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Salihu D, Wong EML, Kwan RYC, Ho GWK, Chutiyami M, Surajo KS, Bello UM, Ibrahim AA, Ali MU, Wang S, Bashir K, Jalo HA, Haddad MM, Suleiman AD, Ajio DK, Ali GM, Leung DYP. Anxiety, depression and stress among internally displaced persons and host community in an armed conflict region: A comparative study. Psychiatry Res 2022; 315:114700. [PMID: 35803168 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study compares the psychological profile of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and individuals living in host communities in the war-affected setting. We conducted a cross-sectional survey from October-November 2019. Subjects were recruited from six IDPs camps and the surrounding host communities within the metropolis of Maiduguri, Nigeria by convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Hausa version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21, and analysed by logistic regression using adjusted odds ratio (AOR) at 95% Confidence Interval (CI). A total of 562 subjects were recruited. Living in IDP camp was the most significantly predictor of depression, anxiety, and stress. The common predictors were living in an IDP camp, and marital status (separated). Aged 18-29years was a protective factor compared to those ≥50years. Living in IDP camps, separated from partners, lack of education and pre-conflict employment were significant predictors of depression, anxiety and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Salihu
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HKSAR, China.
| | - E M L Wong
- School of Nursing, Tung Wah College, HKSAR, China
| | - R Y C Kwan
- School of Nursing, Tung Wah College, HKSAR, China.
| | - G W K Ho
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HKSAR, China
| | - M Chutiyami
- School of Nursing, Institute of Health and Management, Sydney, Australia
| | - K S Surajo
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - U M Bello
- Department of Physiotherapy and paramedicine, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - A A Ibrahim
- Department of Physiotherapy, Muhammad Abdullahi Wase Teaching Hospital, Hospitals Management Board, Kano, Nigeria
| | - M U Ali
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HKSAR, China
| | - S Wang
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HKSAR, China
| | - K Bashir
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - H A Jalo
- State Specialist Hospital, Damaturu, Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria
| | - M M Haddad
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - A D Suleiman
- Shehu Sule College of Nursing and Midwifery, Damaturu, Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria
| | - D K Ajio
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - G M Ali
- 461 Nigerian Air Force Hospital, Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Doris Y P Leung
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HKSAR, China
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Martín AD. Autoestima: Actualización y Mantenimiento. Un Modelo Teórico con Aplicaciones en Terapia. CLÍNICA CONTEMPORÁNEA 2021. [DOI: 10.5093/cc2021a16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Li XM, Dobson KS. Cognitive Reactivity Related to Coping Behaviors: An Assessment of Explicit and Implicit Dimensions in Clinical Depression. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-021-10229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Reed-Fitzke K. The Role of Self-Concepts in Emerging Adult Depression: A Systematic Research Synthesis. JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10804-018-09324-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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van Tuijl LA, Verwoerd JRL, de Jong PJ. Influence of sad mood induction on implicit self-esteem and its relationship with symptoms of depression and anxiety. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2018; 60:104-110. [PMID: 29458968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Implicit self-esteem (ISE) refers to the valence of triggered associations when the self is activated. Despite theories, previous studies often fail to observe low ISE in depression and anxiety. It is feasible that sad mood is required to activate dysfunctional self-associations. The present study tested the following hypotheses: i) ISE is lower following a sad mood induction (SMI); ii) the relationship between ISE and level of depression/anxiety symptoms is relatively strong when ISE is measured during sad mood; iii) individuals with higher levels of depression/anxiety symptoms will show a relatively large decrease in ISE following a SMI. METHODS In this mixed-designed study, university students completed the self-esteem implicit association test (IAT) either at baseline (control condition; n = 46) or following a SMI (experimental condition; n = 49). To test the third hypothesis, a SMI and IAT were also given in the control condition. Both conditions completed self-report measures of explicit self-esteem (ESE), and symptoms of depression and anxiety. RESULTS There was no support for the first two hypotheses, but some support that symptoms of anxiety correlated with larger decreases in ISE following a SMI which partly supported the third hypothesis. This disappeared when controlling for multiple testing. LIMITATIONS Results are limited to non-clinical participants. CONCLUSIONS While ISE was robust against increases in sad mood, there was some tentative support that symptoms of anxiety were related to larger decreases in ISE following a SMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke A van Tuijl
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Johan R L Verwoerd
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter J de Jong
