qualified with the FINA A and B standards for the Budapest 2022 World Championships were considered. A total of 1102 individual performances swimmers were analyzed in freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly events. The data was retrieved from the official open-access websites of OMEGA and FINA. Wilcoxon test was used to compare swimmers' entry times and best performances. Repeated measures ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test were performed to analyze the round-to-round progression. The percentage of improvement and variation in the swimmers' performance was computed between rounds. A negative progression (entry times better than best performance) and a high variability (> 0.69%) were found for most events. The finalists showed a positive progression with a greater improvement (~1%) from the heats to the semifinals. However, the performance progression remained unchanged between the semifinals and finals. The variability tended to decrease between rounds making each round more homogeneous. Coaches and swimmers can use these indicators to prepare a race strategy between rounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina C Santos
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário J Costa
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Bouvet A, Pla R, Delhaye E, Nicolas G, Bideau N. Profiles of stroke regulations discriminate between finishing positions during international open water races. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1309-1316. [PMID: 37824415 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2268902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to identify stroke regulation profiles and tipping-points in stroke regulation timing during international open water races according to performance level. Twelve elite or world-class swimmers were analysed during 18 international races. Stroke rate and jerk cost were computed cycle-to-cycle using an Inertial Measurement Unit and regulations profiles fitted using polynomials. We performed two-ways mixed-ANOVA to compare stroke kinematics among race segments and performance groups (G1 -fastest- to G3 -slowest-). Swimmers displayed specific regulation profiles (i.e., J-shape with end-spurt, J-shape without end-spurt and reverse L-shape for stroke rate and U-shape, reverse J-shape and reverse L-shape for jerk cost, for respectively G1, G2 and G3) with significant effect of race segment on stroke kinematics for G1 and G2. We highlighted tipping-points in stroke regulations profiles (TP1 and TP2) at respectively 30% and 75% of the race with greater magnitude in G1 than G2. TP1 reflects the end of a stroke economy period (0-30%) and TP2 the end of a progressive increase in stroke kinematics (30-75%) towards end-spurt (75-100%). Open water races follow a high-grading dynamics requiring biomechanical regulations along the race. Targeting stroke rate reserve and management of stroke smoothness should be considered during training of open water swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Bouvet
- M2S laboratory (Movement, Sport & Health), University Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
- MIMETIC-Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
- CREST (Center for Research in Economics and Statistics), ENSAI, Bruz, France
| | - Robin Pla
- French Swimming Federation, Clichy, France
- IRMES-URP 7329, Institut de Recherche Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Erwan Delhaye
- M2S laboratory (Movement, Sport & Health), University Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
- MIMETIC-Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
| | - Guillaume Nicolas
- M2S laboratory (Movement, Sport & Health), University Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
- MIMETIC-Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Bideau
- M2S laboratory (Movement, Sport & Health), University Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
- MIMETIC-Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
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10
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Costa MJ, Santos CC, Ferreira F, Arellano R, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes RJ. Association between elite swimmers' force production and 100 m front crawl inter-lap pacing and kinematics. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1205800. [PMID: 37305663 PMCID: PMC10250633 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1205800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to analyse the associations between force production and 100 m front crawl inter-lap pacing and kinematics. Eleven elite male swimmers performed a 100 m front crawl maximal effort to collect 50 m lap time (T50, s) and velocity (v, m·s-1) for pacing, stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL) and stroke index (SI) as kinematic variables. A 30 s tethered effort allowed to determine the peak (Fpeak) and mean force (Fmean) as force production variables. The relative change (Δ) between 50 m laps was also calculated for all measures. A paired sample t-test was used to check differences between laps and Pearson correlation coefficients allowed to quantify the associations between force and remaining variables. The T50 increased from the first to the second lap (ΔT50 = 10.61%, p < 0.01, d = 2.68), while v (Δv = -5.92%, p < 0.01, d = 1.53), SR (ΔSR = -6.61%, p < 0.01, d = 0.45) and SI (ΔSI = -4.92%, p = 0.02, d = 0.45) decreased. SL remained unchanged between laps (ΔSL = 1.07%, p = 0.66, d = 0.08). No associations were found between force production and most of Δ, with the only exception being the reasonable good association between Fpeak and Δv (r = 0.62, p = 0.04). Although both pacing and kinematics fall from the first to the second sections of a 100 m front-crawl effort, the swimmers who exhibit higher Fpeak show a more stable front crawl v between both 50 m laps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário J. Costa
