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Nazareth TDM, Soriano Pérez E, Luz C, Meca G, Quiles JM. Comprehensive Review of Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin A Dynamics: Emergence, Toxicological Impact, and Advanced Control Strategies. Foods 2024; 13:1920. [PMID: 38928866 PMCID: PMC11203094 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi exhibit remarkable adaptability to diverse substrates and can synthesize a plethora of secondary metabolites. These metabolites, produced in response to environmental stimuli, not only confer selective advantages but also encompass potentially deleterious mycotoxins. Mycotoxins, exemplified by those originating from Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species, represent challenging hazards to both human and animal health, thus warranting stringent regulatory control. Despite regulatory frameworks, mycotoxin contamination remains a pressing global challenge, particularly within cereal-based matrices and their derived by-products, integral components of animal diets. Strategies aimed at mitigating mycotoxin contamination encompass multifaceted approaches, including biological control modalities, detoxification procedures, and innovative interventions like essential oils. However, hurdles persist, underscoring the imperative for innovative interventions. This review elucidated the prevalence, health ramifications, regulatory paradigms, and evolving preventive strategies about two prominent mycotoxins, aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. Furthermore, it explored the emergence of new fungal species, and biocontrol methods using lactic acid bacteria and essential mustard oil, emphasizing their efficacy in mitigating fungal spoilage and mycotoxin production. Through an integrative examination of these facets, this review endeavored to furnish a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted challenges posed by mycotoxin contamination and the emergent strategies poised to ameliorate its impact on food and feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago de Melo Nazareth
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (E.S.P.); (C.L.); (G.M.); (J.M.Q.)
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Gichohi-Wainaina WN, Kumwenda NC, Harry M, Matumba L, Njoroge SMC, Okori P. Aflatoxin in cereals and groundnut from small holder farming households in Malawi. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2022; 15:266-274. [PMID: 35883265 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination in commonly consumed cereals and nuts may place children at higher risk of stunting and adults at risk of developing liver cancer. This study investigated knowledge on aflatoxins and the level of aflatoxin B1 contamination in commonly consumed cereals and nuts in Malawi. It also included an examination of the proportion of cereals and nuts contaminated above regulatory maximum limits. Aflatoxin contamination in samples was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Less than half of all households knew that consumption of aflatoxin contaminated grain is associated with stunting and lowered immunity. Sorghum samples were the most contaminated and millet the least contaminated. Aflatoxin contamination was highest in southern Malawi and least in northern Malawi. Observed results indicate that this population is at risk of poor health due to lack of knowledge and aflatoxin exposure. Strategies to address contamination should therefore include a comprehensive education campaign to increase knowledge and promote accessible strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjiku N Gichohi-Wainaina
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe, Malawi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Nelson C Kumwenda
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Msere Harry
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Limbikani Matumba
- Natural Resources College, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Samuel M C Njoroge
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Patrick Okori
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe, Malawi
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Prevalence of Aflatoxin Contamination in Peanuts and Peanut Butter from an Informal Market, Harare, Zimbabwe. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2022; 2022:3761078. [PMID: 36147881 PMCID: PMC9489356 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3761078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Peanuts and peanut butter play an important role nutritionally in improving the diets of individuals in many parts of Africa, especially in the fight against child malnutrition. However, in developing countries such as Zimbabwe, most of the raw peanuts and peanut butter produced in backyard industries are sold in informal markets and rarely undergo formal safety inspection for aflatoxin contamination. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of aflatoxins in raw peanuts and backyard peanut butter sold at Mbare informal market. Ten (10) raw peanut samples and twenty (20) peanut butter samples were collected from Mbare informal market. Aflatoxin contamination was determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The results revealed that sixty percent (60%) of the raw peanut samples were contaminated with total aflatoxin ranging from <0.75 to 426.4 μg/kg. One hundred percent (100%) of peanut butter samples were contaminated with total aflatoxins ranging from 4.7 μg/kg to 435.0 μg/kg. Aflatoxin B1 was the most prevalent aflatoxin in both raw peanuts (range, 1.2 μg/kg to 90.8 μg/kg) and peanut butter (range, 4.7 to 382.9 μg/kg). Forty percent (40%) of the raw peanuts and 95% of peanut butter samples exceeded the maximum limits of AFB1 as set by Zimbabwe legislation. The results suggest that raw peanuts and especially the peanut butter from backyard industries are heavily contaminated with aflatoxins and could constitute a possible health risk to consumers who regularly purchase these food commodities from informal markets.
