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Raja A, Costa P, Blum JL, Doherty-Lyons S, Igbo JK, Meltzer G, Orem W, McCawley M, Zelikoff JT. In vivo exposure to electronic waste (e-waste) leachate and hydraulic fracturing fluid adversely impacts the male reproductive system. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 124:108533. [PMID: 38160783 PMCID: PMC10922462 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Human health effects can arise from unregulated manual disassembly of electronic waste (e-waste) and/or hydraulic fracturing fluid spills. There is limited literature on the effects of e-waste and hydraulic fracturing wastewater exposure on the male reproductive system. Thus, this proof-of-concept study begins to address the question of how wastewater from two potentially hazardous environmental processes could affect sperm quality. Therefore, three groups of eight-week-old adult mice were exposed (5 d/wk for 6 wks) via a mealworm (Tenebrio molitor and Zophabas morio) feeding route to either: (1) e-waste leachate (50% dilution) from the Alaba Market (Lagos, Nigeria); (2) West Virginia hydraulic fracturing flowback (HFF) fluid (50% dilution); or, (3) deionized water (control). At 24-hours (hr), 3 weeks (wk), or 9-wk following the 6-wk exposure period, cohorts of mice were necropsied and adverse effects/persistence on the male reproductive system were examined. Ingestion of e-waste leachate or HFF fluid decreased number and concentration of sperm and increased both chromatin damage and numbers of morphological abnormalities in the sperm when compared to control mice. Levels of serum testosterone were reduced post-exposure (3- and 9-wk) in mice exposed to e-waste leachate and HFF when compared to time-matched controls, indicating the long-term persistence of adverse effects, well after the end of exposure. These data suggest that men living around or working in vicinity of either e-waste or hydraulic fracturing could face harmful effects to their reproductive health. From both a human health and economic standpoint, development of prevention and intervention strategies that are culturally relevant and economically sensitive are critically needed to reduce exposure to e-waste and HFF-associated toxic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Raja
- Division of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Costa
- Division of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason L Blum
- Division of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Product Safety Labs, Dayton, NJ, USA
| | - Shannon Doherty-Lyons
- Division of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juliet K Igbo
- Department of Biological Oceanography, Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Gabriella Meltzer
- Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - William Orem
- United States Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA
| | - Michael McCawley
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, South Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Judith T Zelikoff
- Division of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, (Ron) Hoogenboom L, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Wallace H, Benford D, Fürst P, Hart A, Rose M, Schroeder H, Vrijheid M, Ioannidou S, Nikolič M, Bordajandi LR, Vleminckx C. Update of the risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in food. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8497. [PMID: 38269035 PMCID: PMC10807361 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2011 risk assessment on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in food, focusing on 10 congeners: BDE-28, -47, -49, -99, -100, -138, -153, -154, -183 and ‑209. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the neurodevelopmental effects on behaviour and reproductive/developmental effects are the critical effects in rodent studies. For four congeners (BDE-47, -99, -153, -209) the Panel derived Reference Points, i.e. benchmark doses and corresponding lower 95% confidence limits (BMDLs), for endpoint-specific benchmark responses. Since repeated exposure to PBDEs results in accumulation of these chemicals in the body, the Panel estimated the body burden at the BMDL in rodents, and the chronic intake that would lead to the same body burden in humans. For the remaining six congeners no studies were available to identify Reference Points. The Panel concluded that there is scientific basis for inclusion of all 10 congeners in a common assessment group and performed a combined risk assessment. The Panel concluded that the combined margin of exposure (MOET) approach was the most appropriate risk metric and applied a tiered approach to the risk characterisation. Over 84,000 analytical results for the 10 congeners in food were used to estimate the exposure across dietary surveys and age groups of the European population. The most important contributors to the chronic dietary Lower Bound exposure to PBDEs were meat and meat products and fish and seafood. Taking into account the uncertainties affecting the assessment, the Panel concluded that it is likely that current dietary exposure to PBDEs in the European population raises a health concern.
