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Pietschnig J, Gittler G, Stieger S, Forster M, Gadek N, Gartus A, Kocsis-Bogar K, Kubicek B, Lüftenegger M, Olsen J, Prem R, Ruiz N, Serfas BG, Voracek M. Indirect (implicit) and direct (explicit) self-esteem measures are virtually unrelated: A meta-analysis of the initial preference task. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202873. [PMID: 30188907 PMCID: PMC6126831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The initial preference task (IPT) is an implicit measure that has featured prominently in the literature and enjoys high popularity because it offers to provide an unobtrusive and objective assessment of self-esteem that is easy to administer. However, its use for self-esteem assessment may be limited because of weak associations with direct personality measures. Moreover, moderator effects of sample- and study-related variables need investigation to determine the value of IPT-based assessments of self-esteem. Methods Conventional and grey-literature database searches, as well as screening of reference lists of obtained articles, yielded a total of 105 independent healthy adult samples (N = 17,777) originating from 60 studies. Summary effect estimates and subgroup analyses for potential effect moderators (e.g., administration order, algorithm, rating type) were calculated by means of meta-analytic random- and mixed-effects models. Moreover, we accounted for potential influences of publication year, publication status (published vs. not), and participant sex in a weighted stepwise hierarchical multiple meta-regression. We tested for dissemination bias through six methods. Results There was no noteworthy correlation between IPT-based implicit and explicit self-esteem (r = .102), indicating conceptual independence of these two constructs. Effects were stronger when the B-algorithm was used for calculation of IPT-scores and the IPT was administered only once, whilst all other moderators did not show significant influences. Regression analyses revealed a somewhat stronger (albeit non-significant) effect for men. Moreover, there was no evidence for dissemination bias or a decline effect, although effects from published studies were numerically somewhat stronger than unpublished effects. Discussion We show that there is no noteworthy association between IPT-based implicit and explicit self-esteem, which is broadly consistent with dual-process models of implicit and explicit evaluations on the one hand, but also casts doubt on the suitability of the IPT for the assessment of implicit self-esteem on the other hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Pietschnig
- Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement and Intervention, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Georg Gittler
- Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement and Intervention, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Stieger
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Michael Forster
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalia Gadek
- Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement and Intervention, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gartus
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Krisztina Kocsis-Bogar
- Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement and Intervention, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Kubicek
- Department of Applied Psychology: Work, Education and Economy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marko Lüftenegger
- Department of Applied Psychology: Work, Education and Economy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jerome Olsen
- Department of Applied Psychology: Work, Education and Economy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Prem
- Department of Applied Psychology: Work, Education and Economy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Ruiz
- Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement and Intervention, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin G. Serfas
- Department of Applied Psychology: Work, Education and Economy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Voracek
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Borton JLS, Oakes MA, Lengieza M. Fixated on rejection: Attentional blindness following socially rejecting faces in people with defensive self-esteem. SELF AND IDENTITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2016.1218924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark A. Oakes
- Department of Psychology, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, USA
| | - Michael Lengieza
- Department of Psychology, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, USA
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Wegener I, Geiser F, Alfter S, Mierke J, Imbierowicz K, Kleiman A, Koch AS, Conrad R. Changes of explicitly and implicitly measured self-esteem in the treatment of major depression: evidence for implicit self-esteem compensation. Compr Psychiatry 2015; 58:57-67. [PMID: 25578372 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Self-esteem has been claimed to be an important factor in the development and maintenance of depression. Whereas explicit self-esteem is usually reduced in depressed individuals, studies on implicitly measured self-esteem in depression exhibit a more heterogeneous pattern of results, and the role of implicit self-esteem in depression is still ambiguous. Previous research on implicit self-esteem compensation (ISEC) revealed that implicit self-esteem can mirror processes of self-esteem compensation under conditions that threaten self-esteem. We assume that depressed individuals experience a permanent threat to their selves resulting in enduring processes of ISEC. We hypothesize that ISEC as measured by implicit self-esteem will decrease when individuals recover from depression. METHODS 45 patients with major depression received an integrative in-patient treatment in the Psychosomatic University Hospital Bonn, Germany. Depression was measured by the depression score of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D). Self-esteem was assessed explicitly using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and implicitly by the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the Name Letter Test (NLT). RESULTS As expected for a successful treatment of depression, depression scores declined during the eight weeks of treatment and explicit self-esteem rose. In line with our hypothesis, both measures of implicit self-esteem decreased, indicating reduced processes of ISEC. LIMITATIONS It still remains unclear, under which conditions there is an overlap of measures of implicit and explicit self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS The results lend support to the concept of ISEC and demonstrate the relevance of implicit self-esteem and self-esteem compensation for the understanding of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Wegener
- Department of Psychosomatics, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Franziska Geiser
- Department of Psychosomatics, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Alfter
- Department of Psychosomatics, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Mierke
- (r)evolution GmbH, Heussallee 12, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katrin Imbierowicz
- Department of Psychosomatics, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kleiman
- Department of Psychosomatics, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Sarah Koch
- Department of Psychosomatics, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rupert Conrad
- Department of Psychosomatics, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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Randolph-Seng B, Gardner WL. Validating Measures of Leader Authenticity. JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP & ORGANIZATIONAL STUDIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1548051812464780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using a student sample in a lab setting, we examined the relationships between explicit and implicit self-esteem and two measures of leader authenticity: self-reported authentic leadership as measured by the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) and perceived leader authenticity as reflected in leadership speeches. In addition, we explored the influence of situational cues for an internal versus external focus on measures of leadership authenticity. Explicit and implicit self-esteem related to authentic leadership in predicted directions, but not perceived leader authenticity. ALQ scores were also positively related to perceived leader authenticity and were significantly affected by the situational cues. Results provide support for the construct validity of the ALQ, while also showing that ALQ scores can be influenced by situational cues promoting an internal versus external focus.
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Stieger S, Voracek M, Formann AK. How to Administer the Initial Preference Task. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/per.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Individuals like their name letters more than non–name letters. This effect has been termed the Name Letter Effect (NLE) and is widely exploited to measure implicit (i.e. automatic, unconscious) self–esteem, predominantly by means of the Initial Preference Task (IPT). Methodological research on how to best administer the IPT is, however, scarce. In order to bridge this gap, the present paper assessed the advantages and disadvantages of different types of IPT administrations with two meta–analyses ( k = 49; N = 11,514) and a follow–up experiment ( N = 449). As a result, a new type of administration is recommended which (1) treats the effects of the first and the last name initials separately, (2) uses a duplicate administration for reliability reasons, (3) uses the likability as well as the attractiveness item wording and (4) exploits not only letters but also numbers (i.e. birthday number effect) to measure implicit self–esteem. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stieger
- Department of Basic Psychological Research, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Voracek
- Department of Basic Psychological Research, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton K. Formann
- Department of Basic Psychological Research, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
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