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Ezekiel CN, Ayeni KI, Akinyemi MO, Sulyok M, Oyedele OA, Babalola DA, Ogara IM, Krska R. Dietary Risk Assessment and Consumer Awareness of Mycotoxins among Household Consumers of Cereals, Nuts and Legumes in North-Central Nigeria. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:635. [PMID: 34564639 PMCID: PMC8472633 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterized the health risks due to the consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated foods and assessed the consumer awareness level of mycotoxins in households in two north-central Nigerian states during the harvest and storage seasons of 2018. Twenty-six mycotoxins and 121 other microbial and plant metabolites were quantified by LC-MS/MS in 250 samples of cereals, nuts and legumes. Aflatoxins were detected in all food types (cowpea, maize, peanut and sorghum) except in millet. Aflatoxin B1 was the most prevalent mycotoxin in peanut (64%) and rice (57%), while fumonisin B1 occurred most in maize (93%) and beauvericin in sorghum (71%). The total aflatoxin concentration was highest in peanut (max: 8422 µg/kg; mean: 1281 µg/kg) and rice (max: 955 µg/kg; mean: 94 µg/kg), whereas the totals of the B-type fumonisins and citrinin were highest in maize (max: 68,204 µg/kg; mean: 2988 µg/kg) and sorghum (max: 1335 µg/kg; mean: 186 µg/kg), respectively. Citrinin levels also reached 51,195 µg/kg (mean: 2343 µg/kg) in maize. Aflatoxin and citrinin concentrations in maize were significantly (p < 0.05) higher during storage than at harvest. The estimated chronic exposures to aflatoxins, citrinin and fumonisins were high, resulting in as much as 247 new liver cancer cases/year/100,000 population and risks of nephrotoxicity and esophageal cancer, respectively. Children who consumed the foods were the most vulnerable. Mycotoxin co-occurrence was evident, which could increase the health risk of the outcomes. Awareness of mycotoxin issues was generally low among the households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria; (K.I.A.); (M.O.A.); (O.A.O.)
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Str. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Kolawole I. Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria; (K.I.A.); (M.O.A.); (O.A.O.)
| | - Muiz O. Akinyemi
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria; (K.I.A.); (M.O.A.); (O.A.O.)
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Str. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Oluwawapelumi A. Oyedele
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria; (K.I.A.); (M.O.A.); (O.A.O.)
| | - Daniel A. Babalola
- Department of Agriculture and Industrial Technology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria;
| | - Isaac M. Ogara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Lafia Campus, Nasarawa State University, Keffi 950101, Nasarawa State, Nigeria;
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Str. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.)
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
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Bio-competitive exclusion: efficacy of non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus section Flavi-L morphotypes in control of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus in groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-021-00129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The biological control mechanism of Aspergillus flavus (aflatoxigenic) strains in groundnuts with atoxigenic strains from the same species through competitive exclusion employed the use of endemic and well-adapted strains within the agro-ecological zones of Zimbabwe. The selected elite non-aflatoxigenic isolates of A. flavus native to Zimbabwe were evaluated for their capability to reduce aflatoxin contamination in groundnuts under laboratory conditions.
Results
Average reduction percentages in aflatoxin B concentration for the 2019 and 2020 set of experiments ranged from 91.6 ± 3.4 to 95.8 ± 3.1% and 90.29 ± 3.6% to 95.29 ± 4.1%, respectively. Levels of aflatoxin in the co-inoculation research experiments administered were significantly reduced in all the experimental units carried out. Treatment efficiencies of the tested isolates in this study at 4:1 and 2:1 ranged from 1.20 to 2.52 and from 1.02 to 1.21, respectively. The efficacy of the tested non-aflatoxigenic strains against the aflatoxigenic strain native to Zimbabwe (ZMW 0127) indicates that the non-aflatoxigenic isolates of A. flavus. have sound practical applications against vast communities of aflatoxin-producing fungi across all the agro-ecological zones in Zimbabwe.
Conclusion
The recognized non-aflatoxigenic isolates will be of an incentive as dynamic active ingredients in biocontrol formulations for the decrease in aflatoxins in groundnuts grown in Zimbabwe.
