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Mamiro AP, Martin HD, Kassim N. Risk of exposure to aflatoxin M1 through consumption of cow's milk among children in Magadu, Morogoro. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:245-253. [PMID: 38393489 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination of milk affects the general population with particular attention to children who frequently consume milk as part of complementary food. This study determined AFM1 contamination of cow's milk and estimated the health risk of dietary AFM1 through consumption of cow's milk among children (6 to 36 months) in the Magadu ward of Morogoro region in Tanzania. A total of 165 mother-baby pairs were recruited and interviewed on child feeding practices with a focus on feeding of cow's milk in the past 24 h. Alongside the interview, 100 raw cows' milk samples were collected from subsampled respondent households and were analyzed for AFM1 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that about 35% of the surveyed children consumed cow's milk in the form of plain milk, incorporated in porridge and/or tea. The amount consumed varied from 62.5 to 500 mls with a median of 125 (125, 250) mls at a frequency of 1 to 2 times a day. All raw cows' milk (100%) samples (n = 100) were found contaminated with AFM1 at concentrations ranging from 0.052 to 9.310 µg/L and median of 2.076 µg/L (1.27, 2.48). All samples were contaminated by AFM1 at levels above the limits of 0.05 µg/L of raw milk set by the Tanzania Bureau of Standard and the European Union, while 97% exceeded 0.5 µg/L set by the US Food and Drug Administration. Exposure to AFM1 due to consumption of cow's milk ranged from 0.0024 to 0.077 µg/kg bw per day with a median of 0.019 (0.0016, 0.026) µg/kg bw per day, while the margin of exposure (MOE) ranged from 5.19 to 166.76 and median 20.68 (15.33, 25.40) implying high risk of public health concern. This study recommends that advocacy on consumption of cows' milk to combat undernutrition in children should consider a holistic approach that considers the milk's safety aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Peter Mamiro
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
- Department of Training and Capacity Building, Ifakara Health Institute (IHI), P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.
| | - Haikael D Martin
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Neema Kassim
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
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Ashraf W, Rehman A, Rabbani M, Shaukat W, Wang JS. Aflatoxins posing threat to food safety and security in Pakistan: Call for a one health approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 180:114006. [PMID: 37652127 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are among the most important mycotoxins due to their widespread occurrence and adverse impacts on humans and animals. These toxins and/or their metabolites cannot be destroyed with cooking or boiling methods. Therefore, consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated food may lead to impaired growth, compromised immunity, stomach and liver cancer, and acute toxicity. These adverse effects along with food wastage might have detrimental consequences on a country's economy. Several studies from Pakistan reported a high prevalence of aflatoxins in food and feed commodities (Range; milk = 0.6-99.4%, cereals, and grains = 0.38-41%, animal feed = 31-100%). Notably, Pakistan reported very high figures of impaired child growth-stunted 40.2%, wasted 17.7% and underweight 28.9%-that could be associated with the higher aflatoxin prevalence in food items. Importantly, high aflatoxins prevalence, i.e. 100%, 69% and 60.5%, in children has been reported in Pakistan. Food and feed are more prone to aflatoxin contamination due to Pakistan's hot and humid climate; however, limited awareness, inadequate policy framework, and weak implementation mechanisms are the major obstacles to effective control. This review will discuss aflatoxins prevalence, associated risk factors, adverse health effects, required regulatory regime, and effective control strategies adopting the One Health approach to ensure food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseela Ashraf
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, 54000, Pakistan; Department of Environmental Health Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Health Services Academy, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Masood Rabbani
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Shaukat
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N4N1, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Ashraf W, Rehman A, Ahmad MUD, Rabbani M, Mushtaq MH, Aamir K, Akhtar F, Wang JS. Assessment of aflatoxin M 1 exposure and associated determinants in children from Lahore, Pakistan. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:121-133. [PMID: 36301606 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2138559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic and immunomodulatory mycotoxins, and exposure may lead to deleterious effects on human health. This study aimed to detect aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) as biomarker of exposure and determine associated risk factors in children attending a specialized-childcare hospital in Lahore. Urine samples collected from 238 children (1-11 years) during winter (January-mid-March 2020) and hot-humid summer (August-September 2020) were tested for AFM1 presence using ELISA. Data on potential risk factors were also collected. Of 238 samples, 156 (65.5%) were positive for urinary AFM1. Season was significantly associated (OR = 2.64; 95% CI = 1.49-4.79; p = 0.001) with AFM1 positivity; prevalence was higher in hot-humid months (74.6%) than winter (57.3%). The place of living was also significantly associated (OR = 2.21; 95% CI = 1.25-3.97; p = 0.007), and urinary AFM1 positivity was higher in urban children (71.1%) compared to rural (58.3%). Median value for creatinine-adjusted AFM1 was 1.9 ng/mg creatinine (Q1-Q3 = 0.82-6.0 ng/mg creatinine), while non-creatinine-adjusted AFM1 was 0.57 ng/mL (Q1-Q3 = 0.23-1.4 ng/mL). Significantly higher urinary AFM1 levels were detected in children; age ≤2 years (p = 0.037), who consumed more milk (p = 0.048), and who presented to the nutrition clinic (p = 0.003). These findings highlight the need for an effective control program to reduce the AFM1 burden in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseela Ashraf
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.,Department of Environmental Health Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mansur-Ud-Din Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Masood Rabbani
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Khalida Aamir
- Department of Preventive Pediatric Medicine, The Children's Hospital and The Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fareeha Akhtar
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Tefera W, Vegarud GE, Taye M, Taye T. Aflatoxin contamination in cow milk during wet and dry season in selected rural areas of Sidama zone Southern Ethiopia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2140812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wubshet Tefera
- Department of animal science, Woldia university college of agriculture, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Tolosa Taye
- Deparment of animal science, Assosa university college of agriculture, Assosa, Ethiopia
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Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Cow, Goat, Buffalo, Camel, and Yak Milk in China in 2016. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120870. [PMID: 36548766 PMCID: PMC9784103 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this present study, 195 cow milk, 100 goat milk, 50 buffalo milk, 50 camel milk, and 50 yak milk samples were collected in China in May and October 2016. The presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. For all cow milk samples, 128 samples (65.7%) contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.191 µg/L, and 6 samples (3.1%) from Sichuan province in October were contaminated with AFM1 above 0.05 µg/L (EU limit). For all goat milk samples, 76.0% of samples contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.135 µg/L, and 9 samples (9.0%) from Shanxi province in October were contaminated with AFM1 above 0.05 µg/L. For all buffalo milk samples, 24 samples (48.0%) contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.089 µg/L, and 2 samples collected in October were contaminated with AFM1 above 0.05 µg/L. Furthermore, 28.0% of samples contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.007 µg/L in camel milk samples, and 18.0% of samples contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.007 µg/L in yak milk samples. Our survey study has expanded the current knowledge of the occurrence of AFM1 in milk from five dairy species in China, in particular the minor dairy species.
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Comprehensive Review of Aflatoxin Contamination, Impact on Health and Food Security, and Management Strategies in Pakistan. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120845. [PMID: 36548742 PMCID: PMC9781569 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are the most important toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic fungal toxins that routinely contaminate food and feed. While more than 20 AFs have been identified to date, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1), G2 (AFG2), and M1 (AFM1) are the most common. Over 25 species of Aspergillus have been shown to produce AFs, with Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nomius being the most important and well-known AF-producing fungi. These ubiquitous molds can propagate on agricultural commodities to produce AFs in fields and during harvesting, processing, transportation, and storage. Countries with warmer climates and that produce foods susceptible to AF contamination shoulder a substantial portion of the global AF burden. Pakistan's warm climate promotes the growth of toxigenic fungi, resulting in frequent AF contamination of human foods and animal feeds. The potential for contamination in Pakistan is exacerbated by improper storage conditions and a lack of regulatory limits and enforcement mechanisms. High levels of AFs in common commodities produced in Pakistan are a major food safety problem, posing serious health risks to the population. Furthermore, aflatoxin contamination contributes to economic losses by limiting exports of these commodities. In this review, recent information regarding the fungal producers of AFs, prevalence of AF contamination of foods and feed, current regulations, and AF prevention and removal strategies are summarized, with a major focus on Pakistan.
