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Regional Differences in School-Based Physical Therapy Practice for Students Who Made Progress on 2 Outcome Measures. Pediatr Phys Ther 2022; 34:46-54. [PMID: 34958332 DOI: 10.1097/pep.0000000000000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined whether regional differences exist in the provision of school-based physical therapy services for students who achieved positive progress and explored relationships between student outcomes and school-based physical therapy. METHODS Physical therapists developed student goals using Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) and administered the School Function Assessment (SFA). Therapists documented activities, interventions, and type of service delivery provided weekly. Students were assigned to regions for analysis. RESULTS Student GAS goal attainment and progress on the SFA did not vary significantly among regions. The dosage of school-based physical therapy services, interventions, and activities varied. CONCLUSIONS There were regional differences that did not impact goal achievement. Further research is needed to identify the most efficient and effective interventions and dosage to support student outcomes.
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Pool D, Elliott C, Willis C, Thornton A. The Experience of Locomotor Training From the Perspectives of Therapists and Parents of Children With Cerebral Palsy. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2021; 2:740426. [PMID: 36188854 PMCID: PMC9397752 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2021.740426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the experiences of intensive locomotor training from the perspective of therapists and parents of children with cerebral palsy.Design: A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews was employed to capture perspectives following an intensive locomotor training intervention. Data were analyzed thematically, systematically coding and interpreted by grouping information into themes and sub-theme categories.Participants: Five therapists and seven parents of children with high daily physical assistance and equipment needs participated in the study.Setting: A pediatric tertiary hospital.Results: Experiences of locomotor training were described with relation to the suitability of locomotor training with sub-themes of intervention length and time, engagement within sessions, the importance of support, and the utility of locomotor training beyond a research context. Motivation for participating in locomotor training was described in relation to the enjoyment of movement and for increasing activity level. The barriers and facilitators who participated in locomotor training provided environmental and personal factor subthemes. Finally, the outcomes from the intervention were related to improvements in physical health, sleep, affect and emotion, and ambulation in daily activities.Conclusion: The experience of intensive locomotor training from the perspectives of parents of children who have high physical assistance and equipment needs and the therapists providing the intervention was described. Future studies should consider outcome measures beyond motor capacity to quantify the perceived outcomes of interventions that are meaningful to families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayna Pool
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- The Healthy Strides Foundation, Perth, WA, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Dayna Pool ; orcid.org/0000-0001-8313-5661
| | - Catherine Elliott
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Claire Willis
- School of of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Thornton
- Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- UWA Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Fentanew M, Yitayal MM, Chala KN, Kassa T. Magnitude of Satisfaction and Associated Factors Among Caregivers of Children with Disabilities Towards Community-Based Rehabilitation Service in Central and North Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. J Multidiscip Healthc 2021; 14:2565-2575. [PMID: 34556991 PMCID: PMC8453174 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s325737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Community-based rehabilitation service (CBR) is a community development strategy set for persons with disabilities and their families. Measuring caregivers’ satisfaction is a recommended approach to know the overall satisfaction of rehabilitation service. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the magnitude of satisfaction and associated factors among caregivers of children with disabilities towards community-based rehabilitation in Central and North Gondar zone, North West Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to September 2020. The data were collected by socio-demographic variables, types of services, types of disabilities, and Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8). Data analysis was done by SPSS Version-20 statistical software. Descriptive statistics, bi-variable, and multivariable logistic regression analysis were computed. The multivariable logistic regression analysis model a P-value <0.05 was used to identify the associated factors with caregivers’ satisfaction. Results The study showed that the overall caregivers’ satisfaction with community-based rehabilitation service among caregivers of children with disabilities was 60.9% (95% CI; 55–66%). Female gender (AOR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.05–0.68), older age (AOR: 0.160, 95% CI: 0.03–0.85), being farmer (AOR: 0.14, 95% CI: 0.05–0.42), North Gondar zone residence (AOR: 7.02, 95% CI: 6.78–8.59), high monthly income (AOR: 2.48, 95% CI: 1.09–5.61), got two or more type of service (AOR: 3.65, 95% CI: 2.64–12.39), service duration 8–14 years (AOR: 4.36, 95% CI: 1.44–7.04) and service frequency 5–8 times per month (AOR: 3.91, 95% CI 2.18–7.01) were factors associated with the caregivers’ satisfaction on community based-rehabilitation service. Conclusion and Recommendation The magnitude of caregivers’ satisfaction with community-based rehabilitation services in the study area was more than half. Female gender, older age, being farmer, high monthly income, North Gondar zone residence, the high number of services, duration of services started and frequency of follow-up were factors significantly associated with caregiver’s satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molla Fentanew
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Melisew Mekie Yitayal
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kalkidan Nigussie Chala
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfa Kassa
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Pool D, Elliott C. Kindy Moves: a protocol for establishing the feasibility of an activity-based intervention on goal attainment and motor capacity delivered within an interdisciplinary framework for preschool aged children with cerebral palsy. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e046831. [PMID: 34389566 PMCID: PMC8365782 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preschool aged children with cerebral palsy (CP) and like conditions are at risk of performing below their peers in key skill areas of school readiness. Kindy Moves was developed to support school readiness in preschool aged children with CP and like conditions that are dependent on physical assistance and equipment throughout the day. The primary aims are to determine the feasibility of motor-based interventions that are functional and goal directed, adequately dosed and embedded into a play environment with interdisciplinary support to optimise goal-driven outcomes. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Forty children with CP and like conditions aged between 2 and 5 years with a Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level of III-V or equivalent, that is, dependent on physical assistance and equipment will be recruited in Western Australia. Participants will undertake a 4-week programme, comprised three, 2-hour sessions a week consisting of floor time, gross motor movement and play (30 min), locomotor treadmill training (30 min), overground walking in gait trainers (30 min) and table-top activities (30 min). The programme is group based with 3-4 children of similar GMFCS levels in each group. However, each child will be supported by their own therapist providing an interdisciplinary and goal directed approach. Primary outcomes of this feasibility study will be goal attainment (Goal Attainment Scale) and secondary outcomes will include Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, 10 metre walk test, Children's Functional Independence Measure, Sleep Disturbance Scale, Infant and Toddler Quality of Life Questionnaire, Peabody Developmental Motor Scale and Gross Motor Function Measure. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline, post intervention (4 weeks) and retention at the 4-week follow-up. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was obtained from Curtin University Human Ethics Committee (HRE2019-0073). Results will be disseminated through published manuscripts in peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations and public seminars for stakeholder groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619000064101p).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayna Pool
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- The Healthy Strides Foundation, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine Elliott
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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Ramires de Oliveira G, Fabris Vidal M. Developmental outcomes in a child with corpus callosum abnormalities and congenital heart disease after Cuevas Medek Exercises: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e04637. [PMID: 34430008 PMCID: PMC8365547 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuevas Medek Exercises (CME) stimulate active exercises, minimize handlings, and harness scientific parameters to promote neuroplasticity, shifting paradigms in pediatric rehabilitation. Distinct CME protocols had positive outcomes in a child with corpus callosum abnormalities and comorbidities indicating its potential as a research topic and in treating developmental motor delays.