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Nuchniyom P, Intui K, Laoung-On J, Jaikang C, Quiggins R, Photichai K, Sudwan P. Effects of Nelumbonucifera Gaertn. Petal Tea Extract on Hepatotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Induced by Mancozeb in Rat Model. TOXICS 2023; 11:480. [PMID: 37368582 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Mancozeb (Mz) is one of the most widely used pesticides that has been reported to cause adverse human health risks. White Nelumbo nucifera (N. nucifera) petals have therapeutic properties to prevent toxicity. Hence, this study attempted to determine the effects of N. nucifera extract on hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in mancozeb-treated rats. Seventy-two male rats were divided into nine groups and designed with a control; N. nucifera extract was administered at the doses of 0.55, 1.1, and 2.2 mg/kg bw/day, Mz was administered at 500 mg/kg bw/day, and the co-treatment groups (N. nucifera and Mz) were administered 0.55, 1.1, and 2.2 mg/kg bw/day of N. nucifera followed by administering Mz 500 mg/kg bw/day daily for 30 days. The results showed that all doses of N. nucifera extract did not induce hepatic toxicity and could suppress the toxicity of mancozeb by increasing body weight gain and decreasing relative liver weight, lobular inflammation, and total injury score. The combination treatment also decreased the molecular markers of oxidative stress (2-hydroxybutyric acid, 4-hydroxynonenal, l-tyrosine, pentosidine, and N6-carboxymethyllysine). Furthermore, the reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione contents were adjusted close to the normal level. Therefore, N. nucifera extract is a natural antioxidant supplement that could decrease the toxicity of mancozeb and can be safely consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimchanok Nuchniyom
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ketsarin Intui
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Laoung-On
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Churdsak Jaikang
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ranida Quiggins
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kornravee Photichai
- Center of Veterinary Diagnosis and Technology Transfer, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Paiwan Sudwan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Phage Cocktail Targeting STEC O157:H7 Has Comparable Efficacy and Superior Recovery Compared with Enrofloxacin in an Enteric Murine Model. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0023222. [PMID: 35536028 PMCID: PMC9241756 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00232-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
O157:H7 is the most important Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serotype in relation to public health. Given that antibiotics may contribute to the exacerbation of STEC-related disease and an increased frequency of antibiotic-resistant strains, bacteriophage (phage) therapy is considered a promising alternative. However, phage therapy targeting enteric pathogens is still underdeveloped with many confounding effects from the microbiota. Here we comprehensively compared the therapeutic efficacy of a phage cocktail with the antibiotic enrofloxacin in a mouse model of STEC O157:H7 EDL933 infection. Enrofloxacin treatment provided 100% survival and the phage cocktail treatment provided 90% survival. However, in terms of mouse recovery, the phage cocktail outperformed enrofloxacin in all measured outcomes. Compared with enrofloxacin treatment, phage treatment led to a faster elimination of enteric pathogens, decreased expression levels of inflammatory markers, increased weight gain, maintenance of a stable relative organ weight, and improved homeostasis of the gut microbiota. These results provide support for the potential of phage therapy to combat enteric pathogens and suggest that phage treatment leads to enhanced recovery of infected mice compared with antibiotics. IMPORTANCE With the increasing severity of antibiotic resistance and other adverse consequences, animal experiments and clinical trials investigating the use of phages for the control and prevention of enteric bacterial infections are growing. However, the effects of phages and antibiotics on organisms when treating intestinal infections have not been precisely studied. Here, we comprehensively compared the therapeutic efficacy of a phage cocktail to the antibiotic enrofloxacin in a mouse model of STEC O157:H7 EDL933 infection. We found that, despite a slightly lower protection rate, phage treatment contributed to a faster recovery of infected mice compared with enrofloxacin. These results highlight the potential benefits of phage therapy to combat enteric infections.