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Yunus AW, Lindahl JF, Anwar Z, Ullah A, Ibrahim MNM. Farmer's knowledge and suggested approaches for controlling aflatoxin contamination of raw milk in Pakistan. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:980105. [PMID: 36338062 PMCID: PMC9630330 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.980105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of aflatoxin levels in milk is often complicated in developing countries due to the dominance of informal markets channeling milk in raw form. Farmer's awareness and voluntary participation in aflatoxin mitigation can be critical in such scenarios. Therefore, the present study was conducted to understand the perceptions of dairy farmers about aflatoxins and link it with aflatoxin mitigation programs on milk in Pakistan. Information was collected from 450 peri-urban dairy farmers in seven cities using questionnaires. Majority (77.9%) of the farmers were aware of the negative impact of moldy feed on animal health. However, only 40.6% of the farmers were aware of the transferability of the toxins from moldy feed to milk. The farmers had almost no awareness of aflatoxins as 95% never heard of the term. After receiving an onsite briefing on effects of the toxin on animal and human health, and its transferability to milk, 98.3% farmers showed willingness to buy aflatoxin-safe feedstuffs, while 88.5% showed willingness to control aflatoxin in milk. Around half of the farmers considered aflatoxin control programs as affordable. On average, farmers agreed to pay 10.1% higher price for aflatoxin certified oilseed cakes. Availability of feedstuffs certified of low aflatoxin content was suggested by 22% of the participants as the critical step in reducing aflatoxins in milk. Other important suggestions included; subsidy on quality feeds (18%), raising awareness (18%), and legislation and monitoring (16%). The present results suggest that the current practice of milk monitoring in the country can yield desirable results only if it is coupled with feed certification programs ensuing availability of aflatoxin-safe feeds. Further, awareness can positively impact participation of producers in aflatoxin control programs. In this regard, awareness about effects of aflatoxins on animal health was found to be a more powerful trigger of voluntary control compared with the awareness of the toxin's transferability to milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agha Waqar Yunus
- Animal Sciences Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Genomics and Biotechnology, PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Johanna Frida Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zahid Anwar
- Department of Animal Genomics and Biotechnology, PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aman Ullah
- Animal Sciences Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Genomics and Biotechnology, PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, Islamabad, Pakistan
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9
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The concentration of aflatoxin M1 in raw and pasteurized milk: A worldwide systematic review and meta-analysis. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Akash MSH, Rehman K, Irshad K. Prevalence of contamination of aflatoxin M 1 in milk: a retrospective analysis of studies conducted in Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:456. [PMID: 34213650 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins, produced by multiple fungal species, are present in several kinds of food items and animal feed. Several studies conducted in Pakistan have reported the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk. Hence, owing to the public health concern and absence of general statistics regarding the prevalence of AFM1 contamination, current study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of AFM1 in milk in Pakistan. For this study, various databases were searched from 2007 to 2020. A random effect model was applied for analytical purpose and heterogeneity of selected studies was investigated with an I2 index. Comprehensive meta-analysis (version 3) was used for analysis of data. According to the results, prevalence of AFM1 in milk was 84.4% (95% CI 75.0-90.7%). Regarding the heterogeneity based on meta-regression, it has been observed that there was a significant difference between the effect of year of study and sample size with prevalence of AFM1 in animal milk. These results suggest that AFM1 contamination in animal milk is high in Pakistan. Hence, continuous monitoring of AFM1 in animal milk requires utmost attention from the respective food and drug regulatory authorities of Pakistan so that the strict actions and preventive measures should be taken to prevent the prevalence of exposure of AFM1 in animal milk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanwal Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Kanwal Irshad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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The Presence of Aflatoxin M 1 in Milk and Milk Products in Bangladesh. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070440. [PMID: 34202130 PMCID: PMC8309891 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As milk provides both micro- and macronutrients, it is an important component in the diet. However, the presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the feed of dairy cattle results in contamination of milk and dairy products with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a toxic metabolite of the carcinogenic mycotoxin. With the aim to determine AFM1 concentrations in milk and milk products consumed in Bangladesh, in total, 145 samples were collected in four divisional regions (Sylhet, Dhaka, Chittagong, and Rajshahi). The samples comprised these categories: raw milk (n = 105), pasteurized milk (n = 15), ultra-high temperature (UHT)-treated milk (n = 15), fermented milk products such as yogurt (n = 5), and milk powder (n = 5). AFM1 levels in these samples were determined through competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Overall, AFM1 was present in 78.6% of milk and milk products in the range of 5.0 to 198.7 ng/L. AFM1 was detected in 71.4% of raw milk (mean 41.1, range 5.0–198.7 ng/L), and in all pasteurized milk (mean 106, range 17.2–187.7 ng/L) and UHT milk (mean 73, range 12.2–146.9 ng/L) samples. Lower AFM1 levels were found in yogurt (mean 16.9, range 8.3–41.1 ng/L) and milk powder samples (mean 6.6, range 5.9–7.0 ng/L). About one-third of the raw, pasteurized, and UHT milk samples exceeded the EU regulatory limit (50 ng/L) for AFM1 in milk, while AFM1 levels in yogurt and milk powder samples were well below this limit. Regarding regions, lower AFM1 contamination was observed in Chittagong (mean 6.6, max 10.6 ng/L), compared to Sylhet (mean 53.7, max 198.7 ng/L), Dhaka (mean 37.8, max 97.2 ng/L), and Rajshahi (mean 34.8, max 131.4 ng/L). Yet, no significant difference was observed in AFM1 levels between summer and winter season. In conclusion, the observed frequency and levels of aflatoxin contamination raise concern and must encourage further monitoring of AFM1 in milk and milk products in Bangladesh.