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Gan Y, Liu J. The Mechanism by Which Interpersonal Coping Flexibility Influences Self-Esteem. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03395832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wu PC. Longitudinal Measurement Invariance of Beck Depression Inventory–II in Early Adolescents. Assessment 2016; 24:337-345. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191115608941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the longitudinal measurement invariance in the Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI-II) in early adolescents (junior high school students). The participants were 730 early adolescents (330 boys and 400 girls), who were followed up over 3 years (in six waves). To reduce the size of longitudinal model and verify the stability of the findings, the Fall and Spring series data sets were analyzed separately. Each series includes three waves of data with about 1-year apart. It was found that the three-factor model (Negative Attitude, Performance Difficulty, and Somatic Elements) best fitted the data. Results of both data sets provided support for the longitudinal measurement invariance (threshold invariance) of the three-factor model, suggesting that the BDI-II measured the same construct over 3 years. The study also examined the category function of the BDI-II on the basis of the pattern of threshold estimates. Finally, the implications of the findings on the continuing use of the BDI-II are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chen Wu
- National PingTung University, PingTung, Taiwan, ROC
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Wegener I, Geiser F, Alfter S, Mierke J, Imbierowicz K, Kleiman A, Koch AS, Conrad R. Changes of explicitly and implicitly measured self-esteem in the treatment of major depression: evidence for implicit self-esteem compensation. Compr Psychiatry 2015; 58:57-67. [PMID: 25578372 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Self-esteem has been claimed to be an important factor in the development and maintenance of depression. Whereas explicit self-esteem is usually reduced in depressed individuals, studies on implicitly measured self-esteem in depression exhibit a more heterogeneous pattern of results, and the role of implicit self-esteem in depression is still ambiguous. Previous research on implicit self-esteem compensation (ISEC) revealed that implicit self-esteem can mirror processes of self-esteem compensation under conditions that threaten self-esteem. We assume that depressed individuals experience a permanent threat to their selves resulting in enduring processes of ISEC. We hypothesize that ISEC as measured by implicit self-esteem will decrease when individuals recover from depression. METHODS 45 patients with major depression received an integrative in-patient treatment in the Psychosomatic University Hospital Bonn, Germany. Depression was measured by the depression score of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D). Self-esteem was assessed explicitly using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and implicitly by the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the Name Letter Test (NLT). RESULTS As expected for a successful treatment of depression, depression scores declined during the eight weeks of treatment and explicit self-esteem rose. In line with our hypothesis, both measures of implicit self-esteem decreased, indicating reduced processes of ISEC. LIMITATIONS It still remains unclear, under which conditions there is an overlap of measures of implicit and explicit self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS The results lend support to the concept of ISEC and demonstrate the relevance of implicit self-esteem and self-esteem compensation for the understanding of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Wegener
- Department of Psychosomatics, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Franziska Geiser
- Department of Psychosomatics, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Alfter
- Department of Psychosomatics, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Mierke
- (r)evolution GmbH, Heussallee 12, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katrin Imbierowicz
- Department of Psychosomatics, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kleiman
- Department of Psychosomatics, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Sarah Koch
- Department of Psychosomatics, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rupert Conrad
- Department of Psychosomatics, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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Kira IA, Hanaa S, Bujold-Bugeaud M. Gender Discrimination (GD): A Conceptual Trauma-Based Framework for GD and the Development of Gender Discrimination Inventory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/psych.2015.616201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Phillips WJ, Hine DW. En Route to Depression: Self-Esteem Discrepancies and Habitual Rumination. J Pers 2014; 84:79-90. [PMID: 25308729 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dual-process models of cognitive vulnerability to depression suggest that some individuals possess discrepant implicit and explicit self-views, such as high explicit and low implicit self-esteem (fragile self-esteem) or low explicit and high implicit self-esteem (damaged self-esteem). This study investigated whether individuals with discrepant self-esteem may employ depressive rumination in an effort to reduce discrepancy-related dissonance, and whether the relationship between self-esteem discrepancy and future depressive symptoms varies as a function of rumination tendencies. Hierarchical regressions examined whether self-esteem discrepancy was associated with rumination in an Australian undergraduate sample at Time 1 (N = 306; M(age) = 29.9), and whether rumination tendencies moderated the relationship between self-esteem discrepancy and depressive symptoms assessed 3 months later (n = 160). Damaged self-esteem was associated with rumination at Time 1. As hypothesized, rumination moderated the relationship between self-esteem discrepancy and depressive symptoms at Time 2, where fragile self-esteem and high rumination tendencies at Time 1 predicted the highest levels of subsequent dysphoria. Results are consistent with dual-process propositions that (a) explicit self-regulation strategies may be triggered when explicit and implicit self-beliefs are incongruent, and (b) rumination may increase the likelihood of depression by expending cognitive resources and/or amplifying negative implicit biases.