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Zenkov VS, O’Connor JH, Cockburn IA, Ganusov VV. A New Method Based on the von Mises-Fisher Distribution Shows that a Minority of Liver-Localized CD8 T Cells Display Hard-To-Detect Attraction to Plasmodium-Infected Hepatocytes. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 1:770448. [PMID: 36303744 PMCID: PMC9580869 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2021.770448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, resulting in over 200 million infections and 400,000 deaths every year. A critical step of malaria infection is when sporozoites, injected by mosquitoes, travel to the liver and form liver stages. Malaria vaccine candidates which induce large numbers of malaria-specific CD8 T cells in mice are able to eliminate all liver stages, preventing fulminant malaria. However, how CD8 T cells find all parasites in 48 h of the liver stage lifespan is not well understood. Using intravital microscopy of murine livers, we generated unique data on T cell search for malaria liver stages within a few hours after infection. To detect attraction of T cells to an infection site, we used the von Mises-Fisher distribution in 3D, similar to the 2D von Mises distribution previously used in ecology. Our results suggest that the vast majority (70-95%) of malaria-specific and non-specific liver-localized CD8 T cells did not display attraction towards the infection site, suggesting that the search for malaria liver stages occurs randomly. However, a small fraction (15-20%) displayed weak but detectable attraction towards parasites which already had been surrounded by several T cells. We found that speeds and turning angles correlated with attraction, suggesting that understanding mechanisms that determine the speed of T cell movement in the liver may improve the efficacy of future T cell-based vaccines. Stochastic simulations suggest that a small movement bias towards the parasite dramatically reduces the number of CD8 T cells needed to eliminate all malaria liver stages, but to detect such attraction by individual cells requires data from long imaging experiments which are not currently feasible. Importantly, as far as we know this is the first demonstration of how activated/memory CD8 T cells might search for the pathogen in nonlymphoid tissues a few hours after infection. We have also established a framework for how attraction of individual T cells towards a location in 3D can be rigorously evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor S. Zenkov
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States,*Correspondence: Viktor S. Zenkov, ; Vitaly V. Ganusov,
| | - James H. O’Connor
- Division of Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia,The Australian National University Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ian A. Cockburn
- Division of Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Vitaly V. Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States,Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States,*Correspondence: Viktor S. Zenkov, ; Vitaly V. Ganusov,
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Esquivel N, García Y, Lores B, Gutiérrez M, Rodríguez C. Characterization of aged male BALB/c cenp mice as a model of dementia. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:7. [PMID: 32206613 PMCID: PMC7081599 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is defined as cognitive impairment in more than one cognitive area and leads to an abnormal degree of impairment in the ability to remember past events. Among mice models of dementia the most used strains are SAMP8 and C57BL/6. There is no reference to characterizing a model of dementia in naturally aged mice of the BALB/c strain, or to the minimum age at which these animals can be used. The aim of this study was the characterization of aged male BALB/ccenp mice as a model of dementia from the evaluation of behavioural, pathological and biochemical markers. One hundred and twenty mice were used and 10 of these were analysed from 8 to 9 months of age, and every 4 months, in a comparative way to young control animals from 4 to 5 months. At the age of 12-13 months there was cognitive impairment in the animals from the Y-maze and object recognition tests and this impairment was maintained at 16-17 months of age. An increase in oxidative damage to proteins in the brains of aged animals was also found in relation to young animals; as well as a decrease in the concentration of triglycerides. At the age of 16-17 months, a significant decrease in the size of the thymus and brain was obtained. We consider that it's a very useful option to use animals 12-13 months of age where there are symptoms of cognitive deficiency, histopathological and biochemical elements characteristic of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashelly Esquivel
- Laboratorio de Antianémicos y Nutracéuticos, Centro Nacional de Biopreparados (BioCen). Beltrán main road km 1 1/2, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Yenela García
- Laboratorio de Antianémicos y Nutracéuticos, Centro Nacional de Biopreparados (BioCen). Beltrán main road km 1 1/2, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Bestraida Lores
- Laboratorio de Antianémicos y Nutracéuticos, Centro Nacional de Biopreparados (BioCen). Beltrán main road km 1 1/2, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Marivy Gutiérrez
- Department of Patology, Experimental Toxicology Center (CETEX), Centro Nacional para la Producción de Animales de Laboratorio (CENPALAB), 3rd street, N° 40759 between 6th street and Tirabeque main road, Havana, Cuba
| | - Claudio Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Antianémicos y Nutracéuticos, Centro Nacional de Biopreparados (BioCen). Beltrán main road km 1 1/2, Mayabeque, Cuba
