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Siiba A, Kangmennaang J, Baatiema L, Luginaah I. The relationship between climate change, globalization and non-communicable diseases in Africa: A systematic review. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297393. [PMID: 38394170 PMCID: PMC10889617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are considered the 21st Century's major health and development challenges. Both pose a disproportionate burden on low- and middle-income countries that are unprepared to cope with their synergistic effects. These two challenges pose risks for achieving many of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and are both impacted by globalization through different pathways. While there are important insights on how climate change and or globalization impact NCDs in the general literature, comprehensive research that explores the influence of climate change and or globalization on NCDs is limited, particularly in the context of Africa. This review documents the pathways through which climate change and or globalization influence NCDs in Africa. We conducted a comprehensive literature search in eight electronic databases-Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Global Health Library, Science Direct, Medline, ProQuest, and Google Scholar. A total of 13864 studies were identified. Studies that were identified from more than one of the databases were automatically removed as duplicates (n = 9649). Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a total of 27 studies were eventually included in the final review. We found that the impacts of climate change and or globalization on NCDs act through three potential pathways: reduction in food production and nutrition, urbanization and transformation of food systems. Our review contributes to the existing literature by providing insights into the impact of climate change and or globalization on human health. We believe that our findings will help enlighten policy makers working on these pathways to facilitate the development of effective policy and public health interventions to mitigate the effects of climate change and globalization on the rising burden of NCDs and goal 3 of the SDG, in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhassan Siiba
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Kangmennaang
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leonard Baatiema
- Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, University of Ghana Legon, Greater Accra Region, Ghana
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac Luginaah
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
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van der Merwe D, de Beer H, Ellis S, Bester P, Marais F, Steyn A. Consumer objective and subjective knowledge about healthy foods: An approach to promote healthy lifestyle choices in South Africa. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296504. [PMID: 38271393 PMCID: PMC10810447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy food choices and consumption, coupled with sedentary lifestyles among consumers, intensify public health concerns regarding the quadruple disease burden, despite Primary Health Care (PHC) policy. However, the current relationship between consumer knowledge about healthy foods and following a healthy lifestyle needs to be explored. Our study, therefore, aimed to determine the association between consumers' subjective and objective knowledge about healthy foods and various healthy lifestyle choices. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among employed consumers (N = 157) from South African corporate settings. We used structural equation modelling (SEM) to determine associations between subjective and objective knowledge about healthy foods and healthy lifestyle choices. Our findings showed that most participants scored high on making healthy lifestyle choices relating to avoiding smoking (69.5%) and limiting drinking alcohol (68.7%) but less so for food and sleep (44.4%) while neglecting exercise, relaxation (13.7%), and choices that require dedicated effort (25.2%). On average, participants had high levels of subjective (mean = 3.59; 5-point Likert scale) knowledge and objective knowledge about healthy foods (88.4-95.9% correct responses). However, their objective knowledge about weight and cholesterol had severe deficiencies (36.7%). SEM confirmed an association between subjective knowledge and most healthy lifestyle choice categories, while income contributed to dedicated effort lifestyle choices. By contrast, objective knowledge did not associate with such choices. Our structural model suggests that subjective knowledge about healthy foods contributes to healthy lifestyle choices. Therefore, subjective knowledge and the objective knowledge deficiencies we identified among corporate consumers can serve as a valuable starting point for informed education to promote PHC policy and healthy lifestyle choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daleen van der Merwe
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Hanli de Beer
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Susanna Ellis
- Unit for Business Mathematics and Informatics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Petra Bester
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Frederick Marais
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Adri Steyn
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Torres G, Mukoma G, Neophytou N, Gradidge PJL. Employee Perceptions of an Established Health and Wellness Coaching Program to Improve Behavior. J Occup Environ Med 2023; 65:e571-e577. [PMID: 37278149 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is limited evidence, particularly qualitative analysis, of health and wellness interventions within the South African workplace. The purpose of this study is to explore whether health and wellness coaching when offered as part of an employee wellness program has potential for developing lifestyle change in a South African workplace. METHODS There were four, 45-minute focus group discussions, where employees discussed their experiences of the workplace health and wellness intervention program. RESULTS Main categories identified from the coding of the transcripts were purpose of the health and wellness coaching program, as well as employees' program experience and improvement to the program. Common barriers to engagement, positive and negative experiences, and suggested improvements were defined by the employees. CONCLUSIONS The study highlighted the need of understanding employee perceptions in the development and implementation of a workplace health and wellness program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Torres
- From the Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (G.T., N.N., P.J.-L.G.); and SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa (G.M.)
