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Grubješić G, Titze N, Krieg J, Rodehutscord M. Determination of in situ ruminal crude protein and starch degradation values of compound feeds from single feeds. Arch Anim Nutr 2019; 73:414-429. [PMID: 31342789 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2019.1641377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cows are commonly fed compound feed concentrates, whose accurate formulation relies on the additivity of ruminal degradation characteristics of single feeds, and the absence of associative effects. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the additivity of single feeds in compound feeds made thereof. Twelve single feeds were used to produce eight compound feeds in mash and pelleted form. Samples of single and compound feeds were incubated in situ in three ruminally fistulated dairy cows, and effective ruminal degradation (ED) of CP and starch (ST) was computed. The ED values of examined compound feeds could be, in most cases, accurately calculated from ED values of single feeds. Observed EDCP values were significantly lower than that calculated, but differences were overall small and not exceeded 5% points. No significant differences were observed between calculated and observed EDST. The study also examined the effects of pelleting of compound feeds on in situ degradation. Pelleting significantly increased EDCP (up to 8% points), and EDST (up to 4% points) of most compound feeds. This could have been caused by the pelleting process increasing the proportion of fine feed particles with fast disappearance from the bags. It was concluded that small associative effects between the examined single feeds could be disregarded when formulating compound feeds for dairy cows, and that additivity of EDCP and EDST can be assumed in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Grubješić
- a Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Natascha Titze
- a Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Jochen Krieg
- a Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- a Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
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2
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Wild KJ, Trautmann A, Katzenmeyer M, Steingaß H, Posten C, Rodehutscord M. Chemical composition and nutritional characteristics for ruminants of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris obtained using different cultivation conditions. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.101385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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3
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Westreicher-Kristen E, Blank R, Metges CC, Susenbeth A. Protein value of diets for dairy cows with different proportions of crude protein originating from red clover silage versus soybean meal. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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4
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Review: protein value of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in animal nutrition as affected by the ethanol production process. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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5
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Metzler-Zebeli BU, Haselmann A, Klevenhusen F, Knaus W, Zebeli Q. Lactic acid treatment of by-products and phosphorus level in the diet modulate bacterial microbiome and the predicted metagenome functions using the rumen simulation technique. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9800-9814. [PMID: 30146296 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study used a rumen simulation technique to evaluate the effects of soaking of by-product-rich concentrate (BPC) in 5% lactic acid (LAC; vol/vol) on the rumen microbiota, predicted metagenome, fermentation characteristics, and nutrient degradation without or with supplemented P. The diet was supplemented with 1.6 g of P in the form of monocalcium phosphate per kilogram of dry matter in addition to 284 mg of inorganic P/d per fermentor via artificial saliva. Fermentor fluid was collected for analyses of short-chain fatty acids, fermentation gases, redox potential, and microbiota and feed residues for calculation of nutrient degradation. The microbiota composition was assessed using paired-end Illumina (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA) MiSeq sequencing of the V3 to V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Soaking in LAC reduced the contents of crude protein, neutral and acid detergent fibers, and organic matter fractions as well as ash and P content of the BPC. Both the LAC treatment of BPC and the inorganic P modified the relative bacterial abundances mainly within the predominant orders Bacteroidales and Clostridiales. Supervised DIABLO N-integration networking supported that operational taxonomic units related to BS11, Ruminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae, Eubacterium, and Selenomonas were the most discriminant for the LAC-treated BPC, whereas other operational taxonomic units related to BS11, RFN20, Ruminococcus, and Succiniclasticum were best correlated with the inorganic P supplementation. Integration networking also showed that carbohydrate and pyruvate metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and degradation of several xenobiotics were stimulated by the LAC treatment of BPC. Those data supported the enhanced fermentation activity as indicated by increased total short-chain fatty acid concentration, especially propionate and butyrate, and methane, but decreased ruminal crude protein degradation, with the LAC-treated compared with control-treated BPC. In contrast, despite an increased abundance of imputed functions, such as inositol phosphate metabolism, phosphatidylinositol signaling, and fructose and mannose metabolism, the reduced abundance of the imputed Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway "transcription machinery" as well as the decrease in total short-chain fatty acids and nutrient degradation indicated reduced bacterial metabolic activity with the inorganic P supplementation. In conclusion, soaking of BPC in LAC may favor the proliferation of certain fibrolytic bacterial taxa and stimulate their metabolic activity, whereas the supplemented P to a diet already meeting ruminal P needs may impair ruminal nutrient utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Haselmann
- Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Division of Livestock Sciences, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fenja Klevenhusen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Knaus
- Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Division of Livestock Sciences, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Pirgozliev VR, Whiting IM, Mirza MW, Rose SP. Nutrient availability of different batches of wheat distiller’s dried grains with solubles for turkeys. Arch Anim Nutr 2018; 72:153-161. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2018.1435479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephen Paul Rose
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Shropshire, UK
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Krieg J, Seifried N, Steingass H, Rodehutscord M. In situ and in vitro evaluation of crude protein degradation and utilisable crude protein content of barley, rye and triticale grains for ruminants. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:452-461. [PMID: 28984063 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rations for dairy cows are comprised of high proportions of cereal grains. Thus, despite their low crude protein (CP) content, grains can contribute considerably to the CP intake of dairy cows. This study was conducted to describe and compare ruminal CP degradation of a broad range of barley, rye and triticale genotypes in situ and in vitro and different methods to estimate the utilisable CP at the duodenum (uCP). Twenty samples each of rye, barley and triticale were incubated in situ and in vitro. Exponential regression analyses were used to estimate in situ degradation parameters. Further, the effective degradability (ED), ruminal undegraded CP (UDP) and uCP for ruminal passage rates of 5% and 8% per hr were estimated. The uCP was estimated in vitro and based on two different approaches using in situ UDP data and estimates of microbial synthesised protein (based on fermented organic matter [fOM] or equations of the Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie). The degradation rate declined from rye (43% per hr) to triticale (27% per hr) to barley (20% per hr), and it exhibited remarkable variation between the genotypes of a single species. The maximal degradable CP fraction also differed between the species, but was overall very high (94%-99%). The lowest washout fraction (26%) and the highest variation in ED (77%-86% and 69%-80% for a passage rate of 5% and 8% per hr, respectively) were found in barley. The in situ uCP content (estimated using fOM) was lower for barley than for rye and triticale at ruminal passage rates of 5% and 8% per hr (barley: 157 g/kg DM at both passage rates; rye and triticale: 168 (at 5% per hr) and 169 (at 8% per hr) g/kg DM). In vitro estimations of uCP did not differ between the grain species and uCP estimated according to GfE was higher for triticale than for barley and rye, which did not differ. The low variation within a single grain species and the weak correlations between ruminal CP degradation and nutrient concentrations suggested that differentiation of ED and uCP between the genotypes of a single grain species is not necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Krieg
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - N Seifried
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H Steingass
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Rodehutscord
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Within plant variation of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) produced from multiple raw materials in varying proportions: Chemical composition and in vitro evaluation of feeding value for ruminants. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Böttger C, Südekum KH. European distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS): Chemical composition and in vitro evaluation of feeding value for ruminants. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Westreicher-Kristen E, Steingass H, Rodehutscord M. Estimation of utilisable crude protein at the duodenum of dried distillers' grains with solubles using a modified gas test. Arch Anim Nutr 2016; 69:351-65. [PMID: 26305384 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2015.1073058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterise the variation of utilisable crude protein at the duodenum (uCP) of dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) for ruminants using a modified gas test and to predict the uCP in DDGS based on chemical composition. Thirteen samples originating from wheat, maize, barley or blends of different substrates were studied. The in vitro uCP was estimated using the modified Hohenheim gas test (moHGT). Samples were incubated in rumen fluid for 8 h, 24 h and 48 h followed by ammonia distillation. The obtained values were compared to reference values of uCP (based on the contents of crude protein (CP), in situ undegraded CP and metabolisable energy). The reference and in vitro values of uCP were calculated according to passage rates of 2, 5 and 8%/h (i.e., uCP2, uCP5 and uCP8, respectively). The in vitro uCP8 ranged from 214 to 320 g/kg DM and reference values from 158 to 302 g/kg DM. The in vitro uCP2 was on average lower (by 7 g/kg DM) and in vitro uCP8 was higher (by 56 g/kg DM) than their respective reference values. The in vitro uCP5 and uCP8 were correlated with reference values and the correlations were improved with increasing passage rates. When the differences of uCP content between in vitro and reference values were related to CP fractions, they increased with increasing content of CP fraction A and decreasing content of CP fraction B3 for uCP8. The prediction of uCP values from chemical composition was not reliable. It was concluded that uCP can be predicted on the basis of the moHGT method and CP fractions. The accuracy of prediction improved upon the inclusion of CP fractions and neutral-detergent insoluble nitrogen. The present study revealed a significant variation in the uCP content of DDGS, which should be considered when formulating rations for dairy cows.