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Neckermann K, Claus G, De Baere S, Antonissen G, Lebrun S, Gemmi C, Taminiau B, Douny C, Scippo ML, Schatzmayr D, Gathumbi J, Uhlig S, Croubels S, Delcenserie V. The efficacy and effect on gut microbiota of an aflatoxin binder and a fumonisin esterase using an in vitro simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME®). Food Res Int 2021; 145:110395. [PMID: 34112398 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin intoxication is in general an acknowledged and tackled issue in animals. However, in several parts of the world, mycotoxicoses in humans still remain a relevant issue. The efficacy of two mycotoxin detoxifying animal feed additives, an aflatoxin bentonite clay binder and a fumonisin esterase, was investigated in a human child gut model, i.e. the in vitro Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®). Additionally, the effect of the detoxifiers on gut microbiota was examined in the SHIME. After an initial two weeks of system stabilisation, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) were added to the SHIME diet during one week. Next, the two detoxifiers and mycotoxins were added to the system for an additional week. The AFB1, FB1, hydrolysed FB1 (HFB1), partially hydrolysed FB1a and FB1b concentrations were determined in SHIME samples using a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were determined by a validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Colonic bacterial communities were analysed using metabarcoding, targeting the hypervariable V1-V3 regions of the 16S rRNA genes. The AFB1 and FB1 concentrations significantly decreased after the addition of the detoxifiers. Likewise, the concentration of HFB1 significantly increased. Concentrations of SCFAs remained generally stable throughout the experiment. No major changes in bacterial composition occurred during the experiment. The results demonstrate the promising effect of these detoxifiers in reducing AFB1 and FB1 concentrations in the human intestinal environment, without compromising the gastrointestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaat Neckermann
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Gregor Claus
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Siegrid De Baere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Sarah Lebrun
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Céline Gemmi
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Caroline Douny
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Dian Schatzmayr
- BIOMIN Holding GmbH, BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - James Gathumbi
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, 00625 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Silvio Uhlig
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Véronique Delcenserie
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Nicholaus C, Martin H, Matemu A, Kimiywe J, Kassim N. Risks of aflatoxin exposure among adolescents in boarding schools in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
School feeding in low-income countries is dominated by cereals and legumes, which are susceptible to aflatoxin contamination but are usually not assessed for aflatoxins. A cross sectional study was conducted to assess aflatoxin exposure among adolescents through consumption of school meals in Kilimanjaro region. Food frequency questionnaires and 24 h dietary recalls were used to collect information on food consumption. At least four samples of common food used in school meals were collected. A deterministic approach was used to estimate the dietary aflatoxin exposure. High Performance Liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyse presence of aflatoxin contamination. Results showed that, maize based food and beans were consumed on daily basis. The intake of maize flour and dehulled maize ranged from 17.5 to 738.2 g and 28.2 to 272 g per person per day respectively. Furthermore, consumption of beans and rice were in the range of 121.1 to 595.2 g and 15.7 to 42.2 g per person per day respectively. Total aflatoxins ranged 0.20-438.53 μg/kg (median 2.30 μg/kg). The highest contamination range (0.59-438.53 μg/kg) was in maize while the lowest (0.20-3.41 μg/kg) was found in rice. Similarly, the highest aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) concentration (35.88 μg/kg) was in dehulled maize while the lowest (0.44 μg/kg) was in rice. The highest dietary exposure to total aflatoxins and AFB1 due to consumption of maize ranged from 0.70 to 973.45 ng/kg/bodyweight (bw)/day, and from 0.05-81.06 ng/kg/bw/day, respectively. This pronounced risk of exposure to aflatoxins might have been contributed by a monotonous maize based diet in boarding schools. These findings call for institutions immediate interventions, such as the use of appropriate storage technologies, sorting, cleaning and winnowing in order to remove damaged grains, thereby reducing the risk of dietary exposure to aflatoxins. Likewise, the relevant ministries should consider food diversification and routine risk assessments of the susceptible crops throughout the value chain as a long-term intervention plan at policy level.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Nicholaus
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Nutrition Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447 Arusha, Tanzania
| | - H.D. Martin
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Nutrition Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447 Arusha, Tanzania
| | - A. Matemu
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Nutrition Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447 Arusha, Tanzania
| | - J. Kimiywe
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - N. Kassim
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Nutrition Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447 Arusha, Tanzania