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Liu CH, Chiu HC, Sung HL, Yeh JY, Wu KCW, Liu SH. Acute oral toxicity and repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity studies of MIL-101 nanoparticles. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 107:104426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhang Y, Mao D, Keeler SP, Wang X, Wu K, Gerovac BJ, Shornick LL, Agapov EV, Holtzman MJ. Respiratory Enterovirus (like Parainfluenza Virus) Can Cause Chronic Lung Disease if Protection by Airway Epithelial STAT1 Is Lost. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2332-2347. [PMID: 30804041 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial barrier cells are proposed to be critical for host defense, and airway epithelial cell capacity for IFN signal transduction is presumed to protect against respiratory viral infection. However, it has been difficult to fully test these concepts given the absence of tools to analyze IFN signaling specific to airway epithelial cells in vivo. To address these issues, we generated a new line of transgenic mice with Cre-driver genes (Foxj1 and Scgb1a1) for a floxed-Stat1 allele (designated Foxj1-Scgb1a1-Cre-Stat1f/f mice) to target the master IFN signal regulator STAT1 in airway epithelial cells and tested these mice for control of infection because of mouse parainfluenza (Sendai) virus and human enterovirus D68 (EV-D68). Indeed, both types of infections showed increases in viral titers and severity of acute illness in Foxj1-Scgb1a1-Cre-Stat1f/f mice and conventional Stat1-/- mice compared with wild-type mice. In concert, the chronic lung disease that develops after Sendai virus infection was also increased in Foxj1-Scgb1a1-Cre-Stat1f/f and Stat1-/ - mice, marked by airway and adjacent parenchymal immune cell infiltration and mucus production for at least 7 wk postinfection. Unexpectedly, relatively mild EV-D68 infection also progressed to chronic lung disease in Foxj1-Scgb1a1-Cre-Stat1f/f and Stat1 -/- mice but was limited (like viral replication) to airways. The results thereby provide proof-of-concept for a critical role of barrier epithelial cells in protection from acute illness and chronic disease after viral infection and suggest a specific role for airway epithelial cells given the limitation of EV-D68 replication and acute and chronic manifestations of disease primarily to airway tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Dailing Mao
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Shamus P Keeler
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kangyun Wu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Benjamin J Gerovac
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Laurie L Shornick
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Eugene V Agapov
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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Ultrasonic/microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Camptotheca acuminata fruits and its antitumor activity. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 206:557-564. [PMID: 30553357 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, an efficient ultrasonic/microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE) procedure for the polysaccharides from the fruit of Camptotheca acuminata (CAFP) was investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions (ratio of liquid to raw material 30 mL/g, microwave irradiation time of 20 min, microwave irradiation power of 570 W and a fixed ultrasonic power of 50 W obtained by the response surface analysis with Box-Behnken design, satisfactory yields of CAFP (6.81 ± 0.04%) were achieved. The development UMAE technique produced higher yields in a shorter time than conventional hot water extraction (HWE): 20 vs. 120 min. In addition, in vivo CAFP at suitable dose is effective on H22 murine hepatoma strains, and CAFP significantly inhibited the proliferation of human oral carcinoma KB, pancreatic carcinoma BXCP-3 and gastric carcinoma SGC-7901 cells in vitro, indicating CAFP might be suitable for nature antitumor therapeutic agent development.
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10
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Oldani G, Peloso A, Vijgen S, Wilson EM, Slits F, Gex Q, Morel P, Delaune V, Orci LA, Yamaguchi T, Kobayashi T, Rubbia-Brandt L, Nakauchi H, Lacotte S, Toso C. Chimeric liver transplantation reveals interspecific graft remodelling. J Hepatol 2018; 69:1025-1036. [PMID: 30031887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS A major limitation in the field of liver transplantation is the shortage of transplantable organs. Chimeric animals carrying human tissue have the potential to solve this problem. However, currently available chimeric organs retain a high level of xenogeneic cells, and the transplantation of impure organs needs to be tested. METHODS We created chimeric livers by injecting Lewis rat hepatocytes into C57Bl/6Fah-/-Rag2-/-Il2rg-/- mice, and further transplanted them into newly weaned Lewis rats (45 ± 3 g) with or without suboptimal immunosuppression (tacrolimus 0.6 mg/kg/day for 56 or 112 days). Control donors included wild-type C57Bl/6 mice (xenogeneic) and Lewis rats (syngeneic). RESULTS Without immunosuppression, recipients of chimeric livers experienced acute rejection, and died within 8 to 11 days. With immunosuppression, they all survived for >112 days with normal weight gain compared to syngeneic controls, while all xenogeneic controls died within 98 days due to rejection with Banff scores >6 (p = 0.0014). The chimeric grafts underwent post-transplant remodelling, growing by 670% on average. Rat hepatocytes fully replaced mouse hepatocytes starting from day 56 (absence of detectable mouse serum albumin, histological clearance of mouse hepatocytes). In addition, rat albumin levels reached those of syngeneic recipients. Four months after transplantation of chimeric livers, we observed the development of diffuse mature rat bile ducts through transdifferentiation of hepatocytes (up to 72% of cholangiocytes), and patchy areas of portal endothelium originating from the host (seen in one out of five recipients). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data demonstrate the efficacy of transplanting rat-to-mouse chimeric livers into rats, with a high potential for post-transplant recipient-oriented graft remodelling. Validation in a large animal model is still needed. LAY SUMMARY Chimeric animals are composed of cells from different species. Chimeric animals carrying human tissue have the potential to increase the availability of transplantable organs. We transplanted rat-to-mouse liver grafts into newly weaned rats. The chimeric grafts underwent post-transplant remodelling with rat hepatocytes replacing all mouse hepatocytes within 56 days. In addition, we observed the post-transplant development of diffuse mature rat bile ducts through the transformation of hepatocytes, and patchy areas of portal endothelium originating from the host. These data demonstrate the efficacy of transplanting rat-to-mouse chimeric livers into rats, with a high potential for post-transplant graft remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Oldani
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Peloso
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Vijgen
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Florence Slits
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Gex
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Morel
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vaihere Delaune
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo A Orci
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Laura Rubbia-Brandt
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stéphanie Lacotte
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Toso
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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López-Rios L, Vega T, Chirino R, Jung J, Davis B, Pérez-Machín R, Wiebe J. Toxicological assessment of Xanthigen ® nutraceutical extract combination: Mutagenicity, genotoxicity and oral toxicity. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:1021-1031. [PMID: 30386730 PMCID: PMC6205089 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthigen® is a nutraceutical combination for weight management capable of increasing energy expenditure via uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) in white adipose tissue. It consists of brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida extract, rich in the carotenoid fucoxanthin (FX) and pomegranate seed oil (PSO), rich in punicic acid. Xanthigen was screened to determine its genotoxicity and 90-days repeated oral toxicity. Genotoxicity was assessed with the Ames test (TA89, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, WP2), chromosomal aberration assay (Chinese hamster ovary cells) and mammalian micronucleus test (in mice). Xanthigen did not exhibit genotoxicity in any tested strain. Sub-chronic toxicity was evaluated with daily oral administration of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day doses of Xanthigen® to Sprague-Dawley rats over 90 days. No deaths and no deleterious effects were observed during the 90-day treatment, indicating an absence of sub-chronic toxicity and a no observed adverse effect level greater than 1000 mg/kg/day. A statistically significant decrease in bodyweight and food intake in Xanthigen® treated groups was attributed to the weight loss property of Xanthigen®. Overall, Xanthigen® shows no significant mutagenic or toxic effects.
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Key Words
- BSE, brown seaweed extract
- CPA, cytophosphadine
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- FX, fucoxanthin
- Functional foods
- Genotoxicity
- KFDA, Korean Food and Drug Administration
- LD50, oral lethal dose 50%
- MMC, mitomycin
- MNPCEs, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes
- MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids
- NCE, normochromatic erythrocytes
- NOAEL, no observed adverse effect level
- Nutraceutical
- Oral toxicity
- PCE, polychromatic erythrocytes
- PSO, pomegranate seed oil
- PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid
- RCC, relative cell count
- S9, metabolic activation system consisting of liver-derived cell extract
- SFA, saturated fatty acids
- SPF, specific pathogenic free
- Xanthigen
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T. Vega
- Nektium Pharma SL, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - R. Chirino
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas, Spain
| | - J.C. Jung
- NOVAREX Co., Ltd. Ochang, Chungbuk, 363-885, Republic of Korea
| | - B. Davis
- P.L. Thomas & Co., Inc., NJ 07960, USA
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12