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina C. Santos
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Francisco Ferreira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raul Arellano
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - J. Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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11
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Oliveira JP, Marinho DA, Barbosa TM, Sampaio T, Morais JE. Profile of female swimmers competing in the 50 m events at the 2021 LEN European Championships. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2191393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- João P Oliveira
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago M Barbosa
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Sampaio
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jorge E Morais
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
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12
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Morais JE, Barbosa TM, Bragada JA, Nevill AM, Marinho DA. Race Analysis and Determination of Stroke Frequency - Stroke Length Combinations during the 50-M Freestyle Event. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:156-165. [PMID: 36876182 PMCID: PMC9982526 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to: (1) analyze and compare the stroke kinematics between junior and senior elite male swimmers in every section of the race during the 50-m freestyle event, and; (2) identify stroke frequency (SF)-stroke length (SL) combinations on swim speed independently for junior and senior swimmers in each section of the 50-m freestyle event. Eighty-six junior swimmers (2019) and 95 seniors (2021) competing in the 50-m long course meter LEN Championships were analyzed. The t-test independent samples (p ≤ 0.05) were used to compare juniors and seniors. The SF and SL combinations on swim speed were explored using three-way ANOVAs. Senior swimmers were significantly faster in the 50-m race than juniors (p < 0.001). Speed presented the largest significant difference (p < 0.001) in section S0-15 m (start until the 15th meter mark) being seniors fastest. Both junior and senior swimmers revealed a significant categorization (p < 0.001) by stroke length and stroke frequency in each race section. It was possible to model several SF-SL combinations for seniors and juniors in each section. The fastest swim speed in each section, for seniors and juniors independently, was achieved by a SF-SL combination that may not be the fastest SF or the longest SL. Coaches and swimmers must be aware that despite the 50-m event being an all-out bout, several SF-SL combinations were observed (independently for juniors and seniors), and they differ between race sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Morais
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago M Barbosa
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José A Bragada
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Alan M Nevill
- Faculty of Education, Health, and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal.,Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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13
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The Mechanical and Efficiency Constraints when Swimming Front Crawl with the Aquanex System. J Hum Kinet 2022; 84:166-173. [DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical and efficiency constraints between free swim and swimming with differential pressure sensors (Aquanex System). These conditions were also analysed to understand the differences between sexes. Thirty young swimmers, 14 boys and 16 girls (12.31 ± 0.67 years) performed three 25-m front crawl maximal bouts under each condition: free swim and swimming with sensors. Under the condition with sensors, swimmers carried the Aquanex System composed of two hand pressure sensors (v.4.1, Model DU2, Type A, Swimming Technology Research, Richmond, VA, USA). The 25-m time (T25) was assessed as a swimming performance variable. The swimming velocity (v), stroke rate (SR), and stroke length (SL) were assessed and calculated as stroke mechanics variables. Thereafter, the stroke index (SI) and arm stroke efficiency (η
F) were estimated for swimming efficiency. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Swimming performance was impaired when swimmers swam with sensors (overall: p = 0.03, d = 0.14; Δ = 1.30%) and a significant decrease in v was found for overall (p = 0.04, d = 0.14; Δ = 1.42%) and the girls’ group (p < 0.01, d = 0.39; Δ = -1.99%). The remaining stroke mechanics variables showed no differences between conditions, as well as for swimming efficiency. Furthermore, there were no differences between girls and boys in free swim and with sensors for all variables. Swimming with the Aquanex System seems not to impose constraints in the mechanics and efficiency of young swimmers, despite differences in swimming performance and v.