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Lin L, Yan L, Liu Y, Qu C, Ni J, Li H. The Burden and Trends of Primary Liver Cancer Caused by Specific Etiologies from 1990 to 2017 at the Global, Regional, National, Age, and Sex Level Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Liver Cancer 2020; 9:563-582. [PMID: 33083281 PMCID: PMC7548973 DOI: 10.1159/000508568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The primary causes of liver cancer include hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), alcohol consumption, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and other factors. AIMS The objective of this study was to evaluate the global and sex-, age-, region-, country-, and etiology-related liver cancer burden, as well as the trends in liver cancer caused by different etiologies. METHODS The causes of liver cancer from 1990 to 2017, including global, regional, and national liver cancer incidence, mortality, and etiology, were collected from the Global Burden of Disease study 2017, and the time-dependent change in the trends of liver cancer burden was evaluated by annual percentage change. RESULTS The global liver cancer incidence and mortality have been increasing. There were 950,000 newly-diagnosed liver cancer cases and over 800,000 deaths in 2017, which is more than twice the numbers recorded in 1990. HBV and HCV are the major causes of liver cancer. HBV is the major risk factor of liver cancer in Asia, while HCV and alcohol abuse are the major risk factors in the high sociodemographic index and high human development index regions. The mean onset age and incidence of liver cancer with different etiologies have gradually increased in the past 30 years. CONCLUSIONS The global incidence is still rising and the causes have national, regional, or population specificities. More targeted prevention strategies must be developed for the different etiologic types in order to reduce liver cancer burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Fengtai District Community Health Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changhai Qu
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,*Hui Li, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy, of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongcheng District, Dongzhimen Nanxiaojie within 16, Beijing 100700 (China), , Jian Ni, School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University, of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District, Bei San Huan Dong Lu No. 11, Beijing 100029 (China),
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Otto M, Pretorius B, Kritzinger Q, Schönfeldt H. Contamination of freshly harvested Bambara groundnut (
Vigna subterranea
) seed from Mpumalanga, South Africa, with mycotoxigenic fungi. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margot Otto
- Department of Animal and Wildlife Science, Institute of Food Nutrition and Well‐Being University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Beulah Pretorius
- Department of Animal and Wildlife Science, Institute of Food Nutrition and Well‐Being University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Quenton Kritzinger
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Hettie Schönfeldt
- Department of Animal and Wildlife Science, Institute of Food Nutrition and Well‐Being University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
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Kunz BM, Wanko F, Kemmlein S, Bahlmann A, Rohn S, Maul R. Development of a rapid multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS stable isotope dilution analysis for grain legumes and its application on 66 market samples. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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de León-Martínez LD, Solis-Mercado J, Rodríguez-Aguilar M, Díaz-Barriga F, Ortíz DG, Flores-Ramírez R. Assessment of aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct in serum of infant population of the Huasteca Potosina, México – a pilot study. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are mycotoxins considered to be highly toxic and produce adverse effects on human health. These compounds, mainly aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), have been classified as human carcinogens, due to its association with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. In Mexico, the study of aflatoxins has been focused on the evaluation of products of the basic basket, particularly on maize, which is the basis of the Mexican diet. On the other hand, most of these studies have been conducted in urban areas. Indigenous populations may be exposed to a higher risk than urban ones due to the high consumption of tortillas, the harvest and the storage conditions of their food; hence, AFB1 is frequently found contaminating maize, which is the main food source for Mexicans. There is scarce evidence of exposure in vulnerable populations, such as children. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to conduct a pilot study for the evaluation of exposure to AFB1 through the AFB1-lys adduct in 31 serum samples of children from indigenous communities in Mexico. AFB1-lys was measured by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD), with limits of detection and quantification of 3.5 and 4.7 pg/ml, respectively. Results from this pilot study revealed that 13% of children were of short stature, 9.7% presented overweight and 6.5% obesity. 45% of the children presented detectable concentrations of AFB1-lys adduct, with a median (minimum-maximum) of 5.6 (4.8-6.5) pg of AFB1-lys adduct/mg of albumin. The AFB1-lysine exposure biomarker is an important tool for the surveillance of aflatoxins and their effects on health, so, following this intervention, it would be necessary to monitor the exposure of vulnerable populations to aflatoxins, especially in rural areas where foods are more contaminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Díaz de León-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - J. Solis-Mercado
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - M. Rodríguez-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - F. Díaz-Barriga
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - D. Guzmán Ortíz
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Campus Guanajuato, Irapuato, México
| | - R. Flores-Ramírez
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, México