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Keeler SP, Agapov EV, Hinojosa ME, Letvin AN, Wu K, Holtzman MJ. Influenza A Virus Infection Causes Chronic Lung Disease Linked to Sites of Active Viral RNA Remnants. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2354-2368. [PMID: 30209189 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental observations suggest that chronic lung disease is linked to respiratory viral infection. However, the long-term aspect of this relationship is not yet defined using a virus that replicates at properly high levels in humans and a corresponding animal model. In this study, we show that influenza A virus infection achieves 1 × 106-fold increases in viral load in the lung and dose-dependent severity of acute illness in mice. Moreover, these events are followed by persistence of negative- and positive-strand viral RNA remnants for 15 wk and chronic lung disease for at least 26 wk postinfection. The disease is manifested by focal areas of bronchiolization and mucus production that contain increased levels of viral RNA remnants along with mucin Muc5ac and Il13 mRNA compared with uninvolved areas of the lung. Excess mucus production and associated airway hyperreactivity (but not fibrosis or emphysema) are partially attenuated with loss of IL-13 production or signaling (using mice with IL-13 or STAT6 deficiency). These deficiencies cause reciprocal increases in l17a mRNA and neutrophils in the lung; however, none of these disease endpoints are changed with IL-13/IL-17a compared with IL-13 deficiency or STAT6/IL-17a compared with STAT6 deficiency. The results establish the capacity of a potent human respiratory virus to produce chronic lung disease focally at sites of active viral RNA remnants, likely reflecting locations of viral replication that reprogram the region. Viral dose dependency of disease also implicates high-level viral replication and severity of acute infection as determinants of chronic lung diseases such as asthma and COPD with IL-13-dependent and IL-13/IL-17-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamus P Keeler
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Eugene V Agapov
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael E Hinojosa
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Adam N Letvin
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kangyun Wu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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13
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Schmitt V, Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Hamilton JL, Shenoi RA, Schaffer P, Sossi V, Kizhakkedathu JN, Saatchi K, Häfeli UO. Quantitative SPECT imaging and biodistribution point to molecular weight independent tumor uptake for some long-circulating polymer nanocarriers. RSC Adv 2018; 8:5586-5595. [PMID: 35542449 PMCID: PMC9078196 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09183d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric nanocarriers are promising entities for cancer diagnosis and therapy. The aim of such nanocarriers is to selectively accumulate in cancerous tissue that is difficult to visualize or treat. The passive accumulation of a nanocarrier in a tumor through extravasation is often attributed to the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect and the size and shape of the nanocarrier. However, the tumor microenvironment is very heterogeneous and the intratumoral pressure is usually high, leading to different opinions about how the EPR of nanocarriers through the irregular vasculature of a tumor leads to accumulation. In order to investigate this topic, we studied methods for the determination of pharmacokinetic parameters, biodistribution and the tumor uptake of nanocarriers. More specifically, we used non-invasive quantitative Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography (qSPECT/CT) imaging of hyperbranched polyglycerols (HPGs) to explore the specific biodistribution and tumor uptake of six model nanocarriers in Rag2m mice. We were interested to see if a distinct molecular weight (MW) of nanocarriers (HPG 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500 kDa) is favoured by the tumor. To trace the model nanocarriers, HPGs were covalently linked to the strong chelator desferrioxamine (DFO), and radiolabeled with the gamma emitter 67Ga (EC = 100%, E γ = 185 keV (21.4%), 300 keV (16.6%), half-life = 3.26 d). Without the need for blood collection, but instead using qSPECT/CT imaging inside the heart, the blood circulation half-lives of the 67Ga labeled HPGs were determined and increased from 9.9 ± 2.9 to 47.8 ± 7.9 hours with increasing polymer MW. Total tumor accumulation correlated positively with the circulation time of the HPGs. Comparing the tumor-to-blood ratio dynamically revealed how blood and tumor concentrations of the nanocarrier change over time and when equilibrium is reached. The time of equilibrium is size-dependent and increases with molecular weight. Furthermore, the data indicate that for larger MWs, nanocarrier uptake and retention by the tumor is size independent. Further studies are necessary to advance our understanding of the interplay between MW and nanoparticle accumulation in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Schmitt
- The University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2405 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC V6T1Z3 Canada
| | - C Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- The University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2405 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC V6T1Z3 Canada
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
- Centre for Comparative Medicine, The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - J L Hamilton
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - R A Shenoi
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - P Schaffer
- TRIUMF 4004 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC Canada
| | - V Sossi
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - J N Kizhakkedathu
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - K Saatchi
- The University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2405 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC V6T1Z3 Canada
| | - U O Häfeli
- The University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2405 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC V6T1Z3 Canada
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14
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Abstract