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Bokolo NP, Van Niekerk RL, Mathews V, Leach L. A Systematic Review Protocol for the Effectiveness of Psycho-Educational Intervention Programmes in Addressing the Psychological Risk Factors Associated with Non-Communicable Diseases among Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6467. [PMID: 37569009 PMCID: PMC10418932 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20156467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The psychological health concerns and risk factors associated with non-communicable disease among adolescents have been prioritized on the agenda of international health institutions globally. The aims of this systematic review are to determine the various types of psycho-educational intervention programmes developed to address the psychological risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases among adolescents, and to assess the effectiveness of the psycho-educational intervention programmes. The systematic review will include case-control and randomized controlled studies. The review will be conducted using the following electronic databases, PubMed, CINAHL, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, and ERIC, as well as the grey literature for the thesis repository from 2012 to 2022. The key search terms will include intervention programme, adolescents (aged 10-19 years), psychological risk factors and non-communicable diseases. The studies identified by the search strategy will be downloaded into Mendeley and exported to Covidence software for screening, quality assessment and data extraction. The quality assessment tool that will be utilized is the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklists to ensure relevance and quality of the articles. This systematic review will use two types of data analysis: narrative synthesis of qualitative studies and meta-analysis of quantitative studies. The findings from this systematic review will provide evidence-based tools for the management of psychological risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases, as well as present key insights for future intervention programmes on the management of psychological risk factors associated with NCDs among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nokwanda P. Bokolo
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Rudolph Leon Van Niekerk
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X9083, 50 Church Street, East London 5201, South Africa
| | - Verona Mathews
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Lloyd Leach
- Department of Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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Ilori TO, Zhen A, Velani RN, Zhao R, Echouffo-Tcheugui J, Anderson CA, Waikar SS, Kengne AP. The impact of dietary and lifestyle interventions on blood pressure management in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and metanalysis. J Hypertens 2023; 41:918-925. [PMID: 36928004 PMCID: PMC10158605 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Current literature is lacking a comprehensive review of data on dietary interventions in blood pressure (BP) management in sub-Saharan African countries. We assessed the association of dietary and other lifestyle interventions with BP-lowering effects in populations within sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS We performed a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis to determine the impact of dietary and lifestyle interventions on SBP and DBP in sub-Saharan Africa. We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases. We included intervention studies that were randomized and nonrandomized conducted in Africans residing in sub-Saharan Africa investigating diet and other lifestyle, physical activity, weight loss, tobacco, and alcohol cessation modifications. We determined the effect of diet and other lifestyle interventions on SBP and DBP. We expressed effect size as weighted mean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI). MAIN RESULTS : We identified six studies with a total of 1412 individuals, 38% males, mean age of 52.8 years (SD = 11.5). The weighted mean difference of dietary and other lifestyle interventions on SBP and DBP was -7.33 mmHg, (95% CI: -9.90 to -4.76, P < 0.001) and -2.98 mmHg, (95% CI: -4.28 to -1.69, P < 0.001), respectively. In the metaregression analyses, the duration of the interventions did not have any effect on changes in SBP and DBP. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSION : Dietary modifications showed a beneficial overall improvement in SBP and DBP in Africans. However, aside from low-salt interventions, studies on dietary potassium, healthy dietary patterns, and lifestyle modifications have not been investigated extensively in Africans and are in critical need. In addition, researchers will need to consider the settings (rural, urban, or semiurban) and the predominant existing dietary habits while designing studies on dietary interventions in sub-Saharan Africa. PROSPERO REGISTRATION CRD42020207923.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titilayo O. Ilori
- Nephrology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Aileen Zhen
- Nephrology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Romie N. Velani
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Runqi Zhao
- Nephrology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Justin Echouffo-Tcheugui
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cheryl A.M. Anderson
- Department of Public Health, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sushrut S. Waikar
- Nephrology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Andre P. Kengne
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban and Cape Town
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Gradidge PJL, Casteleijn D, Palmeira A, Maddison R, Draper CE. Employee perceptions of non-communicable diseases health risks, absenteeism and the role of organisational support in a South African pharmaceutical manufacturing company. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279008. [PMID: 36508439 PMCID: PMC9744274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in South African workers has been shown to be associated with absenteeism and increased risk of morbidity. Low-income workers living in urban settings are particularly vulnerable. Consultation with workers is crucial for understanding risks and identifying opportunities for intervention to promote health in the workplace. The purpose of this study was to examine South African pharmaceutical manufacturing workers' perspectives of health risk factors and absenteeism, and to identify how they perceived a role for the organisation to initiate interventions to improve their health. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five focus groups were conducted to capture 27 employees' perspectives. The semi-structured focus group discussions were recorded and analysed using a thematic content analysis approach. RESULTS Participants indicated that they were aware of behavioural health risks such as prolonged sitting. They showed insight into strategies to prevent injuries and stay healthy, but also expressed dissatisfaction about the lack of organisational support, leading to stress and consequently absenteeism. Participants emphasized the responsibility of the organisation to support a range of health promoting strategies. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study are important for cultivating a tailored workplace intervention to reduce NCD risk factors in the pharmaceutical manufacturing workforce. It is vital that these be supported by leadership of the company through the provision of funding and the development of internal healthcare services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Daleen Casteleijn
- Occupational Therapy Department, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - António Palmeira
- CIDEFES, University Lusóphone, Lisbon, Portugal
- Executive Director, International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (ISBNPA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ralph Maddison
