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Peng Y, Zhou H, Zhang A, Guo Y, Xie L, Yuan D. Natural products from Camellia oleifera fruit and its comprehensive utilisation. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38899590 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2369228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Camellia oleifera (C. oleifera) is a woody oil plant with a good reputation of 'Oriental Olive Oil' in China. The national understanding of the health-care benefits of Camellia oil are already widespread, but the production of C. oleifera fruit has not been achieved large-scale industrialisation. In this review, we focus on the properties and commercial value of its natural products, and processing technology, performance characterisation, and novel modification strategies of its processed products. In addition, we briefly summarised the research progress of breeding and put forward the comprehensive utilisation of C. oleifera fruit based on the tandem of extraction and processing. This review might attract more researchers to make profound study regarding it as an alternative of olive oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Anlin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yaping Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Lianwu Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Deyi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, P. R. China
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Guo J, Zhao N, Zhao Y, Jin H, Sun G, Yu J, Zhang H, Shao J, Yu M, Yang D, Liang Z. The Extraction Using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Evaluation of Tea Saponin. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:438. [PMID: 38927318 PMCID: PMC11201205 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Tea saponins have high surface-active and biological activities and are widely used in chemicals, food, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. Tea saponins are usually extracted using ethanol or water, but both methods have their disadvantages, including a negative impact on the environment, high energy consumption, and low purity. In this study, we explored an effective process for extracting tea saponins from tea meal using deep eutectic solvents combined with ultrasonic extraction and enzymatic techniques. The experimental results showed that a high extraction efficiency of 20.93 ± 0.48% could be achieved in 20 min using an ultrasonic power of 40% and a binary DES consisting of betaine and ethylene glycol (with a molar ratio of 1:3) at a material-liquid ratio of 1:35 and that the purity of the tea saponins after purification by a large-pore adsorption resin reached 95.94%, which was higher than that of commercially available standard tea saponin samples. In addition, the extracted tea saponins were evaluated for their antioxidant and bacteriostatic activities using chemical and biological methods; the results showed that the tea saponins extracted using these methods possessed antioxidant properties and displayed significant antibacterial activity. Therefore, the present study developed a method for using deep eutectic solvents as an environmentally friendly technological solution for obtaining high-purity tea saponins from tea meal oil. This is expected to replace the current organic solvent and water extraction process and has great potential for industrial development and a number of possible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Guo
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Nanshan Zhao
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yaxin Zhao
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hao Jin
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Guozhi Sun
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jing Yu
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Haihua Zhang
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jianzhong Shao
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Meilan Yu
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Shaoxing Academy of Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Shaoxing 312030, China
| | - Dongfeng Yang
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Shaoxing Academy of Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Shaoxing 312030, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Shaoxing Academy of Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Shaoxing 312030, China
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Ding N, Lei A, Shi Z, Xiang L, Wei B, Wu Y. Total Flavonoids from Camellia oleifera Alleviated Mycoplasma pneumoniae-Induced Lung Injury via Inhibition of the TLR2-Mediated NF-κB and MAPK Pathways. Molecules 2023; 28:7077. [PMID: 37894556 PMCID: PMC10609408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is an atypical bacterial pathogen responsible for community-acquired pneumonia primarily among school-aged children and young adults. Camellia oleifera (C. oleifera) has been used as a medicinal and edible plant in China for centuries, the constituents from which possessed various bioactivities. Notably, flavonoids existing in residues of C. oleifera defatted seeds exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, we investigated the impact of total flavonoids from C. oleifera (TFCO) seed extract on M. pneumoniae pneumonia. TFCO was obtained using multiple column chromatography methods and identified as kaempferol glycosides via UPLC-HRESIMS. In a M. pneumoniae pneumonia mouse model, TFCO significantly reduced the lung damage, suppressed IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α production, and curbed TLR2 activation triggered by M. pneumoniae. Similarly, in RAW264.7 macrophage cells stimulated by lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs), TFCO suppressed the generation of proinflammatory cytokines and TLR2 expression. Moreover, TFCO diminished the phosphorylation of IκBα, JNK, ERK, p38, and p65 nuclear translocation in vitro. In conclusion, TFCO alleviated M. pneumoniae-induced lung damage via inhibition of TLR2-mediated NF-κB and MAPK pathways, suggesting its potential therapeutic application in M. pneumoniae-triggered lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ding
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China (A.L.)
| | - Aihua Lei
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China (A.L.)
| | - Zhisheng Shi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China (A.L.)
| | - Lin Xiang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China (A.L.)
| | - Bo Wei
- Research Lab of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yimou Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China (A.L.)