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Saha Turna N, Wu F. Aflatoxin M1 in milk: A global occurrence, intake, & exposure assessment. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Muaz K, Riaz M, Oliveira CAFD, Akhtar S, Ali SW, Nadeem H, Park S, Balasubramanian B. Aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products: global occurrence and potential decontamination strategies. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.1873387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khurram Muaz
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Saeed Akhtar
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Shinawar Waseem Ali
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Habibullah Nadeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sungkwon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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The challenges of global occurrence of aflatoxin M1 contamination and the reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk over the past decade. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Tarannum N, Nipa MN, Das S, Parveen S. Aflatoxin M1 detection by ELISA in raw and processed milk in Bangladesh. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1339-1343. [PMID: 33102136 PMCID: PMC7569182 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunologically aflatoxin M1 was detected in raw and processed milk in Bangladesh. Aflatoxin M1 mean level was found to be highest in raw milk (699.07 ng/kg). EC and US regulations exceeded in 75 % and 43 % of contaminated samples, respectively. Aflatoxin M1 existence level in milk can be detrimental to human health.
An analysis was accomplished to get information regarding presence of highly toxic and carcinogenic aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw and processed samples of milk applying ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay). Investigation of a set of 100 samples (n=100) taken from different regional small-scale farms as well as grocery stores of Bangladesh containing three groups of milk including raw (n=50), pasteurized (n=25) and UHT (n=25), exhibited in total 53% AFM1 contamination where 70% contamination was found in raw milk ranging from 22.79−1489.28 ng/kg (mean value 699.07 ng/kg), 52% in pasteurized milk ranging from 18.11−672.18 ng/kg (mean value 99.77 ng/kg) and 20% in UHT milk ranging from 25.07−48.95 ng/kg (mean value 35.46 ng/kg). Among all the positive samples, 75% contaminated samples were above the European Communities prescribed limits (50 ng/kg) while having 25% samples still below this limit whereas 43% samples crossed the accepted limit of US regulations/Codex Alimentarius Commission regulations (500 ng/kg). Thus the findings of this study may lead to increase awareness regarding health impact of aflatoxin M1 and implementation of strict regulations by law enforcement bureaus of Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourin Tarannum
- Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Meher Nigad Nipa
- Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Suvra Das
- Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sahana Parveen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Yousof SSM, El Zubeir IEM. Chemical composition and detection of Aflatoxin M1 in camels and cows milk in Sudan. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2020; 13:298-304. [PMID: 32723025 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2020.1796826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A hundred samples of milk from camels and cows were analysed for chemical composition and M1 contamination. The results indicated that camel milk from traditional nomadic systems revealed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher values for protein, fat, lactose, solids-not-fat and density than that obtained from camel and cows kept in semi-intensive systems. Aflatoxin (AF) M1 was found in 33% of the milk samples with the highest occurrence (82.4%) in cow milk (35.3% ranged between 0.05 and 0.1 µ/kg and 47.1% ranged between 0.1 and 0.15 µ/kg) compared to milk samples from camel in semi-intensive systems (15.6% ranged between 0.05 and 0.1 µg/kg). All samples of milk from traditional nomadic systems revealed the absence of AFM1. These results revealed increasing of AF with increased fat content in milk, a decrease with decreasing other milk components, while the density of milk showed no relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S M Yousof
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Gadarif , Gadarif, Sudan
| | - I E M El Zubeir
- Department of Dairy Production, Faculty of Animal Production, University of Khartoum , Khartoum, Sudan
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Aflatoxin M1 in Milk Worldwide from 1988 to 2020: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J FOOD QUALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8862738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Aflatoxins are found in various types of food and animal feed. Food contamination with aflatoxin toxin is of particular importance today. Various studies have reported different prevalence of aflatoxin M1 in animal milk. Therefore, due to the importance of this toxin, its role in health, and lack of general statistics about it worldwide, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of aflatoxin M1 in milk worldwide with a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Methods. In this review study, national and international databases were extracted from SID, MagIran, IranMedex, IranDoc, Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science (ISI) between January 1988 and February 2020. A random effects model was used for analysis, and heterogeneity of studies with an I2 index was investigated. Data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (version 2). Results. The prevalence of aflatoxin M1 in milk worldwide from January 1988 to February 2020 in 122 articles with a sample size of 18921 was 79.1% (95% CI: 75.5–82.3%). Regarding the heterogeneity based on metaregression, there was a significant difference between the effect of the year of study (p≤0.001) and sample size (p≤0.001) with the prevalence of aflatoxin M1 in animal milk. Conclusion. The results of this study show that the prevalence of aflatoxin M1 in milk is high worldwide. Therefore, considering the importance of the milk group and its products, special measures should be taken to protect the ration from aflatoxin molds and milk quality.
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Mohammedi-Ameur S, Dahmane M, Brera C, Kardjadj M, Ben-Mahdi MH. Occurrence and seasonal variation of aflatoxin M 1 in raw cow milk collected from different regions of Algeria. Vet World 2020; 13:433-439. [PMID: 32367946 PMCID: PMC7183476 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.433-439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Aflatoxins are metabolites of molds that exert potentially toxic effect on animals and humans. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw cow milk collected during 1 year (2016-2017) from different regions of Algeria and risk factors associated with the contamination. Materials and Methods: During the survey period, 84 samples of raw milk were collected in three regions of Algeria (northeast, north center, and northwest) during four seasons. AFM1 levels were analyzed by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: AFM1 was detected in 39 (46.43%) samples (total mean concentration, 71.92 ng/L; range, 95.59-557.22 ng/L). However, the AFM1 levels exceeded the maximum tolerance limit set by the Food and Drug Administration in the USA (500 ng/L) in only 1 sample (1.19%). Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p˂0.005) between AFM1 levels in milk samples collected in the spring and autumn. The mean AFM1 levels in samples collected in the spring were significantly higher than those in samples collected in autumn. Conclusion: The survey indicates that farmers involved in milk production should be made aware of the adverse effects of aflatoxin contamination in animal feed. A systematic control program of supplementary feedstuff for lactating cows should be introduced by the public health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mohammedi-Ameur
- Laboratory of Animal Health and Productions, Higher National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria.,High School of Food Sciences and Food Industries (ESSAIA), Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mohammedi Dahmane
- Laboratory of Animal Health and Productions, Higher National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Carlo Brera
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Food Chemistry Unit, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Moustafa Kardjadj
- Laboratory of Animal Health and Productions, Higher National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria.,High School of Food Sciences and Food Industries (ESSAIA), Algiers, Algeria
| | - Meriem Hind Ben-Mahdi
- Laboratory of Animal Health and Productions, Higher National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria
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Shar ZH, Pirkash O, Shar HH, Sherazi STH, Mahesar SA. Aflatoxins in cotton seeds and cotton seed cake from Pakistan. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2019; 13:72-76. [PMID: 31793394 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2019.1698661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the natural occurrence of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2) in cotton seeds (n = 110) and cotton seed cake (CSC; n = 110) from Pakistan. All samples were screened by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). Positive samples were further quantified by IAC-HPLC-FLD. Total contamination frequency and aflatoxins mean levels were 80% and 69 μg/kg in cotton seeds and the corresponding values for cotton seed cake 88% and 89 μg/kg, respectively. Aflatoxin B1was found in all positive samples and co-occurred with AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2. Sixty-four cotton seeds and 71 CSC samples contained aflatoxins levels higher than the ML set for animal feed (20 µg/kg). The results of the present study will help the regulatory authorities to formulate strategies for monitoring aflatoxins in animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z H Shar
- Dr. M.A Kazi Institute of Chemistry University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Om Pirkash
- Dr. M.A Kazi Institute of Chemistry University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - H H Shar
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - S T H Sherazi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - S A Mahesar
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