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Ravault L, Darbois N, Pinsault N. Methodological Considerations to Investigate Dosage Parameters of Intensive Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Children with Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Scoping Review of RCTs. Dev Neurorehabil 2020; 23:309-320. [PMID: 31710245 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2019.1687599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES To identify and synthesize RCTs on the isolated effect of dosage parameters of upper limb Intensive Motor Rehabilitation Treatments (IMRT) of children with Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy (USCP); to identify the most frequent methodological weaknesses. METHODS Searches were conducted until September 2018 in gray and published literature databases and supplemented by exploring the identified studies' references. Inclusion criteria applied: RCT; children aged 1.5 to 19 years with USCP; upper limb IMRT differing only from ≥1/4 dosage parameters between groups. Literature analyses conducted: qualitative and descriptive. RESULTS We identified 461 studies. Seventeen were included: three presented a rehabilitation dosage distinction between groups in Frequency-Time, four in Intensity-Progressivity, three in Intensity-Restraint, two in Intensity-Environment and five presented ≥3 distinctions above. CONCLUSIONS Inconsistencies were noted between USCP lifelong issues, and the short follow-ups and lack of participation assessments. Confounding factors and misstatements in Intent To Treat (ITT) analyses were identified. A meta-analysis was considered irrelevant. ABBREVIATIONS USCP, CP: Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy, Cerebral Palsy; RCT: Randomized Controlled Trial; IMRT: Intensive Motor Rehabilitation Treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Ravault
- Grenoble Alps University Hospital , Grenoble, France
| | | | - Nicolas Pinsault
- Grenoble Alps University Hospital , Grenoble, France.,Grenoble Alps University , Grenoble, France.,ThEMAS team, TIMC-IMAG Laboratory, UMR CNRS-UGA 5525 , Grenoble, France
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Jackman M, Lannin N, Galea C, Sakzewski L, Miller L, Novak I. What is the threshold dose of upper limb training for children with cerebral palsy to improve function? A systematic review. Aust Occup Ther J 2020; 67:269-280. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1630.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Jackman
- Paediatric Occupational Therapy Department John Hunter Children’s Hospital Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - Natasha Lannin
- Occupational Therapy Department La Trobe University (School of Allied Health)The Alfred Prahran Vic Australia
| | - Claire Galea
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Child and Adolescent HealthThe University of Sydney Frenchs Forest NSW Australia
| | - Leanne Sakzewski
- Centre for Children’s Health ResearchQueensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research CentreThe University of Queensland South Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Laura Miller
- Australian Catholic University Banyo Qld Australia
| | - Iona Novak
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Child and Adolescent HealthThe University of Sydney Frenchs Forest NSW Australia
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Flores MB, Da Silva CP. Trunk control and gross motor outcomes after body weight supported treadmill training in young children with severe cerebral palsy: a non-experimental case series. Dev Neurorehabil 2019; 22:499-503. [PMID: 30289316 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2018.1527862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the impact of a body weight supported treadmill training (BWSTT) intervention on postural control and gross motor function in three young children with cerebral palsy (CP) classified as Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels IV or V. Method: Children (N = 3) between the ages of 2-3 years who were diagnosed with CP classified as GMFCS levels IV and V participated in BWSTT three times per week. The Segmental Assessment of Trunk Control (SATCo) and the gross motor function measure (GMFM-66) were assessed before and after the 6-week intervention. Results: Final testing revealed that all participants improved on the SATCo and GMFM. Conclusion: BWSTT is a viable intervention that may improve trunk control and gross motor outcomes in young children with severe CP. Further research is needed to explore the impact of BWSTT for young children classified as GMFCS levels IV and V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan B Flores
- University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences , Austin , TX , USA.,Texas Woman's University , Houston , TX , USA
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Angeli JM, Harpster K, Huijs L, Seid M, Sheehan A, Schwab SM. Patient-Centered Goal Setting in Developmental Therapy: Discordance between Documented Goals and Caregiver-Perceived Goals. Pediatr Qual Saf 2019; 4:e199. [PMID: 31572900 PMCID: PMC6708649 DOI: 10.1097/pq9.0000000000000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Productive interactions between engaged patients and clinical teams are key to effective clinical practice. Accordingly, the identification of needs and priorities through the process of collaborative goal setting is fundamental to patient-centered care. Executing a goal-setting process that is truly collaborative is challenging; many caregivers do not feel that they are adequately involved in the goal-setting process. This study presents the results of an initiative intended to understand goal concordance between therapists and caregivers. METHODS We conducted an observational, cross-sectional design study. Twenty-nine pediatric physical and occupational therapists developed and documented collaborative goals for their patients. Over 6 months, 120 randomly selected caregivers from a weekly list of patients scheduled for a follow-up physical or occupational therapy visit participated. Caregivers completed structured interviews related to their children's therapy goals. We calculated agreement coefficients between caregiver-perceived goals and therapist-documented goals. RESULTS Overall strength of agreement was poor (M = -0.03, SD = 0.71). There were no significant differences within variables of a goal setter, goal importance, or goal utility. Median agreement coefficients were greatest for goals perceived to be identified solely by the caregiver, perceived as important, and perceived as functionally useful. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study underscore the state of discordance in the collaborative goal-setting process in pediatric physical and occupational therapy. Healthcare encounters continue to be framed by provider perspectives and priorities. Developing therapy goals that enhance family involvement, relate to function, and are important to the healthcare consumer may improve the agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Angeli
