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Herrero-Hernández E, García-Gómez D, Ramírez Pérez I, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Pérez Pavón JL. Determination of Aminoglycosides by Ion-Pair Liquid Chromatography with UV Detection: Application to Pharmaceutical Formulations and Human Serum Samples. Molecules 2024; 29:3210. [PMID: 38999161 PMCID: PMC11243544 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycosides (AGs) represent a prominent class of antibiotics widely employed for the treatment of various bacterial infections. Their widespread use has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria, highlighting the need for analytical methods that allow the simple and reliable determination of these drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples. In this study, a simple, robust and easy-to-use analytical method for the simultaneous determination of five common aminoglycosides was developed with the aim to be widely applicable in routine laboratories. With this purpose, different approaches based on liquid chromatography with direct UV spectrophotometric detection methods were investigated: on the one hand, the use of stationary phases based on hydrophilic interactions (HILIC); on the other hand, the use of reversed-phases in the presence of an ion-pairing reagent (IP-LC). The results obtained by HILIC did not allow for an effective separation of aminoglycosides suitable for subsequent spectrophotometric UV detection. However, the use of IP-LC with a C18 stationary phase and a mobile phase based on tetraborate buffer at pH 9.0 in the presence of octanesulfonate, as an ion-pair reagent, provided adequate separation for all five aminoglycosides while facilitating the use of UV spectrophotometric detection. The method thus developed, IP-LC-UV, was optimized and applied to the quality control of pharmaceutical formulations with two or more aminoglycosides. Furthermore, it is demonstrated here that this methodology is also suitable for more complex matrices, such as serum, which expands its field of application to therapeutic drug monitoring, which is crucial for aminoglycosides, with a therapeutic index ca. 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - José Luis Pérez Pavón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; (E.H.-H.); (D.G.-G.); (I.R.P.); (E.R.-G.)
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2
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Nowacka-Kozak E, Gajda A, Gbylik-Sikorska M. Analysis of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: A Challenge in Food Control. Molecules 2023; 28:4595. [PMID: 37375150 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycosides are a widely used group of antibiotics in veterinary medicine. However, misuse and abuse of these drugs can lead to residues in the edible tissues of animals. Due to the toxicity of aminoglycosides and the exposure of consumers to the emergence of drug resistance, new methods are being sought to determine aminoglycosides in food. The method presented in this manuscript describes the determination of twelve aminoglycosides (streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, spectinomycin, neomycin, gentamicin, hygromycin, paromomycin, kanamycin, tobramycin, amikacin, apramycin, and sisomycin) in thirteen matrices (muscle, kidney, liver, fat, sausages, shrimps, fish honey, milk, eggs, whey powder, sour cream, and curd). Aminoglycosides were isolated from samples with extraction buffer (10 mM NH4OOCH3, 0.4 mM Na2EDTA, 1% NaCl, 2% TCA). For the clean-up purpose, HLB cartridges were used. Analysis was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) with a Poroshell analytical column and a mobile phase of acetonitrile and heptafluorobutyric acid. The method was validated according to Commission Regulation (EU) 2021/808 requirements. Good performance characteristics were obtained for recovery, linearity, precision, specificity, and decision limits (CCα). This simple and high-sensitivity method can determine multi-aminoglycosides in various food samples for confirmatory analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Nowacka-Kozak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Gajda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gbylik-Sikorska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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3
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Zhou X, Li J, Hu Y, Wu Y, Wang Y, Ning G. A novel colorimetric assay for sensitive detection of kanamycin based on the aptamer-regulated peroxidase-mimicking activity of Co 3O 4 nanoparticles. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:2441-2447. [PMID: 37157837 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00304c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Kanamycin is used widely in livestock farming due to its antimicrobial properties and low cost, but has led to antibiotic residues in food, which can damage human health. Therefore, there is an urgent need for convenient technology that can be used to detect kanamycin rapidly. We found that Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) possessed peroxidase-like activity that catalyzed the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine to change color. Interestingly, a target-specific aptamer could regulate the catalytic activity of Co3O4 NPs and inhibit this effect through aptamer-target binding. On the basis of a colorimetric assay combined with an aptamer-regulatory mechanism, the linear range for quantitative detection of kanamycin was 0.1-30 μM, the minimum limit of detection was 44.2 nM, and the total time needed for detection was 55 min. Moreover, this "aptasensor" displayed excellent selectivity and could be applied to detect KAN in milk samples. Our sensor might have promising applications for kanamycin detection in animal husbandry and agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology, International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, China.