Chronotherapeutics aim at treating illnesses according to the endogenous biologic rhythms, which moderate xenobiotic metabolism and cellular drug response. The molecular clocks present in individual cells involve approximately fifteen clock genes interconnected in regulatory feedback loops. They are coordinated by the suprachiasmatic nuclei, a hypothalamic pacemaker, which also adjusts the circadian rhythms to environmental cycles. As a result, many mechanisms of diseases and drug effects are controlled by the circadian timing system. Thus, the tolerability of nearly 500 medications varies by up to fivefold according to circadian scheduling, both in experimental models and/or patients. Moreover, treatment itself disrupted, maintained, or improved the circadian timing system as a function of drug timing. Improved patient outcomes on circadian-based treatments (chronotherapy) have been demonstrated in randomized clinical trials, especially for cancer and inflammatory diseases. However, recent technological advances have highlighted large interpatient differences in circadian functions resulting in significant variability in chronotherapy response. Such findings advocate for the advancement of personalized chronotherapeutics through interdisciplinary systems approaches. Thus, the combination of mathematical, statistical, technological, experimental, and clinical expertise is now shaping the development of dedicated devices and diagnostic and delivery algorithms enabling treatment individualization. In particular, multiscale systems chronopharmacology approaches currently combine mathematical modeling based on cellular and whole-body physiology to preclinical and clinical investigations toward the design of patient-tailored chronotherapies. We review recent systems research works aiming to the individualization of disease treatment, with emphasis on both cancer management and circadian timing system–resetting strategies for improving chronic disease control and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Ballesta
- Warwick Medical School (A.B., P.F.I., R.D., F.A.L.) and Warwick Mathematics Institute (A.B., D.A.R.), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Warwick Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiological Research Centre, Senate House, Coventry, United Kingdom (A.B., P.F.I., R.D., D.A.R., F.A.L.); INSERM-Warwick European Associated Laboratory "Personalising Cancer Chronotherapy through Systems Medicine" (C2SysMed), Unité mixte de Recherche Scientifique 935, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique Campus, Villejuif, France (A.B., P.F.I., R.D., D.A.R., F.A.L.); and Queen Elisabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cancer Unit, Edgbaston Birmingham, United Kingdom (P.F.I., F.A.L.)
| | - Pasquale F Innominato
- Warwick Medical School (A.B., P.F.I., R.D., F.A.L.) and Warwick Mathematics Institute (A.B., D.A.R.), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Warwick Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiological Research Centre, Senate House, Coventry, United Kingdom (A.B., P.F.I., R.D., D.A.R., F.A.L.); INSERM-Warwick European Associated Laboratory "Personalising Cancer Chronotherapy through Systems Medicine" (C2SysMed), Unité mixte de Recherche Scientifique 935, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique Campus, Villejuif, France (A.B., P.F.I., R.D., D.A.R., F.A.L.); and Queen Elisabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cancer Unit, Edgbaston Birmingham, United Kingdom (P.F.I., F.A.L.)
| | - Robert Dallmann
- Warwick Medical School (A.B., P.F.I., R.D., F.A.L.) and Warwick Mathematics Institute (A.B., D.A.R.), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Warwick Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiological Research Centre, Senate House, Coventry, United Kingdom (A.B., P.F.I., R.D., D.A.R., F.A.L.); INSERM-Warwick European Associated Laboratory "Personalising Cancer Chronotherapy through Systems Medicine" (C2SysMed), Unité mixte de Recherche Scientifique 935, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique Campus, Villejuif, France (A.B., P.F.I., R.D., D.A.R., F.A.L.); and Queen Elisabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cancer Unit, Edgbaston Birmingham, United Kingdom (P.F.I., F.A.L.)
| | - David A Rand
- Warwick Medical School (A.B., P.F.I., R.D., F.A.L.) and Warwick Mathematics Institute (A.B., D.A.R.), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Warwick Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiological Research Centre, Senate House, Coventry, United Kingdom (A.B., P.F.I., R.D., D.A.R., F.A.L.); INSERM-Warwick European Associated Laboratory "Personalising Cancer Chronotherapy through Systems Medicine" (C2SysMed), Unité mixte de Recherche Scientifique 935, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique Campus, Villejuif, France (A.B., P.F.I., R.D., D.A.R., F.A.L.); and Queen Elisabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cancer Unit, Edgbaston Birmingham, United Kingdom (P.F.I., F.A.L.)
| | - Francis A Lévi
- Warwick Medical School (A.B., P.F.I., R.D., F.A.L.) and Warwick Mathematics Institute (A.B., D.A.R.), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Warwick Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiological Research Centre, Senate House, Coventry, United Kingdom (A.B., P.F.I., R.D., D.A.R., F.A.L.); INSERM-Warwick European Associated Laboratory "Personalising Cancer Chronotherapy through Systems Medicine" (C2SysMed), Unité mixte de Recherche Scientifique 935, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique Campus, Villejuif, France (A.B., P.F.I., R.D., D.A.R., F.A.L.); and Queen Elisabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cancer Unit, Edgbaston Birmingham, United Kingdom (P.F.I., F.A.L.)