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11
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Opoku EY, Classen HL, Scott TA. Effects of wheat distillers dried grains with solubles with or without protease and β-mannanase on the performance of turkey hen poults. Poult Sci 2015; 94:207-14. [PMID: 26353159 DOI: 10.3382/ps/peu049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion in bioethanol production has resulted in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) being readily available as a major protein source in the poultry industry. Two experiments were conducted to investigate effects of wheat DDGS (wDDGS) and enzyme on nutrient digestibility and performance of turkey hen poults (7 to 21 d). Two starter diets (0 or 30% wDDGS) were formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements for Hybrid Converter female turkeys. These diets were then mixed in different proportions to obtain 2 additional wDDGS inclusion levels (10 and 20%). In Experiment 1, 0 and 30% wDDGS diets were each subdivided into 3 portions and supplemented with no enzyme (E-), protease (P+; 0.125 g/kg) or β-mannanase (M+; 0.5 g/kg). A total of 144, 7-day-old poults were randomly distributed in groups of 4 in 6 replicate cages per treatment. There were no significant main effects or interactions on feed intake from 7 to 21 d. However, a positive (P<0.05) effect of 30% wDDGS was shown for weight gain and gain:feed. A significant interaction on nitrogen retention (NR) was found between enzymes and wDDGS level. There were significant main effects and interactions on the AME of the diets. The AME was higher (P<0.05) for 30% compared to 0% wDDGS. Supplementation of P+ decreased (P<0.05) AME for 0% diets as compared to 30% diets and vice versa for M+. In Experiment 2, 7-day-old poults (4 birds per 6 replications per treatment) were fed 4 levels of wDDGS (0, 10, 20, and 30%) with no enzyme. A linear (P<0.01) response was found for gain:feed with 30% wDDGS having a better response. Quadratic (P<0.01) responses were also found for NR and AME; both were highest for 10% wDDGS diets. In summary, no beneficial effects of P+ or M+ were demonstrated in diets containing 30% wDDGS. Wheat DDGS is a valuable energy source and as high as 30% can be incorporated in turkey hen poults (7 to 21 d) diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Opoku
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N5A8
| | - H L Classen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N5A8
| | - T A Scott
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N5A8
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12
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The energy and protein value of wheat, maize and blend DDGS for cattle and evaluation of prediction methods. Animal 2014; 8:1839-50. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114001815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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13
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In situ ruminal degradation of amino acids and in vitro protein digestibility of undegraded CP of dried distillers' grains with solubles from European ethanol plants. Animal 2013; 7:1901-9. [PMID: 24237671 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113001730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to compare the in situ ruminal degradation of CP and amino acids (AAs) of dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS), and to estimate intestinal digestibility (ID) of undegradable crude protein (UDP) with the in vitro pepsin-pancreatin solubility of CP (PPS), using either DDGS samples (DDGS-s) or DDGS residues (DDGS-r) obtained after 16 h ruminal incubation. Thirteen samples originating from wheat, corn, barley and blends were studied. Lysine and methionine content of DDGS-s varied from 1.4 to 4.0 and 1.3 to 2.0 g/16 g N, respectively. The milk protein score (MPS) of DDGS-s was low and ranged from 0.36 to 0.51, and lysine and isoleucine were estimated to be the most limiting AAs in DDGS-s and DDGS-r. DDGS-r contained slightly more essential AAs (EAAs) than did the DDGS-s. Rumen degradation after 16 h varied from 44% to 94% for CP, from 39% to 90% for lysine and from 35% to 92% for methionine. Linear regressions showed that the ruminal degradation of individual AAs can be predicted from CP degradation. The PPS of DDGS-s was higher than that of DDGS-r and it varied from 70% to 89% and from 47% to 81%, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the PPS of DDGS-s and PPS of DDGS-r (R 2=0.31). The estimated intestinally absorbable dietary protein (IADP) averaged 21%. Moderate correlation was found between the crude fibre (CF) content and PPS of DDGS-r (R 2=0.43). This study suggests an overestimation of the contribution of UDP of DDGS to digestible protein supply in the duodenum in some currently used protein evaluation systems. More research is required and recommended to assess the intestinal digestibility of AAs from DDGS.
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Westreicher-Kristen E, Kaiser R, Steingass H, Rodehutscord M. Effect of feeding dried distillers' grains with solubles on milk yield and milk composition of cows in mid-lactation and digestibility in sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 98:347-56. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Kaiser
- Institut für Tierernährung; Universität Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
| | - H. Steingass
- Institut für Tierernährung; Universität Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
| | - M. Rodehutscord
- Institut für Tierernährung; Universität Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
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