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Sharma H, Jadhav VJ, Garg SR. Aflatoxin M1 in milk in Hisar city, Haryana, India and risk assessment. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2019; 13:59-63. [PMID: 31766982 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2019.1693434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in 150 samples of milk, sold in market of Hisar city of Haryana, India, was investigated by using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Out of these, 40 samples contained AFM1 at a concentration below the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.052 μg/kg. Among the AFM1 contaminated samples, 46 raw milk samples contained a concentration above the LOD but less than the limit of quantitation (LOQ), whereas 64 samples were above the LOQ. Of these samples, 31 exceeded the maximum limit of 0.5 μg/kg prescribed by FSSAI, India. Based on this study, the dietary intake of AFM1 for adults through consumption of milk was estimated. The results indicated that AFM1 contamination can be a food safety issue for raw and pasteurised milk consumed in India. Therefore, there is a need for a national monitoring programme to control the level of mycotoxins in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Vijay J Jadhav
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Sudhi Ranjan Garg
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
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Ghaffarian Bahraman A, Mohammadi S, Jafari A, Ghani-Dehkordid J, Arabnezhad MR, Rahmdel S, Hosseini Teshnizi S. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milks of Five Animal Species in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1669164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghaffarian Bahraman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Salman Mohammadi
- Nutrition research center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Department of Occupational Health and Neurophysiology Research Center School of Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Jallil Ghani-Dehkordid
- Deputy of Research and Technology, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Arabnezhad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samane Rahmdel
- Nutrition research center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Akbar N, Nasir M, Naeem N, Ahmad MUD, Iqbal S, Rashid A, Imran M, Aslam Gondal T, Atif M, Salehi B, Sharifi-Rad J, Martorell M, Cho WC. Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M 1 in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100574. [PMID: 31581702 PMCID: PMC6832913 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The manifestation of aflatoxins in feed and food is a major issue in the world as its presence leads to some health problems. This study investigates the incidence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in raw milk samples which were collected from Punjab, Pakistan. The Cluster Random Sampling technique was used to collect 960 milk samples from five different regions, and samples were collected every month. The AFM1 level in raw milk was analyzed by the ELISA technique. The findings demonstrate that 70% of samples exceeded the United States permissible maximum residue limits (MRL 0.50 µg/L), with an overall AFM1 level that ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 µg/L. AFM1 contamination varied with the season: The highest average contamination was detected in winter (0.875 µg/L), followed by autumn (0.751 µg/L), spring (0.654 µg/L), and summer (0.455 µg/L). The Eastern region exhibited the highest average AFM1 contamination (0.705 µg/L). Milk samples from the Northern region were found to be widely contaminated, as 86.9% samples exceeded the US MRL, followed by the Eastern region, with 72.3% samples being contaminated with >0.5 µg/L AFM1. The study indicated that the raw milk supply chain was heavily contaminated. Recommendations and remedial measures need to be developed by regulatory authorities to improve the raw milk quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Akbar
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Nasir
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Naureen Naeem
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Mansur-Ud-Din Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Sanaullah Iqbal
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Anjum Rashid
- Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Imran
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Tanweer Aslam Gondal
- School of Exercise and Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Canberra 2600, Australia.
| | - Muhammad Atif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 75471, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran.
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61615-585, Iran.
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepcion 4030000, Chile.
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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Marimón Sibaja KV, Gonçalves KDM, Garcia SDO, Feltrin ACP, Nogueira WV, Badiale-Furlong E, Garda-Buffon J. Aflatoxin M1 and B1 in Colombian milk powder and estimated risk exposure. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2019; 12:97-104. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2019.1567611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Vanessa Marimón Sibaja
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Keven David Moreira Gonçalves
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Sabrina De Oliveira Garcia
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Ana Carla Penteado Feltrin
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Wesclen Vilar Nogueira
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Eliana Badiale-Furlong
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Garda-Buffon
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
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