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15
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Lessard-Beaudoin M, Laroche M, Demers MJ, Grenier G, Graham RK. Characterization of age-associated changes in peripheral organ and brain region weights in C57BL/6 mice. Exp Gerontol 2015; 63:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of rifampin in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:1763-71. [PMID: 23357766 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01567-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One problem associated with regimen-based development of antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs is the difficulty of a systematic and thorough in vivo evaluation of the large number of possible regimens that arise from consideration of multiple drugs tested together. A mathematical model capable of simulating the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of experimental combination chemotherapy of TB offers a way to mitigate this problem by extending the use of available data to investigate regimens that are not initially tested. In order to increase the available mathematical tools needed to support such a model for preclinical anti-TB drug development, we constructed a preliminary whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of rifampin in mice, using data from the literature. Interindividual variability was approximated using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation with assigned probability distributions for the model parameters. An MC sensitivity analysis was also performed to determine correlations between model parameters and plasma concentration to inform future model development. Model predictions for rifampin concentrations in plasma, liver, kidneys, and lungs, following oral administration, were generally in agreement with published experimental data from multiple studies. Sensitive model parameters included those descriptive of oral absorption, total clearance, and partitioning of rifampin between blood and muscle. This PBPK model can serve as a starting point for the integration of rifampin pharmacokinetics in mice into a larger mathematical framework, including the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and pharmacokinetic models for other anti-TB drugs.
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17
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Marino DJ. Absolute and relative organ weight trends in B6C3F1 mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:148-169. [PMID: 22251263 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.625551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Since the early 1970s, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and National Toxicology Program (NTP) have conducted carcinogenesis and toxicology studies on several hundred chemicals using the B6C3F1 mouse. A number of publications have examined growth, survival, and tumor incidence over time, including the impact of changes in housing and diet. However, no reports have been published to date examining the variation in organ weights over time, especially in light of reported body weight effects associated with housing and diet changes. Therefore, all available absolute and relative organ weight data for untreated control B6C3F1 mice were collected from 2-wk, 3-mo, and 15-mo NCI/NTP investigations with report dates through August 2010 in order to examine organ weight changes over time and by study type. Study data were grouped into 5-yr intervals by initiation date. Body weights in males increased over time except in 2-wk studies, while body weights in females rose through 1993 and remained constant or declined thereafter. Higher body weights were noted in individually housed mice, and in drinking water studies compared to feed or inhalation studies. Elevated organ weights were typically associated with increased body weights except that lower organ weights were evident as early as 2-wk on study with the introduction of the NTP-2000 diet in 1994. Relative organ weights decreased over time in males and females. Finally, organ weight coefficients of variation (standard deviation/mean) declined over time in 2-wk, 3-mo, and 15-mo studies, which may reflect improved data collection methods or reduced interlaboratory variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale J Marino
- Conestoga-Rovers & Associates, Rochester, New York 14650-2136, USA.
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18
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Marino DJ. Age-specific absolute and relative organ weight distributions for Fischer 344 rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:1484-1516. [PMID: 23116453 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.722520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Fischer 344 (F344) rat has been the standard rat strain used in toxicology studies conducted by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP). However, the numerous reports published to date on growth, survival, and tumor incidence have not included an overall compilation of organ weight data. Notably, dose-related organ weight effects are endpoints used by regulatory agencies to develop toxicity reference values (TRVs) for use in human health risk assessments. In addition, physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, which utilize relative organ weights, are increasingly being used to develop TRVs. Because a compilation of organ weights for F344 rats could prove beneficial for TRV development and PBPK modeling, all available absolute and relative organ weight data for untreated control F344 rats were collected from NCI/NTP feed, drinking-water, and inhalation studies in order to develop age-specific distributions. Results showed that organ weights were collected more frequently at 2-wk (59 studies), 3-mo (148 studies), and 15-mo (38 studies) intervals than at other intervals and more frequently from feeding and inhalation than from drinking-water studies. Liver, right kidney, lung, heart, thymus, and brain weights were most frequently collected. From the collected data, the mean and standard deviation for absolute and relative organ weights were calculated. Findings showed age-related increases in absolute weights and decreases in relative weights for brain, liver, right kidney, lung, heart, thyroid, and right testis. The results suggest a general variability trend in absolute organ weights of brain < right testis < heart < right kidney < liver < lung < thymus < thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale J Marino
- Conestoga-Rovers & Associates, Rochester, NY 14650-2136, USA.
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