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Afolabi CG, Ezekiel CN, Ogunbiyi AE, Oluwadairo OJ, Sulyok M, Krska R. Fungi and mycotoxins in cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L) on Nigerian markets. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2019; 13:52-58. [PMID: 31739763 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2019.1690590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 81 samples of two cowpea varieties (brown: 54; white: 27) collected from various markets in southwestern Nigeria were examined for fungal and mycotoxin contamination. Moulds belonging to Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium were recovered from 99% of the samples. In both cowpea varieties, Aspergillus (52-53%) dominated Fusarium (29-30%) and Penicillium (17-20%). The interactive effect of cowpea variety and sampled location was significant (p = .013) on the occurrence of Fusarium species. Aflatoxins were detected in one brown and two white cowpea samples at concentrations reaching 209 and 84 µg/kg, respectively. Additionally, beauvericin was found in two samples of each cowpea variety, albeit at low concentrations. Cowpea presents as an alternative vegetable protein source to groundnuts in household nutrition with respect to mycotoxin contamination. Simple techniques to prevent mycotoxins in dry cowpeas are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement G Afolabi
- Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria.,Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Abimbola E Ogunbiyi
- Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Olufemi J Oluwadairo
- Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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13
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Dembedza M, Chidewe C, Benhura M, Mvumi B, Manema L, Nyanga L. Effectiveness of hermetic maize grain storage technology in limiting aflatoxin exposure in women and children from smallholder farming areas. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The longitudinal study assessed the effectiveness of hermetic storage technology in limiting aflatoxin exposure among women aged 15-45 years and children under five years of age from households in selected smallholder farming areas of Zimbabwe. Exposure levels were determined by measuring aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in urine samples from women and children every three months during the 2015/2016 storage season for nine months. After extraction and immunoaffinity column clean up, AFM1 was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Generally, the proportion of AFM1 positive urine samples from women increased throughout the grain storage season from 5.4% (n=23) (geometric mean (GM) 1.62 μg/l) at harvest to 75% (n=315) (GM 48.35 μg/l) nine months later (range <limit of quantification (LOQ)-217.29 μg/l). In urine samples from children, AFM1 positive samples increased from 2.2% (n=4) (GM 0.78 μg/l) at harvest to 72.5% (n=98) (GM 22.81 μg/l) nine months later (range <LOQ- 135.00 μg/l). Urinary AFM1 was significantly higher in samples from participants using conventional storage (GM 62.28 μg/l; range <LOQ-217.29 μg/l) compared with samples from participants using hermetic technology (GM 31.95 μg/l; range <LOQ-157.71 μg/l. There was no significant difference in AFM1 concentrations in urine samples from participants consuming grain from metal silos and hermetic bags (P>0.05) hence the two technologies are equally effective in limiting exposure to aflatoxins in humans. The study concluded that aflatoxin exposure levels among women and children from small-holder farming areas increase throughout the postharvest season and the use of hermetic storage technology resulted in up to 33.2% decrease in frequency of detection and 48.7% decrease in levels of AFM1 compared to conventional storage technologies. Thus hermetic grain storage can be an effective technology recommended for limiting aflatoxin exposure in smallholder farming populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.P. Dembedza
- University of Zimbabwe, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences, P.O. Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - C. Chidewe
- University of Zimbabwe, Department of Biochemistry, P.O. Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - M.A. Benhura
- University of Zimbabwe, Department of Biochemistry, P.O. Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - B.M. Mvumi
- University of Zimbabwe, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, P.O. Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare Zimbabwe
| | - L.R. Manema
- University of Zimbabwe, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences, P.O. Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - L.K. Nyanga
- University of Zimbabwe, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences, P.O. Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
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14
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Dembedza M, Chidewe C, Benhura M, Mvumi B, Manema L, Nyanga L. Effectiveness of hermetic maize grain storage technology in limiting aflatoxin exposure in women and children from smallholder farming areas. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.P. Dembedza
- University of Zimbabwe, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences, P.O. Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - C. Chidewe
- University of Zimbabwe, Department of Biochemistry, P.O. Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - M.A. Benhura
- University of Zimbabwe, Department of Biochemistry, P.O. Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - B.M. Mvumi
- University of Zimbabwe, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, P.O. Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare Zimbabwe
| | - L.R. Manema
- University of Zimbabwe, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences, P.O. Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - L.K. Nyanga
- University of Zimbabwe, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences, P.O. Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
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15