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14
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Morais JE, Barbosa TM, Lopes T, Simbaña-Escobar D, Marinho DA. Race analysis of the men's 50 m events at the 2021 LEN European Championships. Sports Biomech 2022:1-17. [PMID: 36164890 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2125430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to: (i) characterise the stroke kinematics' stability of the male swimmers competing in the four 50 m events at the 2021 European Championships, and; (ii) understand the speed-time relationship in the four race events. All male swimmers who participated in the 50 m events (backstroke: 78 swimmers; breaststroke: 79 swimmers; butterfly: 89 swimmers; freestyle: 95 swimmers) were evaluated. In each swimming stroke swimmers were split in two groups (better and poorer performances). Significant variances (p < 0.05) were observed in both groups in all variables and for all swimming strokes. Swimming speed was the variable with the highest variance in both groups and strokes. Overall, better swimmers presented a low to high normative stability, and poorer swimmers a moderate-to-high. Speed-time curve fitting for all swimming strokes and groups suggested a cubic relationship. It can be considered that elite male swimmers racing 50 m sprint events at major competitions present an all-out trend. The present data provide coaches with substantial information about the main trend in the 50 m sprint events, specifically in each section of the race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Morais
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago M Barbosa
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Lopes
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - David Simbaña-Escobar
- Center for the Study and the Transformation of Physical Activities (CETAPS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Rouen Normandie, Mont Saint Aignan, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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15
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Born DP, Schönfelder M, Logan O, Olstad BH, Romann M. Performance Development of European Swimmers Across the Olympic Cycle. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:894066. [PMID: 35755613 PMCID: PMC9231649 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.894066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the study were to (1) quantify the performance development of race times and key performance indicators of European swimmers across the last Olympic cycle (from 2016 to 2021) and (2) provide reference values for long-course swimming pool events for both sexes from 50 m to 1,500 m including butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle, and individual medley. Individual events from the 2016 and 2021 European swimming championships were included. Specifically, 246 men (age: 24.2 ± 3.4 years, FINA points: 890 ± 40) and 256 women races (age: 24.2 ± 4, FINA points: 879 ± 38) of the finalists were recorded and key performance indicators and split times analyzed. Performance differences in finalists of the 2016 and 2021 European championships were determined by an independent t-test and Cohen's d effect size. Reference values were retrieved from 2021 European championship finalists and are provided for all key performance indicators. Race times improved significantly (P < 0.05) or showed moderate (d = 0.5–1) to large effect sizes (d > 1) in 14 (men) and 6 (women) out of 16 events. Improvements were primarily evident in 100 m and 200 m events for males, as well as BR and sprint events for female swimmers. While start times improved in 15 (men) and 14 (women) events, turn times remained inconclusive in both sexes. Generally, breakout distances increased. Clean swimming velocities were faster in 12 (men) and 5 (women) events. In particular, for alternating swimming strokes, i.e., backstroke and freestyle, effect sizes indicated improved swimming efficiency with an inverse relationship between reduced stroke rate and increased distance per stroke. Coaches and performance analysts may use the present reference values as comparative data for race analyses and to specifically prepare swimmers for the various race sections. Data on the performance development should be used to analyze swimmers' potential and set goals for the various events and the next Olympic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis-Peter Born
- Swiss Swimming Federation, Section for High-Performance Sports, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Michel Schönfelder
- Department for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Logan
- British Swimming Federation, Sportpark, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Bjørn Harald Olstad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Romann
- Department for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Magglingen, Switzerland
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16
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Multi-Output Sequential Deep Learning Model for Athlete Force Prediction on a Treadmill Using 3D Markers. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12115424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Reliable and innovative methods for estimating forces are critical aspects of biomechanical sports research. Using them, athletes can improve their performance and technique and reduce the possibility of fractures and other injuries. For this purpose, throughout this project, we proceeded to research the use of video in biomechanics. To refine this method, we propose an RNN trained on a biomechanical dataset of regular runners that measures both kinematics and kinetics. The model will allow analyzing, extracting, and drawing conclusions about continuous variable predictions through the body. It marks different anatomical and reflective points (96 in total, 32 per dimension) that will allow the prediction of forces (N) in three dimensions (Fx, Fy, Fz), measured on a treadmill with a force plate at different velocities (2.5 m/s, 3.5 m/s, 4.5 m/s). In order to obtain the best model, a grid search of different parameters that combined various types of layers (Simple, GRU, LSTM), loss functions (MAE, MSE, MSLE), and sampling techniques (down-sampling, up-sampling) helped obtain the best performing model (LSTM, MSE, down-sampling) achieved an average coefficient of determination of 0.68, although when excluding Fz it reached 0.92.