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Ma S, Weng M, Yang T, Ge L, Yang K. Triterpenes and Pheophorbides from Camellia ptilosperma and Their Cytotoxicity, Photocytotoxicity, and Photodynamic Antibacterial Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:7058. [PMID: 37894536 PMCID: PMC10609551 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Camellia ptilosperma S. Y. Liang et Q. D. Chen led to the isolation of ten undescribed compounds, including six new triterpenes (1-6) and four new pheophorbide-related compounds (7-10). Meanwhile, the cytotoxic activity of the six triterpenes against six cancer cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay. Compound 2 showed potent cytotoxicity toward HepG2 cells with an IC50 value of 2.57 μM. Compounds 4 and 5 exhibited cytotoxicity against MDA-MB231 cells, with IC50 values of 11.31 and 5.52 μM, respectively. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of four new pheophorbides against these cancer cells was evaluated both in the presence and absence of light treatment. Compound 7 exhibited exceptional photocytotoxicity against Hela, MCF-7, and A549 cells, with IC50 values of 0.43 μM, 0.28 μM, and 0.92 μM, respectively. Compound 10 demonstrated significant photodynamic cytotoxic activity against BEL-7402 and HepG2 cells with IC50 values of 0.77 μM and 0.33 μM, respectively. The photodynamic antibacterial activity of 7-10 was also tested for S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa under direct illumination. Compounds 8 and 10 exhibited sensitivity to E. coli and demonstrated a photodynamic antibacterial effect, with a MIC value of 0.625 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ma
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
| | - Mengling Weng
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Guangxi Fangcheng Golden Camellia National Nature Reserve Management Center, Fangchenggang 538021, China
| | - Li Ge
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kedi Yang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Wu Z, Tan X, Zhou J, Yuan J, Yang G, Li Z, Long H, Yi Y, Lv C, Zeng C, Qin S. Discovery of New Triterpenoids Extracted from Camellia oleifera Seed Cake and the Molecular Mechanism Underlying Their Antitumor Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010007. [PMID: 36670869 PMCID: PMC9854776 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Theasaponin derivatives, which are reported to exert antitumor activity, have been widely reported to exist in edible plants, including in the seed cake of Camellia oleifera (C.), which is extensively grown in south of China. The purpose of this study was to isolate new theasaponin derivatives from C. seed cake and explore their potential antitumor activity and their underlying molecular mechanism. In the present study, we first isolated and identified four theasaponin derivatives (compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4) from the total aglycone extract of the seed cake of Camellia oleifera by utilizing a combination of pre-acid-hydrolysis treatment and activity-guided isolation. Among them, compound 1 (C1) and compound 4 (C4) are newly discovered theasaponins that have not been reported before. The structures of these two new compounds were characterized based on comprehensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry, as well as data reported in the literature. Secondly, the cytotoxicity and antitumor property of the above four purified compounds were evaluated in selected typical tumor cell lines, Huh-7, HepG2, Hela, A549, and SGC7901, and the results showed that the ED50 value of C4 ranges from 1.5 to 11.3 µM, which is comparable to that of cisplatinum (CDDP) in these five cell lines, indicating that C4 has the most powerful antitumor activity among them. Finally, a preliminary mechanistic investigation was performed to uncover the molecular mechanism underlying the antitumor property of C4, and the results suggested that C4 may trigger apoptosis through the Bcl-2/Caspase-3 and JAK2/STAT3 pathways, and stimulate cell proliferation via the NF-κB/iNOS/COX-2 pathway. Moreover, it was surprising to find that C4 can inhibit the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, which indicates that C4 has the potency to overcome the resistance to cancer drugs. Therefore, C1 and C4 are two newly identified theasaponin derivatives with antitumor activity from the seed cake of Camellia oleifera, and C4 is a promising antitumor candidate not only for its powerful antitumor activity, but also for its ability to function as an Nrf2 inhibitor to enhance the anticancer drug sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelong Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- School of Economics and Management, Hunan Open University, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tan
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Correspondence: (X.T.); (S.Q.)
| | - Junqin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Guliang Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and Byproducts Processing, Food Science and Engineering College, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Ze Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Hongxu Long
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yuhang Yi
- Laboratory of Food Function and Nutrigenomics, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chenghao Lv
- Laboratory of Food Function and Nutrigenomics, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chaoxi Zeng
- Laboratory of Food Function and Nutrigenomics, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Si Qin
- Laboratory of Food Function and Nutrigenomics, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Correspondence: (X.T.); (S.Q.)