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Hoorens V. What’s really in a Name-Letter Effect? Name-letter preferences as indirect measures of self-esteem. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2014.980085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wong J, Morrison AS, Heimberg RG, Goldin PR, Gross JJ. Implicit associations in social anxiety disorder: the effects of comorbid depression. J Anxiety Disord 2014; 28:537-46. [PMID: 24983794 PMCID: PMC4134987 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Implicit associations of the self to concepts like "calm" have been shown to be weaker in persons with social anxiety than in non-anxious healthy controls. However, other implicit self associations, such as those to acceptance or rejection, have been less studied in social anxiety, and none of this work has been conducted with clinical samples. Furthermore, the importance of depression in these relationships has not been well investigated. We addressed these issues by administering two Implicit Association Tests (IATs; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998), one examining the implicit association of self/other to anxiety/calmness and the other examining the association of self/other to rejection/acceptance, to individuals with generalized social anxiety disorder (SAD, n=85), individuals with generalized SAD and a current or past diagnosis of major depressive disorder or current dysthymic disorder (n=47), and non-anxious, non-depressed healthy controls (n=44). The SAD and SAD-depression groups showed weaker implicit self-calmness associations than healthy controls, with the comorbid group showing the weakest self-calmness associations. The SAD-depression group showed the weakest implicit self-acceptance associations; no difference was found between non-depressed individuals with SAD and healthy controls. Post hoc analyses revealed that differences appeared to be driven by those with current depression. The SAD-only and SAD-depression groups did not differ in self-reported (explicit) social anxiety. The implications of these findings for the understanding of SAD-depression comorbidity and for the treatment of SAD are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Wong
- Adult Anxiety Clinic of Temple University
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Rivera-Hernandez M. Depression, self-esteem, diabetes care and self-care behaviors among middle-aged and older Mexicans. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 105:70-8. [PMID: 24846446 PMCID: PMC4762225 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Examine the associations of depression and self-esteem on self-care activities and care received among Mexicans with diabetes. METHODS Using data from the Mexican Nutrition and Health Survey 2012, logistic regression models were fit to test the associations between each self-care activity and diabetes care, and self-esteem and depression. RESULTS People with low self-esteem were less likely to follow a diet, but no other associations were found. Contrary to what was expected, there were no relationships between depression and quality of care received or self-care behaviors. CONCLUSION Current findings support the importance of looking at mental health and emotional state among older adults with diabetes. Future studies should explore the relationship between different psychological barriers to proper diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricruz Rivera-Hernandez
- Bio Med Gerontology Health, Brown University, Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Box G-S121-6, Providence, RI 02912-G, United States.