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17
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Cuenca-Fernández F, Ruiz-Navarro JJ, Polach M, Arellano R, Born DP. Turn Performance Variation in European Elite Short-Course Swimmers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:5033. [PMID: 35564428 PMCID: PMC9102928 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Turn performances are important success factors for short-course races, and more consistent turn times may distinguish between higher and lower-ranked swimmers. Therefore, this study aimed to determine coefficients of variation (CV) and performance progressions (∆%) of turn performances. The eight finalists and eight fastest swimmers from the heats that did not qualify for the semi-finals, i.e., from 17th to 24th place, of the 100, 200, 400, and 800 (females only)/1500 m (males only) freestyle events at the 2019 European Short Course Championships were included, resulting in a total of 64 male (finalists: age: 22.3 ± 2.6, FINA points: 914 ± 31 vs. heats: age: 21.5 ± 3.1, FINA points: 838 ± 74.9) and 64 female swimmers (finalists: age: 22.9 ± 4.8, FINA points: 904 ± 24.5 vs. heats: age: 20.1 ± 3.6, FINA points: 800 ± 48). A linear mixed model was used to compare inter- and intra-individual performance variation. Interactions between CVs, ∆%, and mean values were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed impaired turn performances as the races progressed. Finalists showed faster turn section times than the eight fastest non-qualified swimmers from the heats (p < 0.001). Additionally, turn section times were faster for short-, i.e., 100 and 200 m, than middle- and long-distance races, i.e., 400 to 1500 m races (p < 0.001). Regarding variation in turn performance, finalists showed lower CVs and ∆% for all turn section times (0.74% and 1.49%) compared to non-qualified swimmers (0.91% and 1.90%, respectively). Similarly, long-distance events, i.e., 800/1500 m, showed lower mean CVs and higher mean ∆% (0.69% and 1.93%) than short-distance, i.e., 100 m events (0.93% and 1.39%, respectively). Regarding turn sections, the largest CV and ∆% were found 5 m before wall contact (0.70% and 1.45%) with lower CV and more consistent turn section times 5 m after wall contact (0.42% and 0.54%). Non-qualified swimmers should aim to match the superior turn performances and faster times of finalists in all turn sections. Both finalists and non-qualified swimmers should pay particular attention to maintaining high velocities when approaching the wall as the race progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Cuenca-Fernández
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (F.C.-F.); (J.J.R.-N.); (R.A.)
| | - Jesús J. Ruiz-Navarro
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (F.C.-F.); (J.J.R.-N.); (R.A.)
| | - Marek Polach
- Department of Social Sciences in Kinanthropology, Palacký University Olomouc, 77147 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
- Department for Competitive Swimming, Czech Swimming Federation, 16017 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Raúl Arellano
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (F.C.-F.); (J.J.R.-N.); (R.A.)
| | - Dennis-Peter Born
- Section for High-Performance Sports, Swiss Swimming Federation, 3063 Bern, Switzerland
- Department for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland
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18
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Survey on Video-Based Biomechanics and Biometry Tools for Fracture and Injury Assessment in Sports. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12083981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a survey literature review on biomechanics, specifically aimed at the study of existent biomechanical tools through video analysis, in order to identify opportunities for researchers in the field, and discuss future proposals and perspectives. Scientific literature (journal papers and conference proceedings) in the field of video-based biomechanics published after 2010 were selected and discussed. The most common application of the study of biomechanics using this technique is sports, where the most reported applications are american football, soccer, basketball, baseball, jumping, among others. These techniques have also been studied in a less proportion, in ergonomy, and injury prevention. From the revised literature, it is clear that biomechanics studies mainly focus on the analysis of angles, speed or acceleration, however, not many studies explore the dynamical forces in the joints. The development of video-based biomechanic tools for force analysis could provide methods for assessment and prediction of biomechanical force associated risks such as injuries and fractures. Therefore, it is convenient to start exploring this field. A few case studies are reported, where force estimation is performed via manual tracking in different scenarios. This demonstration is carried out using conventional manual tracking, however, the inclusion of similar methods in an automated manner could help in the development of intelligent healthcare, force prediction tools for athletes and/or elderly population. Future trends and challenges in this field are also discussed, where data availability and artificial intelligence models will be key to proposing new and more reliable methods for biomechanical analysis.
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19
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Morais JE, Barbosa TM, Lopes T, Marinho DA. Race level comparison and variability analysis of 100 m freestyle sprinters competing in the 2019 European championships. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2054622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Morais
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (Cidesd), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago M Barbosa
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (Cidesd), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Lopes
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (Cidesd), Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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