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Yang L, Gu Y, Zhou J, Yuan P, Jiang N, Wu Z, Tan X. Whole-Genome Identification and Analysis of Multiple Gene Families Reveal Candidate Genes for Theasaponin Biosynthesis in Camellia oleifera. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126393. [PMID: 35742835 PMCID: PMC9223445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Camellia oleifera is an economically important oilseed tree. Seed meals of C. oleifera have a long history of use as biocontrol agents in shrimp farming and as cleaning agents in peoples’ daily lives due to the presence of theasaponins, the triterpene saponins from the genus Camellia. To characterize the biosynthetic pathway of theasaponins in C. oleifera, members of gene families involved in triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways were identified and subjected to phylogenetic analysis with corresponding members in Arabidopsis thaliana, Camellia sinensis, Actinidia chinensis, Panax ginseng, and Medicago truncatula. In total, 143 triterpenoid backbone biosynthetic genes, 1169 CYP450s, and 1019 UGTs were identified in C. oleifera. The expression profiles of triterpenoid backbone biosynthetic genes were analyzed in different tissue and seed developmental stages of C. oleifera. The results suggested that MVA is the main pathway for triterpenoid backbone biosynthesis. Moreover, the candidate genes for theasaponin biosynthesis were identified by WGCNA and qRT-PCR analysis; these included 11 CYP450s, 14 UGTs, and eight transcription factors. Our results provide valuable information for further research investigating the biosynthetic and regulatory network of theasaponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (L.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yiyang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (L.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Junqin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (L.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (X.T.)
| | - Ping Yuan
- Hunan Horticultural Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China;
| | - Nan Jiang
- School of Packing and Material Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412000, China;
| | - Zelong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (L.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xiaofeng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (L.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (X.T.)
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Teixeira AM, Sousa C. A Review on the Biological Activity of Camellia Species. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082178. [PMID: 33918918 PMCID: PMC8069326 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been used since antiquity to cure illnesses and injuries. In the last few decades, natural compounds extracted from plants have garnered the attention of scientists and the Camellia species are no exception. Several species and cultivars are widespread in Asia, namely in China, Japan, Vietnam and India, being also identified in western countries like Portugal. Tea and oil are the most valuable and appreciated Camellia subproducts extracted from Camellia sinensis and Camellia oleifera, respectively. The economic impact of these species has boosted the search for additional information about the Camellia genus. Many studies can be found in the literature reporting the health benefits of several Camellia species, namely C. sinensis, C. oleifera and Camellia japonica. These species have been highlighted as possessing antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral) and antitumoral activity and as being a huge source of polyphenols such as the catechins. Particularly, epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), and specially epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenols of green tea. This paper presents a detailed review of Camellia species’ antioxidant properties and biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Teixeira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-290 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Clara Sousa
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Fu G, Chen K, Wang J, Wang M, Li R, Wu X, Wu C, Zhang P, Liu C, Wan Y. Screening of tea saponin-degrading strain to degrade the residual tea saponin in tea seed cake. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 50:697-707. [PMID: 32108551 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1731827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although tea seed cake (TSC) possesses high nutritional value, its high content of tea saponin (TS) limits its potential as feed. This study aimed to degrade TS in TSC by saponin-degrading strain and used a multistrains fermentation method to improve its nutritional value and palatability. Three saponin-degrading strains were isolated from Oleum Camelliae mill soil and identified as Citrobacter sp. FCTS301, Pantoea sp. FCTS302, and Enterobacter sp. FCTS303. Single-factor experiment showed that Citrobacter sp. FCTS301 had the highest degradation rate of TS. Response surface analysis for Citrobacter sp. FCTS301 indicated that the optimum culture conditions were as follows: initial pH of 7.2, culture temperature of 34.2 °C, inoculation amount of 7.3%, the agitation rate of 150 rpm, and the TS concentration of 10.0 g/L. Under these conditions, the maximum degradation rate was 82.6%. The fermentation process of TSC was obtained by a multistrains fermentation experiment. Considering the protein content, crude fiber degradation rate, and TS degradation rate of each group, the optimum inoculum amount of strains included Citrobacter sp. FCTS301, Aspergillus oryzae NCUF414, Saccharomyces cersvisiae NCUF306.5, and Lactobacillus plantarum NCUF201.1(5%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%). After TS was degraded efficiently, fermented TSC can be presumed a potential feed raw material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiming Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, China
| | - Kedan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, China
| | - Jiantao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, China
| | - Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, China.,Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute of Products, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, China
| | - Xiaojiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, China
| | - Choufei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, China
| | - Chengmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, China
| | - Yin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, China
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