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Rushing BR, Selim MI. Aflatoxin B1: A review on metabolism, toxicity, occurrence in food, occupational exposure, and detoxification methods. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 124:81-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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Ndemera M, De Boevre M, De Saeger S. Mycotoxin management in a developing country context: A critical review of strategies aimed at decreasing dietary exposure to mycotoxins in Zimbabwe. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 60:529-540. [PMID: 30501517 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1543252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are unavoidable environmental contaminants, which are found throughout the food chain, particularly in cereals. Mycotoxin management is not effective in developing countries, such as Zimbabwe, due to resource constraints, yet human health risk is evident. Various practical mitigation strategies that can be employed to decrease human dietary exposure to mycotoxins as a means of preliminary steps towards risk management are discussed. These strategies were stratified into two categories. First, crop/commodity-centred strategies, mainly the pre-harvest actions of cultivar selection, bio-control, as well as good agricultural practices (GAP), and the post-harvest actions including timeous harvesting, appropriate drying and storage technologies, are elaborated making use of hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP) principles. The role of legislation is also explored as a crop/commodity centred mitigation strategy. Second, human-centred strategies anchored on dietary diversity and the use of socio-cultural approaches as a direct means of reducing mycotoxin exposure are discussed. Finally, an integrated science-based mycotoxin management strategy, encompassing targeted legislation on mycotoxins, consumer education and information sharing, human and institutional capacity building, training and financing, is suggested in addition to GAP, as a means of reducing human health risk associated with mycotoxin exposure in Zimbabwe.HighlightsFarm-to-fork HACCP-based mycotoxin managementHuman-centred mycotoxin management approaches are keyAgronomy, technology and legislation critical in reducing mycotoxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Ndemera
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Nleya N, Adetunji MC, Mwanza M. Current Status of Mycotoxin Contamination of Food Commodities in Zimbabwe. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E89. [PMID: 29751574 PMCID: PMC5983227 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10050089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural products, especially cereal grains, serve as staple foods in sub-Saharan Africa. However, climatic conditions in this region can lead to contamination of these commodities by moulds, with subsequent production of mycotoxins posing health risks to both humans and animals. There is limited documentation on the occurrence of mycotoxins in sub-Saharan African countries, leading to the exposure of their populations to a wide variety of mycotoxins through consumption of contaminated foods. This review aims at highlighting the current status of mycotoxin contamination of food products in Zimbabwe and recommended strategies of reducing this problem. Zimbabwe is one of the African countries with very little information with regards to mycotoxin contamination of its food commodities, both on the market and at household levels. Even though evidence of multitoxin occurrence in some food commodities such as maize and other staple foods exist, available published research focuses only on Aspergillus and Fusarium mycotoxins, namely aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON), trichothecenes, fumonisins, and zearalenone (ZEA). Occurrence of mycotoxins in the food chain has been mainly associated with poor agricultural practices. Analysis of mycotoxins has been done mainly using chromatographic and immunological methods. Zimbabwe has adopted European standards, but the legislation is quite flexible, with testing for mycotoxin contamination in food commodities being done voluntarily or upon request. Therefore, the country needs to tighten its legislation as well as adopt stricter standards that will improve the food safety and security of the masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Nleya
- Department of Animal Health, Northwest University, Mafikeng, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
- Department of Applied Biology and Biochemistry, National University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box AC 939 Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.
| | - Modupeade Christianah Adetunji
- Department of Animal Health, Northwest University, Mafikeng, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
- Department of Biological Sciences, McPherson University, Seriki Sotayo, Ogun State, Abeokuta P.M.B. 2094, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Department of Animal Health, Northwest University, Mafikeng, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
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Ayelign A, Woldegiorgis AZ, Adish A, De Saeger S. Total aflatoxins in complementary foods produced at community levels using locally available ingredients in Ethiopia. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 11:111-118. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1437784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Ayelign
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | - Abdulaziz Adish
- Micronutrient Initiative (MI), Deputy Regional Director, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Getachew A, Chala A, Hofgaard IS, Brurberg MB, Sulyok M, Tronsmo AM. Multimycotoxin and fungal analysis of maize grains from south and southwestern Ethiopia. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2017; 11:64-74. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1408698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alemayehu Getachew
- College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Alemayehu Chala
- College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Ingerd Skow Hofgaard
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - May Bente Brurberg
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Anne-Marte Tronsmo
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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