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology, International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, China.
| | - Yuda Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology, International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, China.
| | - Yaohui Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology, International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, China.
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology, International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, China.
| | - Ge Ning
- International Education Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 410208, Changsha, China.
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Yang J, Rainville P. Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Aminoglycosides in Foods Using an Ethylene-Bridged Hybrid Zwitterionic Stationary Phase and Hydrophilic-Lipophilic-Balanced Solid-Phase Extraction Cartridges. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:7593-7603. [PMID: 37139986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to develop an analytical method for the screening of multiple aminoglycoside residues in foods of animal origin using an ethylene-bridged hybrid (BEH) particle-based sulfoalkylbetaine stationary phase. The effects of chromatographic conditions on the separation of 17 aminoglycosides have been systematically investigated. Sample preparation and mass spectrometry detection have also been investigated and optimized. In contrast to high buffer concentrations in the mobile phase required for silica-based sulfoalkylbetaine stationary phases, a moderate buffer concentration (20 mM) provided the optimal separation of 17 aminoglycosides with the BEH sulfoalkylbetaine stationary phase. The developed method has been evaluated in milk, beef, pork, liver, and honey samples with good performance for retention, selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The majority of the limit of quantitation estimated with the matrix was less than 25 μg/kg. The overall accuracy across five matrices was in the range from 96 to 111%, with standard deviations of less than 19%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchuan Yang
- Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Paul Rainville
- Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
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Li Z, Liu Y, Chen X, Wang Y, Niu H, Li F, Gao H, Yu H, Yuan Y, Yin Y, Li D. Affinity-Based Analysis Methods for the Detection of Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Residues in Animal-Derived Foods: A Review. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081587. [PMID: 37107381 PMCID: PMC10137665 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasingly serious problem of aminoglycoside antibiotic residues, it is imperative to develop rapid, sensitive and efficient detection methods. This article reviews the detection methods of aminoglycoside antibiotics in animal-derived foods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, fluorescent immunoassay, chemical immunoassay, affinity sensing assay, lateral flow immunochromatography and molecular imprinted immunoassay. After evaluating the performance of these methods, the advantages and disadvantages were analyzed and compared. Furthermore, development prospects and research trends were proposed and summarized. This review can serve as a basis for further research and provide helpful references and new insights for the analysis of aminoglycoside residues. Accordingly, the in-depth investigation and analysis will certainly make great contributions to food safety, public hygiene and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhou Li
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Quality Safety Control, College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Quality Safety Control, College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Xiujin Chen
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Quality Safety Control, College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Quality Safety Control, College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Huawei Niu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Quality Safety Control, College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Fang Li
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Quality Safety Control, College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Hongli Gao
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Quality Safety Control, College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Huichun Yu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Quality Safety Control, College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Yunxia Yuan
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Quality Safety Control, College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Yong Yin
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Quality Safety Control, College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Daomin Li
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Quality Safety Control, College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
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Emir Akyıldız İ, Acar S, Kök Yetimoğlu E, Raday S, Erdem Ö, Uzunöner D, Damarlı E. Single Pot In situ Aqueous Derivatization and Subsequent Determination of Streptomycin and Dihydrostreptomycin Residues in Honey by Means of Mass Spectrometry. Food Chem 2022; 405:134826. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Rapid determination of multiple aminoglycoside antibiotics in veterinary formulations by ion-pair chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Optimizing oxytocin LC-MS/MS sensitivity by choosing the right column. Pract Lab Med 2021; 27:e00254. [PMID: 34527802 PMCID: PMC8430380 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2021.e00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Sensitivity is often an issue in bioanalytical LC-MS/MS applications. Commonly investigated parameters to improve it include additives to mobile phase, derivatization and sample-preparation. The nature of the column, however, is not frequently evaluated. Design and Methods The sensitivity is compared for 18 different reversed phase and 2 different HILIC columns using 2 different mobile phase compositions. Sensitivity was evaluated in terms of S/N for 1,5 pg oxytocin on column, using a scouting gradient. Results The measured signal to noise ranged from 55 to 1473, indicating a substantial difference in sensitivity. The most sensitive columns were the Synergi Hydro RP (reversed phase) and the Atlantis HILIC (HILIC). Conclusions This study shows that choosing the right column contributes to the sensitivity of the method.