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Lemmens LHJM, Roefs A, Arntz A, van Teeseling HC, Peeters F, Huibers MJH. The value of an implicit self-associative measure specific to core beliefs of depression. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2014; 45:196-202. [PMID: 24211849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The present study examined differences in explicit and implicit measures of self-esteem between depressed patients and healthy controls using an indirect measurement procedure especially adapted to measure self-esteem aspects of core beliefs of depression. Furthermore, we examined whether our implicit and explicit self-associative measures were associated with each other and with depressive symptoms, and investigated the effect of a discrepancy between the implicit and explicit measure on depression. METHODS Participants were 87 depressed patients and 30 healthy controls. The Self-Liking and Self-Competence Scale was administered as a measure of explicit self-esteem. A depression-specific variant of the Single Category Implicit Association Test served as a measure of implicit self-esteem. RESULTS Patients showed significantly lower levels of explicit self-esteem as compared to healthy controls. In spite of our adaptations, no differences were found on the implicit measure. The implicit measure of self-esteem was neither related to the explicit measure nor to depressive symptoms. Furthermore, although both the explicit measure of self-esteem and the difference score of the explicit and implicit measure were related to symptoms of depression, the relation between the explicit measure and depression was found to be significantly stronger. LIMITATIONS Results should be interpreted with caution because it is not clear yet to what extent these implicit measures really reflect self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that only the explicit measure of self-esteem - and not the implicit - is related to depression. Future research using well-designed measurement procedures for obtaining implicit and explicit measures could contribute to a better insight in the nature of these constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte H J M Lemmens
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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van Tuijl LA, de Jong PJ, Sportel BE, de Hullu E, Nauta MH. Implicit and explicit self-esteem and their reciprocal relationship with symptoms of depression and social anxiety: a longitudinal study in adolescents. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2014; 45:113-21. [PMID: 24135033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A negative self-view is a prominent factor in most cognitive vulnerability models of depression and anxiety. Recently, there has been increased attention to differentiate between the implicit (automatic) and the explicit (reflective) processing of self-related evaluations. This longitudinal study aimed to test the association between implicit and explicit self-esteem and symptoms of adolescent depression and social anxiety disorder. Two complementary models were tested: the vulnerability model and the scarring effect model. METHOD Participants were 1641 first and second year pupils of secondary schools in the Netherlands. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, self-esteem Implicit Association Test and Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale were completed to measure explicit self-esteem, implicit self-esteem and symptoms of social anxiety disorder (SAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), respectively, at baseline and two-year follow-up. RESULTS Explicit self-esteem at baseline was associated with symptoms of MDD and SAD at follow-up. Symptomatology at baseline was not associated with explicit self-esteem at follow-up. Implicit self-esteem was not associated with symptoms of MDD or SAD in either direction. LIMITATIONS We relied on self-report measures of MDD and SAD symptomatology. Also, findings are based on a non-clinical sample. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the vulnerability model, and not the scarring effect model. The implications of these findings suggest support of an explicit self-esteem intervention to prevent increases in MDD and SAD symptomatology in non-clinical adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke A van Tuijl
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Ledrich J, Gana K. Relationship between attributional style, perceived control, self-esteem, and depressive mood in a nonclinical sample: a structural equation-modelling approach. Psychol Psychother 2013; 86:413-30. [PMID: 24217866 DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8341.2012.02067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine the intricate relationship between some personality traits (i.e., attributional style, perceived control over consequences, self-esteem), and depressive mood in a nonclinical sample (N= 334). Method. Structural equation modelling was used to estimate five competing models: two vulnerability models describing the effects of personality traits on depressive mood, one scar model describing the effects of depression on personality traits, a mixed model describing the effects of attributional style and perceived control over consequences on depressive mood, which in turn affects self-esteem, and a reciprocal model which is a non-recursive version of the mixed model that specifies bidirectional effects between depressive mood and self-esteem. RESULTS The best-fitting model was the mixed model. Moreover, we observed a significant negative effect of depression on self-esteem, but no effect in the opposite direction. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide supporting arguments against the continuum model of the relationship between self-esteem and depression, and lend substantial support to the scar model, which claims that depressive mood damages and erodes self-esteem. In addition, the 'depressogenic' nature of the pessimistic attributional style, and the 'antidepressant' nature of perceived control over consequences plead in favour of the vulnerability model.