- From the Division of Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise, and Nutrition Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Karen Harpster
- From the Division of Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise, and Nutrition Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lobke Huijs
- From the Division of Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise, and Nutrition Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michael Seid
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Amber Sheehan
- From the Division of Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sarah M. Schwab
- From the Division of Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition, Action, & Perception, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Størvold GV, Jahnsen RB, Evensen KAI, Bratberg GH. Is more frequent physical therapy associated with increased gross motor improvement in children with cerebral palsy? A national prospective cohort study. Disabil Rehabil 2018; 42:1430-1438. [PMID: 30444146 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1528635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the association between physical therapy frequency and gross motor improvement in children with cerebral palsy (CP).Materials and methods: This is a prospective cohort study of 442 children aged 2-12 years, Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I-V, from the Cerebral Palsy Follow-up Program and the Cerebral Palsy Register of Norway. Outcome was change in reference percentiles for the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66) between two subsequent assessments (N = 1056) analyzed in a linear mixed model.Results: It was a dose response association between physical therapy frequency and gross motor improvement. Mean change was 4.2 (95% CI: 1.4-7.1) percentiles larger for physical therapy 1-2 times per week and 7.1 (95% CI: 2.6-11.6) percentiles larger for physical therapy >2 times per week, compared to less frequent physical therapy when analyzed in a multivariable model including multiple child and intervention factors. The only statistically significant confounder was number of contractures which was negatively associated with gross motor improvement.Conclusions: When gross motor improvement is a goal for children with CP, more frequent physical therapy should be considered.Implications for rehabilitationIn general, the gross motor development of Norwegian children with cerebral palsy was as expected according to the reference percentiles for the GMFM-66.When gross motor improvement is a goal for children with cerebral palsy, high-frequency physical therapy should be considered.Contractures should be addressed in order to optimize gross motor improvement for children with cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunfrid V Størvold
- Habilitation Centre, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway.,Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Reidun B Jahnsen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience for Children, CPOP, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,CHARM, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Anne I Evensen
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Physiotherapy, Trondheim Municipality, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Grete H Bratberg
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Faculty of Nursing and Health Science, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
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Størvold GV, Jahnsen RB, Evensen KAI, Romild UK, Bratberg GH. Factors Associated with Enhanced Gross Motor Progress in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Register-Based Study. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2018; 38:548-561. [PMID: 29714626 DOI: 10.1080/01942638.2018.1462288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine associations between interventions and child characteristics; and enhanced gross motor progress in children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS Prospective cohort study based on 2048 assessments of 442 children (256 boys, 186 girls) aged 2-12 years registered in the Cerebral Palsy Follow-up Program and the Cerebral Palsy Register of Norway. Gross motor progress estimates were based on repeated measures of reference percentiles for the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66) in a linear mixed model. Mean follow-up time: 2.9 years. RESULTS Intensive training was the only intervention factor associated with enhanced gross motor progress (mean 3.3 percentiles, 95% CI: 1.0, 5.5 per period of ≥3 sessions per week and/or participation in an intensive program). Gross motor function was on average 24.2 percentiles (95% CI: 15.2, 33.2) lower in children with intellectual disability compared with others. Except for eating problems (-10.5 percentiles 95% CI: -18.5, -2.4) and ankle contractures by age (-1.9 percentiles 95% CI: -3.6, -0.2) no other factors examined were associated with long-term gross motor progress. CONCLUSIONS Intensive training was associated with enhanced gross motor progress over an average of 2.9 years in children with CP. Intellectual disability was a strong negative prognostic factor. Preventing ankle contractures appears important for gross motor progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunfrid V Størvold
- a Habilitation Centre, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust , Levanger , Norway
| | - Reidun B Jahnsen
- b Department of Clinical Neuroscience for Children , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Kari Anne I Evensen
- c Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Ulla K Romild
- d Department of Knowledge Development , Public Health Agency of Sweden , Østersund , Sweden
| | - Grete H Bratberg
- e Department of Research, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger , Norway and Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University , Levanger , Norway
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