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Li YM, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Liu ZF, Meng Q, Feng XS. Aminoglycosides in Food: Recent Updates on the Pretreatment and Analysis Methods. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1952423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-ming Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- (Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-fei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Meng
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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10
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Liu C, Jiang Y, Xiu L, Qian R, Zhao M, Luo P, Ke Y, Li G, Jiang W. Ultratrace Analysis of Neomycin Residues in Milk at Femtogram Levels by Flow-Through Immunoaffinity Chromatography Test. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Guironnet A, Sanchez-Cid C, Vogel TM, Wiest L, Vulliet E. Aminoglycosides analysis optimization using ion pairing liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and application on wastewater samples. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462133. [PMID: 34087719 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aminoglycosides are mostly used as veterinary antibiotics. In France, their consumption accounts for about 10% of all prescribed animal medicine. Due to their high polarity nature (log Kow < -3), they require chromatographic separation by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography or ion-pairing chromatography. This study presents the development of an ion pairing liquid chromatography with alkanesulfonates coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of 10 aminoglycosides (spectinomycin, streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, kanamycin, apramycin, gentamicin, neomycin and sisomicin) in wastewater samples. The novelty of this method lies in the addition of the ion paring salt directly and only into the sample vial and not in the mobile phase, lowering the amount of salt added and consequently reducing signal inhibition. The optimized method was validated and showed satisfactory resolution, performances suitable with the analysis of aminoglycosides in wastewater samples, with limits of quantifications less than 10 ng/mL for most of the compounds, low matrix effects, high accuracy (85%-115% recoveries) and reproducibility (2%-12%RSD). It was then applied successfully to raw and treated wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Guironnet
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Concepcion Sanchez-Cid
- Environmental Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire Ampère, UMR 5005, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 69134 Ecully
| | - Timothy M Vogel
- Environmental Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire Ampère, UMR 5005, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 69134 Ecully
| | - Laure Wiest
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vulliet
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
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12
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Wang N, Dartois V, Carter CL. An optimized method for the detection and spatial distribution of aminoglycoside and vancomycin antibiotics in tissue sections by mass spectrometry imaging. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4708. [PMID: 33586279 PMCID: PMC8032321 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Suboptimal antibiotic dosing has been identified as one of the key drivers in the development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria that have become a global health concern. Aminoglycosides and vancomycin are broad-spectrum antibiotics used to treat critically ill patients infected by a variety of MDR bacterial species. Resistance to these antibiotics is becoming more prevalent. In order to design proper antibiotic regimens that maximize efficacy and minimize the development of resistance, it is pivotal to obtain the in situ pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic profiles at the sites of infection. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is the ideal technique to achieve this. Aminoglycosides, due to their structure, suffer from poor ionization efficiency. Additionally, ion suppression effects by endogenous molecules greatly inhibit the detection of aminoglycosides and vancomycin at therapeutic levels. In the current study, an optimized method was developed that enabled the detection of these antibiotics by MSI. Tissue spotting experiments demonstrated a 5-, 15-, 35-, and 54-fold increase in detection sensitivity in the washed samples for kanamycin, amikacin, streptomycin, and vancomycin, respectively. Tissue mimetic models were utilized to optimize the washing time and matrix additive concentration. These studies determined the improved limit of detection was 40 to 5 μg/g of tissue for vancomycin and streptomycin, and 40 to 10 μg/g of tissue for kanamycin and amikacin. The optimized protocol was applied to lung sections from mice dosed with therapeutic levels of kanamycin and vancomycin. The washing protocol enabled the first drug distribution investigations of aminoglycosides and vancomycin by MSI, paving the way for site-of-disease antibiotic penetration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Claire L. Carter
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
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14
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Raut A, Sharma D, Suvarna V. A Status Update on Pharmaceutical Analytical Methods of Aminoglycoside Antibiotic: Amikacin. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:375-391. [PMID: 32781828 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1803042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Amikacin (AMK) is one of the commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotics, introduced for clinical use in patients suffering from bacterial infections especially life-threatening gram-negative infections. Due to lack of chromophore in the molecule, the detection of AMK during analysis is a challenge. Thus, pre and post-column derivatization techniques are generally used for AMK estimation. This review focuses on different analytical methods used for detection and quantification of AMK in pure or fixed dose combination pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples. Various reported methods described in the literature include high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, pulsed electrochemical detection techniques, Chemiluminescence techniques, Capillary electrophoresis and immunological methods. High-performance-liquid-chromatography based methods with UV/Vis spectrophotometric, fluorescence and mass spectrometric detection are the most prevailing methods employed for the analysis of AMK. This review could be of significant importance in the area of future AMK analytical method development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adishri Raut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, SVKM Campus, Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Dhvani Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, SVKM Campus, Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Vasanti Suvarna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, SVKM Campus, Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
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