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Kosnes L, Whelan R, O’Donovan A, McHugh LA. Implicit measurement of positive and negative future thinking as a predictor of depressive symptoms and hopelessness. Conscious Cogn 2013; 22:898-912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Gayman MD, Cislo AM, Goidel AR, Ueno K. SES and race-ethnic differences in the stress-buffering effects of coping resources among young adults. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2013; 19:198-216. [PMID: 23952251 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2013.828827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study assesses socioeconomic status (SES) and race-ethnic differences in the extent to which coping resources (social support and self-esteem) buffer the negative impact of chronic stress on depressive symptoms. DESIGN We analyze data from a large community-based sample of young adults (ages 18-23) living in Miami-Dade County, Florida, USA (N = 1411). RESULTS Study findings indicate that the stress-buffering effects of social support or self-esteem do not vary by SES. However, independent of SES and other study controls, non-Hispanic whites experience greater stress-buffering effects from social support than African-Americans and African-Americans experience greater stress-buffering effects from self-esteem than Cubans and Nicaraguans. CONCLUSION In light of these results, we conclude that a greater understanding of racial and ethnic differences in mental health requires close attention to cultural transmissions of coping strategies within groups, which may be partly responsible for these differences in buffering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew D Gayman
- a Department of Sociology , Georgia State University , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Randolph-Seng B, Gardner WL. Validating Measures of Leader Authenticity. JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP & ORGANIZATIONAL STUDIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1548051812464780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using a student sample in a lab setting, we examined the relationships between explicit and implicit self-esteem and two measures of leader authenticity: self-reported authentic leadership as measured by the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) and perceived leader authenticity as reflected in leadership speeches. In addition, we explored the influence of situational cues for an internal versus external focus on measures of leadership authenticity. Explicit and implicit self-esteem related to authentic leadership in predicted directions, but not perceived leader authenticity. ALQ scores were also positively related to perceived leader authenticity and were significantly affected by the situational cues. Results provide support for the construct validity of the ALQ, while also showing that ALQ scores can be influenced by situational cues promoting an internal versus external focus.
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Hussey I, Barnes-Holmes D. The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure as a Measure of Implicit Depression and the Role of Psychological Flexibility. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Phillips WJ, Hine DW, Bhullar N. A Latent Profile Analysis of Implicit and Explicit Cognitions Associated with Depression. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-011-9381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Johnson AL, Benas JS, Gibb BE. Depressive implicit associations and adults' reports of childhood abuse. Cogn Emot 2011; 25:328-33. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931003787270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Geng H, Xu S. Unconscious Self-processing: Subconscious, Unintentional or Subliminal? ON THINKING 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-15423-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Meites TM, Deveney CM, Steele KT, Holmes AJ, Pizzagalli DA. Implicit depression and hopelessness in remitted depressed individuals. Behav Res Ther 2008; 46:1078-84. [PMID: 18692169 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive theories of depression posit that automatically activated cognitive schemas, including negative thoughts about the self and the future, predispose individuals to develop depressive disorders. However, prior research has largely examined these constructs using explicit tests in currently depressed individuals. Using the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the present study examined automatic associations between the self and mood state ("depression IAT") and between the future and mood state ("hopelessness IAT") before and after a negative mood induction in 19 remitted depressed individuals and 23 healthy controls. In the depression IAT, remitted depressed participants exhibited an overall lower tendency to associate themselves with happiness relative to the healthy controls before the mood induction. Control, but not remitted depressed, participants' automatic associations between the self and happiness diminished following the mood induction. Contrary to our hypotheses, no significant findings emerged when considering the hopelessness IAT. Consistent with prior studies, no significant correlations emerged between implicit and explicit biases, suggesting that these measures probe different processes. Results extend prior IAT research by documenting the presence of a reduced tendency to associate the self with happiness in a sample at increased risk for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Meites
- Harvard University, Psychology Department, 1220 William James Hall, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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