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine E. Draper
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Morse AK, Askovic M, Sercombe J, Dean K, Fisher A, Marel C, Chatterton ML, Kay-Lambkin F, Barrett E, Sunderland M, Harvey L, Peach N, Teesson M, Mills KL. A systematic review of the efficacy, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of workplace-based interventions for the prevention and treatment of problematic substance use. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1051119. [PMID: 36419993 PMCID: PMC9676969 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1051119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Employee alcohol and other drug use can negatively impact the workplace, resulting in absenteeism, reduced productivity, high turnover, and worksite safety issues. As the workplace can influence employee substance use through environmental and cultural factors, it also presents a key opportunity to deliver interventions, particularly to employees who may not otherwise seek help. This is a systematic review of workplace-based interventions for the prevention and treatment of problematic substance use. Five databases were searched for efficacy, effectiveness and/or cost-effectiveness studies and reviews published since 2010 that measured use of psychoactive substances (i.e., alcohol, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics, and stimulants) as a primary or secondary outcome, in employees aged over 18. Thirty-nine articles were identified, 28 describing primary research and 11 reviews, most of which focused solely on alcohol use. Heterogeneity between studies with respect to intervention and evaluation design limited the degree to which findings could be synthesized, however, there is some promising evidence for workplace-based universal health promotion interventions, targeted brief interventions, and universal substance use screening. The few studies that examined implementation in the workplace revealed specific barriers including lack of engagement with e-health interventions, heavy use and reluctance to seek help amongst male employees, and confidentiality concerns. Tailoring interventions to each workplace, and ease of implementation and employee engagement emerged as facilitators. Further high-quality research is needed to examine the effectiveness of workplace substance use testing, Employee Assistance Programs, and strategies targeting the use of substances other than alcohol in the workplace. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=227598, PROSPERO [CRD42021227598].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh K. Morse
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mina Askovic
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jayden Sercombe
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate Dean
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alana Fisher
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- eCentre Clinic, School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina Marel
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Frances Kay-Lambkin
- Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma Barrett
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew Sunderland
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Logan Harvey
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalie Peach
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maree Teesson
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine L. Mills
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Sidossis A, Gaviola GC, Sotos-Prieto M, Kales S. Healthy lifestyle interventions across diverse workplaces: a summary of the current evidence. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2021; 24:490-503. [PMID: 34622825 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Workplaces provide a unique opportunity to deliver health promotion interventions to their workers. This review summarizes evidence from the most recent studies (September 2019 to April 2021) of workplace healthy lifestyle interventions and identifies gaps in the literature and key aspects for successful future workplace lifestyle interventions. RECENT FINDINGS Recent intervention studies have focused on four health domains: (1) multicomponent wellness programs, (2) healthy diet interventions, (3) physical activity interventions, and (4) mental health/sleep interventions. Within each group of studies, there was significant heterogeneity in study length, intervention components, and worker populations. Nonetheless, most studies across all categories showed positive associations between healthy lifestyle interventions and improved worker health. SUMMARY Although recent literature has shown an overall positive trend between healthy lifestyle interventions implemented at the workplace and improvements in markers of health and wellbeing, further research should include longer follow-up periods, more objective measures of wellbeing, evaluation of worker performance, and analogous interventions between studies to identify the most effective interventions to improve worker health and wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Sidossis
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance/Harvard Medical School, Cambridge
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gabriel C Gaviola
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance/Harvard Medical School, Cambridge
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mercedes Sotos-Prieto
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPaz (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Paz)
- CIBERESP (CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefanos Kales
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance/Harvard Medical School, Cambridge
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Gradidge PJL, Draper CE, Casteleijn D, Palmeira A. Pharmaceutical workers' perceptions of physical activity and healthy eating: a qualitative study. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:350. [PMID: 34496969 PMCID: PMC8425005 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05765-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The public health message ‘move for health’ is relevant given the high prevalence of insufficient physical activity, particularly in African countries. The call for behaviour modification including limiting unhealthy dietary patterns in these settings is therefore critical; however, there is limited knowledge on the adoption of health promotion strategies in the workplace. This study aimed to investigate workers’ perceptions of physical activity and healthy eating. Results Five focus groups were conducted with 28 participants employed in a South African pharmaceutical manufacturing company to explore perceptions of physical activity and healthy eating. Results showed that two categories emerged: physical activity and unhealthy behaviours. Participants recognised the importance of obtaining sufficient physical activity in various domains, however believed that contemporary lifestyle limited opportunities for movement. Likewise, participants viewed healthy eating as unrealistic due to financial constraints. There was however agreement that total physical activity time could be increased during recreational pursuits outside of vocational time and may include intermittent walking for travel. These findings are important for workplace interventions and provide a more robust understanding of workers’ perceptions of physical activity and healthy eating. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05765-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Catherine E Draper
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Daleen Casteleijn
- Occupational Therapy Department, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - António Palmeira
- CIDEFES, University Lusóphone, Lisbon, Portugal.,Executive Director, International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (ISBNPA), Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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